Quantitative Detection Of Prostate Specific Antigen Research Articles

Carbon quantum dots(CQDs)-sensitized CdS/CuInS2 heterojunction as a photoelectrochemical biosensing platform for highly sensitive detection of prostate-specific antigen

Sensitive and quantitative detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has been determined to be indispensable for clinical diagnostics of prostate cancer, whereas such detection is quite challenging due to the extremely low concentration of biomarkers in human serum samples. In this study, a photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor was effectively developed for the high-sensitivity analysis of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) using a signal amplification method utilizing sensitized carbon quantum dots (CQDs). In this experiment, cadmium sulfide quantum dots were employed as the substrate materials, and indium copper sulfide quantum dots were loaded on their surfaces. Moreover, the efficient matching of energy levels in these two materials contributed to the generation of photocurrents. The aforementioned heterojunction semiconductor QDs were thus combined with CQDs to produce CQDs on their surfaces. As a result of the presence of CQDs, the ability of heterojunction materials to absorb light was remarkably enhanced, increasing the photocurrent by over ten times. Consequently, in this study, CQDs were combined with PEC sensors, and the developed PEC biosensors exhibited excellent optical performance, sensitivity, repeatability, and stability. The results obtained from the analysis of actual samples were satisfactory and have promising application prospects.

Magnetically Modulated Differential Quartz Crystal Microbalances for Rapid, Ultrasensitive, and Direct Probing of Prostate-Specific Antigens Conjugated with Magnetic Beads.

The occurrence and development of diseases are closely related to overexpression of specific biomarkers in the serum of patients. Rapid and sensitive biomarker detection is beneficial for early diagnosis and treatment. However, the current laboratory processes and assays for biomarker detection are expensive and time-consuming, and their operation also requires a large number of professionals. We developed a magnetically modulated differential quartz crystal microbalance (MMD-QCM) method combined with magnetic bead (MB) labels for rapid and highly sensitive quantitative detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Because MBs exhibit magnetized rotation motion under an applied AC magnetic field, a pair of QCMs are utilized to measure the difference between the magnetic motion intensities of the MBs and the MB-PSA immune complex to determine the PSA concentration. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can be adopted to determine the PSA concentration in a wide range of 0.01-1000 ng/mL as well as exhibit a low detection limit of 0.065 ng/mL. In addition, the proposed scheme enables fast detection and low sample consumption. The single detection process takes less than 4 h and requires only 113 μL of sample solution. The proposed detection strategy is superior to the existing detection method and can be effectively used in early screening and prognostic diagnosis of cancer and other related diseases owing to its simplicity, low cost, and high speed.

A new detection mode for gold nanoparticle-linked immunosorbent assay (GNLISA) based on a clock reaction: instrument- and enzyme-free visual quantitative detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been serving as both the workhorse and the gold standard in immunoassays due to its high specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy, despite its known shortcomings and limitations.

Precisely designed growth of dual-color quantum dots bilayer nanobeads for ratiometric fluorescent immunoassay

Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) have been widely used as fluorescent labeling materials in the field of in vitro diagnostics (IVD). In spite of the significant development of direct single-signal response fluorescent immunosensors, it is still a challenge to obtain the high accuracy and sensitivity of quantitative results of these sensors due to the influence of several factors unrelated to the analysis. Herein, we present a delicate design and synthesis of dual-color QDs bilayer nanobeads (red and green QDs nanobeads, R&G-QD nanobeads), achieving the precisely control of growth of the silicon layer with different proportions of ammonia, and inhibiting fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) successfully. The dual-color QDs bilayer nanobeads have realized dual-channel detection (the acquisition of two emission wavelengths) of the target, and avoided the problems of low analytical accuracy and imprecise sensitivity of single-signal response. A proof-of-concept demonstration of a fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay (FLISA) platform is conducted for the quantitative detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) with a sensitivity of 49 pg/mL and a linear range of 0.2–800 ng/mL. The dual-color QDs bilayer nanobeads FLISA platform with high sensitivity and accuracy holds great potential for early diagnosis of cancer or other diseases and provides a new approach for IVD.

Advanced nanoengineered-customized point-of-care tools for prostate-specific antigen.

