Amount Of Air Pollutants Research Articles

Monitoring of Cloud-based Air Quality using NodeMCU

Abstract: Air pollution has received a lot of attention in the modern world and has subsequently grown to pose a serious hazard to society. This research focuses on a device that can monitor air quality, ground vibration levels, and a form of fire safety alarm system for employees working in an industrial environment due to the urgency and quantity of air pollution. A WIFI-enabled ESP8266 NodeMCU microcontroller is used to implement this, and it is connected to air quality monitoring sensors MQ135 and DHT11 (Humidity and Temperature), as well as a geophone sensor to measure vibration levels in industrial settings and a flame sensor to protect workers from fire accidents. An alarm module is used with the buzzer. The sensor data is stored in NodeMCU and the data is analyzed and stored in the cloud platform and monitored on the BLYNK (an IoT platform) by interfacing the app with NodeMCU

Live and let live: understanding the temporal drivers and spillovers of life expectancy in Europe for public planning

The European continent has one of the longest life expectancies in the world, but still faces a significant challenge to meet the health targets set by the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations for 2030. To improve the understanding of the rationale that guides health outcomes in Europe, this study assesses the direction and magnitude effects of the drivers that contribute to explain life expectancy at birth across 30 European countries for the period 2008–2018 at macro-level. For this purpose, an aggregated health production function is used allowing for spatial effects. The results indicate that an increase in the income level, health expenditure, trade openness, education attainment, or urbanisation might lead to an increase in life expectancy at birth, whereas calories intake or quantity of air pollutants have a negative impact on this health indicator. This implies that health policies should look beyond economic factors and focus also on social and environmental drivers. The results also indicate the existence of significant spillover effects, highlighting the need for coordinated European policies that account for the synergies between countries. Finally, a foresight analysis is conducted to obtain projections for 2030 under different socioeconomic pathways. Results reveal significant differences on longevity projections depending on the adoption, or not, of a more sustainable model of human development and provides valuable insight on the need for anticipatory planning measures to make longer life-spans compatible with the maintenance of the welfare state.

GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF PM10 AND SO2 IN AĞRI

The quantity of air pollutants has been increasing dramatically because of the high-energy consumption and usage of transportation systems triggered by the industrial revolution. In addition, the development of technology, high demand for conventional sources, unplanned urbanization, and rapid growth of population are some of the most important factors for the increase of particulate matter (PM) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) in the last 20 years in Turkey. Ağrı, which is a rural province having more high plateau areas and agricultural lands than residential areas, is less affected by these factors compared to developed cities. In this work, variations of PM10 and SO2 concentrations were evaluated from January to December of 2018. Overall, it was found that SO2 concentrations were well below the regulations, and the majority of the air pollution in Ağrı was due to PM10. Also, Concentrations of PM10 were higher than expected due to the location of the station. Hourly PM10 and SO2 concentrations ranged as 9.4-179.7 and 1.4-39.4 µg/m³, with average values of 52.1 and 8.3 µg/m³, respectively. According to the Turkish Aerosol Quality Index (AQI) daily PM10 concentrations were 51% in the “good” class, 44% in the “moderate” class, and 5% in the “sensitive” class. While SO2 measurement values were 100% in the “good” class in 2018. According to the results obtained in this work, it is recommended that more efforts are done to decrease emissions of PM10 throughout the year, and particularly during the heating season.

Air Pollutants and CO2 Emissions in Industrial Parks and Evaluation of Their Green Upgrade on Regional Air Quality Improvement: A Case Study of Seven Cities in Henan Province

Although central to the promotion of regional economic development, industrial parks discharge large quantities of air pollutants and CO2, counter to the goals of air quality improvement and CO2 reductions in China. In this study, 13 industrial parks in seven cities in Henan Province were chosen to evaluate their emission of air pollutants and CO2 in 2017, their reduction potential under different green measures, and their air quality improvements under a Green Upgrade scenario. The results show that: (1) The total emissions of SO2, NOx, CO, PM10, PM2.5, VOCs and CO2 in the 13 industrial parks were 43, 39, 351, 19, 7, 18, 2 kt and 36 Mt, and would decrease by 72, 56, 19, 30, 26, 77 and 30%, respectively, under the Green Upgrade scenario. (2) The industrial process was the major source of CO, PM2.5, VOCs and NH3, whereas power plants were the largest source of SO2 and NOx, and they would be reduced by 93, 59, 94, 91, 23 and 28%, respectively, under the Green Upgrade scenario. (3) The terminal energy use sector (including industrial boilers and industrial process sources) was the main source of CO2, accounting for 75% of total CO2 emissions, and would be reduced by 76% under the Green Upgrade scenario. (4) WRF-CMAQ simulation results show that, under the Green Upgrade scenario, the concentration of PM2.5 in a transmission channel city would be improved by 1–36 μg/m3, with an annual average value of 9 μg/m3. Our results demonstrate the significant effect of the synergistic reduction in air pollutants and CO2 emissions using Green Technologies in industrial parks and the subsequent improvement in regional air quality.

