Quantitative Phytochemical Analysis Research Articles

Eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Enhancing optimization reaction, characterization, and antimicrobial properties with Lantana camara from geothermal area

Green synthesis methods for producing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have garnered significant attention for their potential in medical applications. Despite the known potential of Lantana camara in AgNP synthesis, there is a lack of studies investigating its application when grown in extreme geothermal environments, which may influence the properties and efficacy of the synthesized nanoparticles. This research aimed to fabricate AgNPs utilizing aqueous extract from L. camara, a plant growing in an extreme geothermal manifestation area. Another aim of this study is to evaluate their antimicrobial activity. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses of the plant's leaves were also conducted. Reaction optimization was performed using response surface methodology (RSM), employing a central composite design (CCD) approach. The characterization of AgNPs involved UV–vis spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM-EDX, and PSA. The antimicrobial testing was conducted against Gram-positive bacterium (S. aureus), Gram-negative bacterium (E. coli), and the fungus (C. albicans). The phytochemicals analysis revealed that the L. camara leaf extract contains flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, tannins, and steroids, lacking alkaloids and terpenoids, with total phenolic and flavonoid contents of 11.94 mg (GAE/g) and 6.70 mg (QE/g), respectively. The AgNPs exhibited a spherical shape with a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at a wavelength of 417 nm, and the smallest particle size measured was 44 nm. Based on FTIR analysis, AgNPs have functional groups such as OH, NH, CC, and CH that were identified as groups involved in the reduction of Ag+ to Ag0 during the green synthesis of AgNPs. The AgNPs demonstrated the lowest antifungal activity against C. albicans. In summary, the aqueous leaf extract of L. camara from geothermal manifestation areas can serve as a bioreductant for AgNPs, exhibiting higher antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria compared to Gram-negative ones.

PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENTS, GC-MS PROFILE AND ALPHA-AMYLASE INHIBITORY POTENTIAL OF Rauwolfia vomitoria n-HEXANE ROOT EXTRACT

Rauwolfia vomitoria is a tropical medicinal plant that has been used traditionally in the management of several diseases. In this study, the phytocontents and the preliminary alpha-amylase inhibitory activity of the n-hexane extracts of R. vomitoria was investigated. The dried plant material, R. vomitoria root was extracted by macerating in n-hexane for 72 h. The phytochemical screening and quantity of the alkaloids, flavonoid, and saponins in the extract and plant materials was determined using standard methods. The Preliminary alpha amylase inhibitory activity of the extract was carried out using starch iodide reagent assay. The phytochemical contents of the root extract were determined out using Gas Chromatography and Mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). The extraction of R. vomitoria yielded 2.30% n-Hexane extract. The phytochemical screening of the extract shows the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, saponins, reducing sugar, de-oxy sugars and steroids while quantitative phytochemical analysis showed the root contain alkaloids: 11.2±0.06, flavonoids: 16.6 ±0.12 and saponins: 14.8 ±0.18. The extract gave a positive alpha-amylase inhibitory activity. The GC-MS indicated the presence of twelve compounds, which are basically long chain fatty acids and esters and the most abundant compound is n-Hexadecanoic acid. Most of the compounds detected have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and enzyme inhibitory activities which may explain the various traditional uses of this plant and the observed alpha-amylase inhibitory activity

Phytochemical characterization, antioxidant activity and anthelmintic effect of Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae) seeds in Lohman Brown cockerels

