Quantity Of Available Water Resources Research Articles

Domestic Waste Water Treatment by Combination of Root Zone Technology by Using Aquatic and Floating Macrophytes

Abstract: Every day, we face various environmental issues. The growing population and human activities deplete and degrade the quality and quantity of available water resources. Water is used for a variety of domestic and industrial purposes. Because of the rapid growth of industrialization and urbanization, water has become impure, containing so many insoluble materials and ingredients that it has become wastewater. Nowadays, the world is grappling with major water-related issues. Adopting welldefined methodologies at an affordable cost by utilizing natural resources is critical for effective water use. This project examines Root Zone Technology by using macrophytes, which is a low-cost and environmentally friendly method of wastewater treatment. To effectively treat domestic and industrial effluents, the root zone treatment and macrophytes treatment system uses a natural method.

Quantification of water resource utilization efficiency as the main driver of plant diversity in the water-limited ecosystems

Identifying the drivers of species richness is a crucial for biodiversity conservation and community ecology. In this paper, the maximum utilization efficiency of water resources available to community is determined as the assembly law in an ecologically stable community with limited water resources. A plant community diversity model that incorporates water potential impedance is established, and the optimization model of community biodiversity structure was obtained based on water niche is also derived. It is shown that this optimization model can theoretically derive a species-area function similar to the traditional island biogeography curve, and it can also verify the predicted values of the species-area relationship experimentally and validated by long-term observations of plant diversity survey data. According to the model analyses, the total number of individuals (N) and the number of species (S) are determined by the combination of the water resources factors (the total quantity of available water resources in the growth season), the individual biological factors (the water consumption per unit mass of species in unit time), the complementary factors of inter- and intra-species water niche (the difference in water potential depending on the water use efficiency of the community), and plant community function factors (the total productivity of plant community). And as the area of plant communities increases, the heterogeneity of the water environment has increased. By adaptation and coevolution, more species are able to go through environmental and biological filtration, becoming community species that can utilize more available water resources at different spatial scales. Changes in water resources resulted in the community maximizing the utilization efficiency of water resources by adjusting the number and abundance of species. The main driving force for the increasing number of species is the full utilization of available water resources.

A-18 水資源賦存量に関する研究 : 地域別特性の検討

A-18 水資源賦存量に関する研究 : 地域別特性の検討

Development of empirical formula for recharge estimation for basaltic areas

Groundwater is an important hidden source of water to fulfil various needs. Dry wells, salinity intrusion in coastal areas, water level declination, etc., are the consequences of unplanned groundwater development. Accurate estimation of natural recharge is essential for better development and management of groundwater. In this paper, an empirical formula is developed for recharge estimation. Groundwater budget model is used to formulate the equation. Nineteen years rainfall data, groundwater level data and other necessary data are used to derive empirical formula. It is tested on different statistical parameters which gives satisfactory results. The average absolute relative error is reduced by 13.4% using developed formula in comparison with recharge obtained from rainfall infiltration factor. To the best knowledge of authors there is no other formula available for recharge estimation in basaltic areas. Developed empirical formula estimates accurate quantity of available groundwater resource. Knowledge of accurate quantity of available water resources is necessary to achieve better irrigation practices in unplanned groundwater management scenario.

FACTORS AFFECTING GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE EXPLOITATION OF SMALL DRINKING WATER INTAKES

Abstract In this work, attention has been paid to the problem of quality of groundwater, which is the main source of supply of drinking water for rural inhabitants. In particular, the important factors for the groundwater quality in rural areas have been presented. This paper also shows the impact of the quality and quantity of available water resources on the exploitation of chosen small water intakes. Results of research on the quality parameters of groundwater, obtained in 2012÷2016 for selected rural intakes in north-western Poland, were presented. There was an increase in the content of iron and manganese compounds, ammonium ions, as well as the presence of bacteriological contaminants in test water samples. For these reasons, problems with providing the receivers with water of appropriate quality parameters have been reported in described rural intakes. The paper is an attempt to show the relationship between the type and magnitude of changes in the groundwater quality and the efficiency of the water treatment. In addition, pro-quality activities undertaken by local water companies were emphasized.

Mapping dry-season tree transpiration of an oak woodland at the catchment scale, using object-attributes derived from satellite imagery and sap flow measurements

Tree transpiration is an important plant-physiological process that influences the water cycle, thereby influencing ecosystems and even the quantity of available water resources. However, direct tree-transpiration measurements, particularly at large spatial scales, are still rare, due to the complexities associated with natural ecosystems. In this study we describe a scaling-up method for quantifying dry-season tree transpiration (Tc) of the Sardón catchment, located in Central-Western Spain, 50km west of Salamanca. The method is applied to an oak woodland in that catchment which is dominated by two tree species: evergreen Quercus ilex and deciduous Quercus pyrenaica (Q.i. and Q.p., respectively). The method comprises five complementary steps: (a) sap-flux density (Jp) measurement; (b) definition of biometric-upscaling functions; (c) spatial scaling-up of tree transpiration using high-resolution remote-sensing-derived object attributes (50–60cm per pixel); (d) modelling of dry-season temporal sap-flow variability; and (e) an assessment of the robustness/uncertainty of the method. The proposed method was applied to assess dry-season tree transpiration, however if there is appropriate sap flow data available, it can also be applied during any season of the year. The application of the proposed method to map tree transpiration in the Sardón catchment resulted in a mean Jp=58.4cm3cm−2day−1 for Q.p., characterized by tree density of 19treesha−1, and a mean Jp=37.1cm3cm−2day−1 for Q.i., characterized by tree density of 4 trees ha−1. The Jp data varied as dependent on the weather conditions and not on the change of soil moisture. The mean normalised tree transpiration (Tt) estimated per species, was also higher for Q.p. (1.19mmday−1 ±8%) than for Q.i. (0.83mm day−1 ±25%) trees. The remote-sensing scaling up of tree transpiration for the Sardón catchment resulted in a low mean dry-season Tc=0.045mm day−1 (±1%) typical for water limited environments with sparse tree coverage (average ≈7%). In that Tc, Q.p. represented 79%, whereas Q.i. 21%. The dry-season Tc varied spatially at 1 ha resolution but barely temporally throughout the dry season. The obtained Tc maps can be readily used as input for distributed models in water resources and land management decision-making.