Diesel Exhaust Particle Exposure Compromises Alveolar Macrophage Mitochondrial Bioenergetics

Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) are known pathogenic pollutants that constitute a significant quantity of air pollution. Given the ubiquitous presence of macrophages throughout the body, including the lungs, as well as their critical role in tissue and organismal metabolic function, we sought to determine the effect of DEP exposure on macrophage mitochondrial function. Following daily DEP exposure in mice, pulmonary macrophages were isolated for mitochondrial analyses, revealing reduced respiration rates and dramatically elevated H2O2 levels. Serum ceramides and inflammatory cytokines were increased. To determine the degree to which the changes in mitochondrial function in macrophages were not dependent on any cross-cell communication, primary pulmonary murine macrophages were used to replicate the DEP exposure in a cell culture model. We observed similar changes as seen in pulmonary macrophages, namely diminished mitochondrial respiration, but increased H2O2 production. Interestingly, when treated with myriocin to inhibit ceramide biosynthesis, these DEP-induced mitochondrial changes were mitigated. Altogether, these data suggest that DEP exposure may compromise macrophage mitochondrial and whole-body function via pathologic alterations in macrophage ceramide metabolism.

A Stochastic Approach for Prediction of Partially Measured Concentrations of Benzo[a]pyrene in the Ambient Air in Korea

Large quantities of air pollutants are released into the atmosphere and hence, must be monitored and routinely assessed for their health implications. This paper proposes a stochastic technique to predict unobserved hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), especially Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), which can have negative effects on human health. The proposed approach constructs a nearest-neighbor structure by incorporating the linkage between BaP and meteorology and meteorological effects. This approach is adopted in order to predict unobserved BaP concentrations based on observed (or forecasted) meteorological conditions, including temperature, precipitation, wind speed, and air quality. The effects of BaP on human health are examined by characterizing the cancer risk. The efficient prediction provides useful information relating to the optimal monitoring period and projections of future BaP concentrations for both industrial and residential areas within Korea.

Conversion efficiency of catalytic converter

Around 50 million vehicles are manufactured every year and over 700 million vehicles are used worldwide. Vehicle population is predictable to grow close to 1300 million by the year 2030. Automobile produced 10,037,168 short tons of nitrogen oxides and 59,383,083 short tons of carbon dioxide in 2008 alone. In the present scenario, air pollution generation from the mobile sources is a big problem in the world. The maximum quantity of air pollution is due to the emissions from Internal Combustion Engines. Combustion of pollutants released from the vehicular exhaust is one of the best approaches to decrease their attentiveness before their release to the atmosphere. The main attention of the work is the research of catalytic converter working effectiveness in used passenger cars. In this work the fuel which is used is commercial gasoline with blends and the testing is done in the passenger car. The testing is done in three ways: (1) with a new CatCoN [1000 km], (2) with an old CatCoN [55,000 km] and (3) without a CatCoN. After comparing the test results, it is concluded that the conversion efficiency of the catalytic converter decreases when the vehicle runs above 45,000 km. The best result of the exhaust gases is shown with a new catalytic converter.

Feasibility Study of Isolated PV-Wind Hybrid System in Egypt

This paper proposes the possibility of using the diesel generator with renewable energy sources (RES) and compares the cost of energy of isolated pv-wind-diesel-battery-converter hybrid system with a stand-alone diesel generator for a rural region in Egypt. The isolated system is also evaluated to find out the quantity of air pollution. The system has to supply a load with an average value of 48 kW and a peak value of 71 kW. HOMER software is used to carry out the cost of energy (COE), net present cost (NPC) and environmental emissions (Kg/yr) calculations of optimization model. The simulation results show that the proposed hybrid system is very economical and environment friendly. The COE for the isolated hybrid power system is found to be 0.139 $/kWh which is more than half of the stand alone diesel generator system.

Simulation and Optimization of Photovoltaic/ Diesel Hybrid Power Generation Systems for Health Service Facilities in Rural Environments

Hybrid photovoltaic (PV)/diesel power systems can be used to upgrade power generation systems in medical clinics to improve the delivery of local health services. This study presents the design of hybrid (PV/diesel) power systems for medical facilities in the Agbani district (Nkanu-West) in Eastern Nigeria with a daily load of 19 kWh d-1. Solar resources for the design of the system were obtained from the NASA Surface Meteorology and solar energy website at a location of 6° 00’ N latitude and 7° 00’ E longitude, with annual average solar radiation of 4.95 kWh m-2 d-1. The design is based on theoretical model of the power stations using Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) software. The model was designed to provide an optimal system configuration based on hour-by-hour data for energy availability and demands. Energy source, energy storage and their applicability in terms of performance are discussed. From the simulation results, it is shown that the designed hybrid PV/diesel system reduces the operational cost and quantity of air pollutants from a diesel-only system. Details of the comparisons are presented.