Helminths are diseases which exist frequently with the poultry. To cure these parasitosis, breeders use very often synthetic products which are source of food poisoning for the consumers. However, past studies showed that some plants are known to their anthelmintic properties. For sanitary biosafety, the current study aimed to gauge helminthic capacity of papaya seed and established the relationship between phytochemical composition and anthelminthic activity. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses were carried out to identify phytoconstituents endowed with anthelmintic activity. Bioguided analyses were carried out in three months upon 260 Lohmann Brown cockerels which were divided in 5 batches: T-, T+, GP1, GP2, and GP. Cockerels of batches GP1, GP2 and GP3 received in their food papaya seed powder (5%) per month, respectively for one, two and three days. Batch T- did not receive any treatment but cockerels of batch T+ were treated by Levamisole (25%) on day per month. Phytochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, reducing compounds, flavonoids, tannins, proteins and coumarins as chemical group in the seeds. Bioguided analyses proved that the reduction rates of number of EPG in batches T+, GP1, GP2, et GP3 are respectively: 90.08; 28.00; 53.00, and 90.35, but it was negative in batch T-. Batches T+ and GP3 presented higher average weekly gains, while average cumulative weight gains were identical for batches T+ and GP3. Nevertheless, it was batch GP3 that provided the lowest consumption index. In fact, cockerel treatment with papaya seed present almost the same anthelminthic efficacy as Levamisole.

Comparative phytochemical, antioxidant and antifungal evaluation of successive extracts of Bombax ceiba L. thorns

This study aims to analyze the comprehensive qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses, antioxidant potential, and antifungal activity of successive extracts from Bombax ceiba thorn. The assessment of antioxidant activities was performed by two methods, the phosphomolybdate assay and the reducing power assay. In vitro anti-fungal activity was evaluated by the agar well diffusion method. The results of phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various phytoconstituents like flavonoids, sterols, and tannins. Antioxidant potential and antifungal activity against Candida albicans were also found to be higher in ethyl acetate extract. All the successive extracts showed dose-dependent antioxidant potential. This study indicates that B. ceiba thorn has promising antioxidant and antifungal activity due to the presence of phenolics and flavonoids. B. ceiba can be used as potential antioxidant and antifungal agents, and resources for the development of new molecules.

Therapeutic Potential of Methanolic Stem Extract of Costus afer on Serum Uric Acid, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Levels in Monosodium Urate (MSU)-Induced Gouty Arthritis in Wistar Rats

The therapeutic potential of methanolic stem extracts of Costus afer was investigated to evaluate their effects on serum uric acid, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels, which are the key biomarkers associated with inflammatory and metabolic disorders like gouty arthritis. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of C. afer indicated the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, phenol, anthraquinone and glycosides, these bioactive compounds have been implicated for numerous medicinal uses and as such the therapeutic potentials of the extract were investigated by administering varying doses (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg) of the extract to a Wistar rat model with induced gouty arthritis and assessing its impact compared to a control group and an untreated MSU group. The results revealed that the extracts significantly reduced ( serum uric acid levels in a dose-dependent manner, with the high dose achieving a reduction below the control level. Additionally, the extracts effectively decreased ( TNF-α and IL-6 levels, indicating potent anti-inflammatory properties. The high dose exhibited the most substantial reduction in these biomarkers, underscoring the extract’s therapeutic potential. These findings support the traditional use of C. afer and provide scientific validation for its application in managing hyperuricemia and inflammatory conditions.

Phytochemical investigation and spectral characterization of isolated compounds from Pyracantha crenulata (D. Don) M. Roem (syn. Crataegus crenulata Roxb) leaves: evaluation of antioxidant activity and molecular docking analysis

Pyracantha crenulata (D. Don) M. Roem (syn. Crataegus crenulata Roxb.) is an evergreen shrub in the Rosaceae family, notable for its chemical diversity and biological potential. This study isolates and characterises six compounds (Cc-1 to Cc-6), including four new ones, using repeated column chromatography. Structural elucidation employed IR, UV-vis, 1H and 13 C NMR, and mass spectrometry. The DPPH assay was used to test the antioxidant activity in vitro. Compounds Cc-4, Cc-2, Cc-1, and Cc-5 had IC50 values of 15.734 μg/ml, 51.422 μg/ml, 62.864 μg/ml, and 71.622 μg/ml, in that order. Quantitative phytochemical analysis revealed flavonoid content (22.81 mg/g), tannin content (385.15 mg/g), and total phenolic content (128.78 mg/g). Human cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) (PDB ID: 1hck) docked with compound Cc-4, which demonstrated strong antioxidant activity and revealed significant non-bonding interactions. The pkCSM and SwissADME analyses suggested promising drug-like properties for Cc-4, supported by BOILED-Egg diagrams highlighting its therapeutic potential.

