Quantities Of Batteries Research Articles

Development of Solar Powered Boat for Maximum Energy Efficiency

The present paper shown a work in research and development of a small solar boat design, this work has been developed in Anast/ULG-Belgium as reference for Post-graduate degree in Naval Architecture. The development of a methodology of simple calculation, step by step, for solar boat is shown here, taking in account the use of clean energy, minimum weight of the boat and minimum price of fabrication, for this has been considerate: boat weight; sheet specification; material utilized; appropriate propulsion; necessary quantity of solar panels; quantity of batteries; adequate engine; until to the final commercial price. The Nautilus is a solar powered pleasure boat and basically designed for day-and weekend-trips.

Maximization of extraction of Cadmium and Zinc during recycling of spent battery mix: An application of combined genetic programming and simulated annealing approach

There are a number of government directives and regulations as well as many public schemes on the recycling of batteries, in spite of this; the quantity of batteries that are actually recycled is still very low. Current production capacity cannot meet projected demand of Lithium-ion batteries. To counter this, the reclamation and repurposing of metals like cadmium, Lithium and Zinc from used or spent batteries is the only viable scheme. This is both environmentally friendly and economically feasible. An alternative is the selective chemical leaching in the presence of Sulfuric acid and Sodium metabisulfite. In this paper, the effect of these chemicals as well as the solid-to-liquid ratio and time of retention is comprehensively studied. Experiments are designed for the recovery of Zinc and cadmium from the spend Lithium-ion batteries mix. To maximize the recovery of Zinc and cadmium, the combined genetic programming and simulated annealing approach is proposed. Genetic programming is used for the formulation of functional relationship between recovered metals Zinc and cadmium and the inputs (Solid/Liquid ratio, concentration of Sulfuric acid, mass of Sodium metabisulfite and retention time). The optimal input conditions determined using the simulated annealing algorithm includes Solid/Liquid ratio of 11.7%, 0.86 M Sulfuric acid, 0.56 g/g of Sodium metabisulfite and 45 min of retention time. Three dimensions surface analysis reveals that a lower value of Solid/Liquid ratio favours a better yield. The optimal conditions are validated using experiments. This confirms the efficacy of simulated annealing aided genetic programming techniques as well as the optimal conditions of the metal extraction.