PERSONAL AND MICROENVIRONMENT EXPOSURE OF PREGNANT WOMEN TO AIR POLLUTION IN TRUJILLO, PERU

Introduction Anthropogenic activities produce complex varieties and quantities of air pollutants that affect public health. Characterization of air pollution depends on population density and settling characteristics, energy consumption, industrial processes, meteorological and geographical factors, urban growth, land-use changes, habits of transportation/cooking, etc. Maternal and Child health are important public health issues. Pregnancy induces physiological adjustment in women; tidal volume increases (requires 40%+ oxygen) and induces changes in respiratory mechanism. Air pollution inhaled and metabolized by the mother is transmitted to developing fetus. Inhalation of larger than normal tidal volume of polluted air enhances risks to mother and fetus. A developing fetus is vulnerable to air pollution commonly found in urban environments. WHO data shows that low birth weight is a major cause of children disease burden and that 95% of children with low weight are born in developing countries like Peru. Several studies suggest that a fetus is prone to genetic damage and cleans air pollution less efficiently than adults. A fetus is sensitive to air pollutants that produce DNA damages. This is the first study of personal exposure of pregnant women to air pollution. Air quality data from Monitoring Stations have been used to linked air pollution exposure of pregnant women to adverse health effects on fetus development. However, this data does not account for local habitat, personal activity or exposure pattern, factors that affect exposure. Personal exposure to CO, VOC's and microenvironment exposure to PM-2.5 were studied in 45 non-smoking pregnant women in Trujillo, Peru, an urban city of 732,566 people located at sea level where 80% of outdoor air pollution is from motor vehicles with emission rates similar to 1974 USA levels and 52% of people live in poverty. At the time of this study (2002) and out of 2330 singleton live births, 32.1% of pregnant women reported anemia, 13% did not have pre-natal care and 11.4% of full term newborns have low birth weight. Method A local team was trained to recruit 45 non-smoking pregnant women residing in Trujillo. Questionnaires were designed to obtain demographic data, environmental characterization of home/employment/school, method and habit of transportation/cooking and, time budget activity and details of type of activity during study period. Air pollutants were measured at breathing zone using passive and active methods. Real time CO data was measured every 30 seconds. Exposure was measured for one day during normal activities from 8–13 hours. GC-MS was used to analyze VOC's data. Active PM-25 data was collected at the most used microenvironment. Results CO TWA: 2.74 PPM/Hr (SD = 2.90), Benzene: 7.82 Ug/M3 (SD = 4.28), Toluene: 516.00 Ug/M3 (SD = 901.9), PM-2.5 = 51.77 Ug/M3 (SD = 24.43) Discussion This study shows that exposure is very dependent on local habitat, personal activity and exposure pattern. CO and PM-2.5 concentrations were higher than those reported in studies that have linked pregnant women exposure to these air pollutants to adverse pregnancy outcomes. High CO exposure, rate of change of frequent CO concentrations and exposure pattern favors bioaccumulation of COHb and longer than normal elimination time for COHb. Real time CO data offers the opportunity to elaborate on pharmacokenetics and possible mechanisms of this exposure. Base on WHO guidelines, 40% of pregnant women, in one day, were exposed to higher toluene exposure for one week. A significant percentage of pregnant women exhibited PM-2.5 exposure concentration in excess of USA EPA daily standard.

Indoor air quality at restaurants with different styles of cooking in metropolitan Hong Kong

Indoor air quality (IAQ) of a restaurant has increasingly received a lot of public concerns in Hong Kong. Unfortunately, there is limited data about the IAQ of Hong Kong restaurants. In order to characterize the current IAQ of local restaurants, four restaurants in metropolitan Hong Kong including a Korean barbecue style restaurant, a Chinese hot pot restaurant, a Chinese dim sum restaurant and a Western canteen were selected for this study. The results of this study showed that the mean concentrations of CO 2 at restaurants with gas stoves for food cooking in dining areas exceeded the range from 40 to 60% indoor CO 2 concentrations at restaurants without gas stoves in dining areas. The average levels of PM 10 and PM 2.5 at the Korean barbecue style restaurant were as high as 1442 and 1167 μg/m 3, respectively. At the Korean barbecue and Chinese hot pot restaurants, the levels of PM 2.5 accounted for 80–93% of their respective PM 10 concentrations. The 1-h average levels of CO observed at Korean barbecue style and hot pot restaurants were 15100 and 8000 μg/m 3, respectively. Relatively high concentrations of CO 2, CO, PM 10, PM 2.5 benzene, toluene, methylene chloride and chloroform were measured in the dining areas of the Korean barbecue style and the Chinese hot pot restaurants. The operations of pan-frying food and boiling food with soup in a hot pot could generate considerable quantities of air pollutants.