Change in the level of human prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a major element in the development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa). Most of the methodologies are currently restricted to their application in routine clinical screening due to the scarcity of adequate screening tools, false reading, long assay time, and cost. Innovative techniques and the integration of knowledge from a variety of domains, such as materials science and engineering, are needed to provide sustainablesolutions. The convergence of precision point-of-care (POC) diagnostic techniques, which allow patients to respond in real time to changes in PSA levels, provides promising possibilities for quantitative and quantitative detection of PSA. This solution could be interesting and relevant for use in PCa diagnosis at the POC. The approaches enable low-cost real-time detection and are simple to integrate into user-friendly sensor devices. This review focuses on the investigations, prospects, and challenges associated with integrating engineering sciences with cancer biology to develop nanotechnology-based tools for PCa diagnosis. This article intends to encourage the development of new nanomaterials to construct high-performance POC devices for PCa detection. Finally, the review concludes with closing remarks and a perspective forecast.

Novel gold nanoparticles functionalized Mo-polydopamine hollow sphere as an efficient quencher in conjugated microporous polymer electrochemiluminescent system

The construction of an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor achieving sensitive detection of cancer markers by improving the intensity of luminescent materials and the effect of quenchers is still under study. Herein, we designed an ECL sandwich immunosensor for sensitive detection of prostate specific antigen (PSA), which integrated gold nanoparticles functionalized Mo-polydopamine hollow sphere (Au@Mo-PDA, as a quencher) with platinum nanoparticles modified conjugated microporous polymer (Pt-CMP, as a luminophore) in the presence of triethanolamine (TEOA, as a coreactant). First, CMP with large specific surface area and high porosity was electropolymerized on glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) employing carbazole-riched 2,6-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl) anthracene-9,10-dione as a precursor. Then, platinum nanoparticles were electrodeposited on CMP to construct a high initial ECL intensity system (signal on). Meanwhile, Pt-CMP with good biocompatibility could be used as a matrix to load a mass of prostate specific capture antibody (Ab1). When the Au@Mo-PDA labelled prostate specific detection antibody (Ab2) was introduced via sandwich immuno-reaction, the quantitative detection of PSA was realized by the quenching effect of Au@Mo-PDA since the quinone unit in Mo-PDA could annihilate the excited state of Pt-CMP* (signal-off). The proposed ECL system performs a good linearity to PSA concentration ranging from 10 fg mL−1 to 5 ng mL−1 with a low detection limit of 4.2 fg mL−1 and possesses high selectivity, stability and reproducibility. This work provides a versatile platform for the application of Mo-polydopamine based hollow sphere and conjugated microporous polymer in ECL biosensors.

Polyacrylamide Gel-Contained Zinc Finger Peptide as the "Lock" and Zinc Ions as the "Key" for Construction of Ultrasensitive Prostate-Specific Antigen SERS Immunosensor.

In this work, we adopted polyacrylamide gel-contained zinc finger peptide (PZF) as a "lock" of Raman signal and zinc ions (Zn2+) as a sensitive "key", which was converted from target-captured ZnO NPs, to achieve the measurement of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Owing to the lock effect from PZF, the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) tag toluidine blue (TB) connected on Ag NP-coating silica wafer was sheltered leading to low Raman response. Meanwhile, target PSA can specifically connect with antibody 2-coupled ZnO nanocomplexes (ZnO@Au@Ab2) and antibody 1-coupled magnetic (CoFe2O4@Au@Ab1) nanocomposite through sandwich immunoassay. In the presence of HCl, the ZnO NPs would convert into Zn2+ to open the PZF because Zn2+ can specifically react with zinc finger peptide to destroy the PZF structure forming abundant pores. In this way, Zn2+ could act as the key of Raman signal to open the PZF structure obtaining a strong Raman signal of TB. The proposed SERS sensor can have a quantitative detection of PSA within the range of 1 pg mL-1 to 10 ng mL-1 with a detection limit of 0.65 pg mL-1. The interaction between zinc finger peptide and Zn2+ was firstly applied in SERS sensor for the sensitive detection of PSA. These results demonstrated that the new designed SERS biosensor could be a promising tool in biomarker diagnosis.