A large-scale conjunctive management model of water resources for an arid irrigation district in China

The quantity of available water resources has been recognized as the key limiting factor for development of most of the arid regions. This paper focuses on the simulation–optimization for conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater on a large scale. In this study, Hetao Irrigation District in China, one of the largest irrigation districts in the Yellow River basin, is selected as a representative study area. The conjunctive management model of water resources is developed by means of dynamically coupling a large-scale hydrological model with an optimal allocation model. A groundwater level is adopted in the coupled model as the constraint condition and the optimal conjunctive utilization quantity of surface water and groundwater is set as the objective function. Finally, the coupled model is applied to calculate the optimal water supply quantity of surface water and groundwater and sustainable utilization scheme of water resources for 2020 and 2030 in Hetao Irrigation District. The modeling results demonstrate the conjunctive management model of water resources is an effective tool for appraising water resources in large-scale arid regions.

STUDY ON THE POTENTIAL QUANTITY OF AVAILABLE WATER RESOURCES IN CONSIDERATION OF REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH PREFECTURE

This paper describes the calculation results of the potential quantity of available water resources in each prefecture. At present, there is only the data of the potential quantity of available water resources which is divided into 14 areas in Japan. It is inadequate discussion about the water resources with a viewpoint from prefecture level, so the authors adopt new calculation method. The authors focus on the regional characteristics of potential quantity of available water resources from stochastic method analysis, coefficient of variation and rate of water resources use. Kagawa, Osaka and Saitama have small amount of the potential quantity of available water resources, large coefficient of variation and high rate of water resources use. So the authors estimate that the possibility of water shortage is high in these prefectures.

Transboundary Groundwater Resources of the West Bank

The political boundaries between the Palestinian and Israelismake the water issues critical and sensitive. Groundwater is theprimary source for the Palestinian in the West Bank. Although, there are many studies on the shared surface resources (Jordan River Basin), there are few studies on the groundwater shared resources between the Palestinians and Israelis.There are three primary groundwater basins underlying the West Bank (Eastern, Northeastern and Western Basins) as shown in Figure 1. Both the Northeastern and Western basins are shared between Israelis and Palestinians. The Palestinians have a limited access to the Northeastern Basin and strictly limited access to the Western Basin. In addition to the quantity of available water resources, thequality of water is emerging as a critical issue. Threats to ground water quality include disposal of untreated wastewater, increasing salinity due to agricultural activities and intrusion of native groundwater of poor quality. Widespread use of herbicides and pesticides also represent a threat to drinking water supplies.The Declaration of Principles, signed in Washington D.C in 1993,was a major step toward resolution of the political conflict between the Israelis and Palestinians. However, the water issue is part of the final status negotiations, which still unresolved.As resolution to political conflict is pursued, it is clear that water resources management issues remain at the forefront becauseof the transboundary nature of the hydrologic regime. Cooperative management on the technical level appears to be the only alternative to further conflict and degradation of the region's scare water resources. This article will study the impact of the transboundary resources on both sides and explore some of the most significant groundwater management issues facing both the Palestinians and Israelis.

II. Representative view for the others

Identifying the drivers of species richness is a crucial for biodiversity conservation and community ecology. In this paper, the maximum utilization efficiency of water resources available to community is determined as the assembly law in an ecologically stable community with limited water resources. A plant community diversity model that incorporates water potential impedance is established, and the optimization model of community biodiversity structure was obtained based on water niche is also derived. It is shown that this optimization model can theoretically derive a species-area function similar to the traditional island biogeography curve, and it can also verify the predicted values of the species-area relationship experimentally and validated by long-term observations of plant diversity survey data. According to the model analyses, the total number of individuals (N) and the number of species (S) are determined by the combination of the water resources factors (the total quantity of available water resources in the growth season), the individual biological factors (the water consumption per unit mass of species in unit time), the complementary factors of inter- and intra-species water niche (the difference in water potential depending on the water use efficiency of the community), and plant community function factors (the total productivity of plant community). And as the area of plant communities increases, the heterogeneity of the water environment has increased. By adaptation and coevolution, more species are able to go through environmental and biological filtration, becoming community species that can utilize more available water resources at different spatial scales. Changes in water resources resulted in the community maximizing the utilization efficiency of water resources by adjusting the number and abundance of species. The main driving force for the increasing number of species is the full utilization of available water resources.