A novel sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor for PSA detection based on PtCu bimetallic hybrid (2D/2D) rGO/g-C3N4

In this work, a sensitive sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor was designed for the quantitative detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) by amperometric i-t. The Au loaded on thionine functionalized graphene oxide (Au@Th/GO) was used as a platform to immobilize primary antibodies (Ab1) and accelerate the electron transfer on the electrode interface. PtCu bimetallic hybrid were loaded on 2D/2D reduced graphene oxide/graphitic carbon nitride (PtCu@rGO/g-C3N4) with large surface area and biocompatibility, which were employed as labels for combining secondary antibodies (Ab2) and amplifying signals to improve the sensitivity of the designed immunosensor which attributes to its good activity for the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Under optimal conditions, the designed immunosensor exhibited a linear concentration range from 50fg/mL to 40ng/mL, with a low detection limit of 16.6fg/mL (S/N=3) for PSA. Additionally, the designed immunosensor showed acceptable selectivity, reproducibility and stability. The satisfactory results in analyze human serum samples indicated potential application promising in clinical monitoring of tumor markers.

THE ALGORITHM OF QUANTITATIVE DETECTION OF PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN AT PATIENTS WITH A PROSTATE ADENOCARCINOMA

Background. Concentration of a prostate specific antigen (PSA) in blood serum considerably increases in case of development of a prostate adenocarcinoma, in tens and hundreds times exceeding extreme values of the range of the determined concentration for all existing diagnostic test systems that limits possibilities of their application for the purpose of systematic monitoring of a condition of patients and efficiency of the treatment. At the same time, change of standard algorithm of accomplishment of the laboratory analysis stated in instructions to the relevant test systems allows to expand the range of the determined concentration of the PSA significantly. Objective. The present research is executed for the purpose of creation of algorithm of quantitative detection of the total PSA concentration in blood serum specimens by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) suitable at the same time for primary laboratory diagnostics, screening and systematic monitoring of a condition of patients with the verified diagnosis of a prostate adenocarcinoma. Materials and methods. In present investigation serially made EIA-kits for quantitative determination of level of a total PSA blood serum specimens certified by the Russian Ministry of Health for clinical laboratory diagnostics are used. In research samples of blood serum of almost healthy donors, and also patients with not tumoral diseases of a prostate, and also patients with the verified diagnosis of a prostate adenocarcinoma, including in a stage of a dissemination of tumoral process were applied. Results. It is shown that linearity of the defined concentration of the total PSA at consecutive two-fold dilutions of blood serum samples by the “zero” standard remains dilution up to 1024 times that allows to execute correctly measurement of total PSA level in the range up to 30 000 ng/ml. Conclusion. The simple algorithm of performance of quantitative detection of PSA by EIA at patients with a prostate adenocarcinoma is developed and approved.

Toward sensitive, quantitative point-of-care testing (POCT) of protein markers: miniaturization of a homogeneous time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay for prostate-specific antigen detection

Point-of-care testing (POCT) systems which allow for a sensitive, quantitative detection of protein markers are extremely useful for the early detection and therapy progress monitoring of cancer. However, currently commercially available POCT devices are mainly limited to the qualitative detection of protein markers. In this study we demonstrate the successive miniaturization of a sensitive and fast assay for the quantitative detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) using a well established and clinically approved homogeneous time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay technology (TRACE®) on a commercial plate-reader system (KRYPTOR®). Regarding the initial requirements for the development of POCT devices we applied a 30-fold assay volume reduction (150 µL to 5 µL) to achieve a reasonable lab-on-a-chip volume and a 24-fold and 120-fold excitation pulse energy reduction to achieve reasonable pulse energies for low-cost miniature excitation sources. Due to highly efficient optimization of key POCT parameters our miniaturized PSA assay achieved a 30% increased sensitivity and a 2-fold improved limit of detection compared to the standard plate-reader method. Our results demonstrate the successful implementation of key parameters for a significant miniaturization and for cost reduction in the clinically approved KRYPTOR® platform for protein detection. The technological alterations required are easy-to-implement and can be immediately adapted for more than 30 diagnostic protein markers already available for the KRYPTOR® platform. These features strongly recommend our assay format to be utilized in innovative, sensitive, quantitative POCT of protein markers.