Physiochemical Analysis, Antioxidant Activity, Antimicrobial Activity and Phenolic Profile of Ipomoea eriocarpa R. Br. Leaves.

Many active substances found in plants are essential in the treatment of transmissible and non-transmissible ailments. To enhance their well-being and capabilities, most people around the globe use medicines from plants and herbal origin. The goal of the current study was an assessment of physiochemical properties as well as measuring the effect of various solvents (ethanol, chloroform, and water) on the phenolic profile and on free radical scavenging potential. The standard procedures were used for the preliminary phytochemical, physiochemical and fluorescence analysis. Folin-Ciocalteu and colorimetric methods were used to determine the quantitative phytochemical analysis, respectively. The free radical scavenging potential was determined through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′′-casino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic) acid (ABTS) assays. The antimicrobial activity was assessed using the disk diffusion method on a range of bacterial and fungal strains. The finding showed that ethanol was the best solvent for extracting polyphenols. The presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, and tannins was observed in the plant. Additionally, fluorescence characteristics and physiochemical parameters provided valuable data that can be used to establish standards for this plant. Results of quantitative phytochemical estimation revealed that the ethanol extract had a higher phenolic content (71.82 mg/g GAE) and flavonoid content (82.7 mg/g QE), while the aqueous extract had the lowest phenolic content (27.05 mg/g GAE) and flavonoid content (18.93 mg/g QE). The I. eriocarpa ethanolic extract had the maximum scavenging potential against DPPH (32.36 µg/mL) and ABTS (55.54 µg/mL). The results of the antimicrobial activity assessment also indicate that the ethanol extract exhibited a greater inhibition zone when tested against both bacterial strains. Results of thecurrent study suggested that the ethanolic extract has significant antioxidant potential and has the capability of being a notable source of organic antioxidants for the formulation of functional foods.

Millettia aboensis leaves extract as eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in acidizing solution: From experimental to molecular level prediction

The development of environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors is becoming more popular since conventional inhibitors are poisonous and non-biodegradable. The anti-corrosive effectiveness of Millettia aboensis leaves extract (MALE) has been assessed in this study using several methods, such as electrochemical measurements, X-ray Photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy on mild steel in acidic solution. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was combined with qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis to identify the phytochemicals linked to the activity of the Millettia aboensis extracts and identified key phytoconstituents such as Hexanedioic acid, Phenol derivatives, Octadecanoic acid, and Linolenic acid, which play significant roles in the extract's inhibitory performance. The results showed that the inhibition efficiency (IE%) improved to 88.6 % with the addition of inhibitor concentration from 0.1 g/L to 3.0 g/L and that the corrosion rate drastically reduced from 56.91 mpy to 16.09 mpy. Furthermore, at a greater concentration (3.0 g/L), the Rct values rose from 61.42 Ω cm2 to 176.3 Ω cm2 thus, indicating that the inhibitor molecules were forming a protective film over the metallic surface. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) provided visual evidence of surface morphology, revealing a smoother surface in the presence of the inhibitor, indicative of the protective film formed by the adsorption of organic molecules onto the steel surface. Theoretical calculations using the ωB97XD functional and def2svp basis set further supported the experimental findings, showing that the protonated form of C21H36O4 exhibited the highest interaction energy, correlating with its superior inhibition efficiency on the metal surface.

Evaluation of Antibacterial Activities of Clove Bud Oil and Extract on Bacterial Isolates from Dental Caries

Dental caries remains one of the most prevalent oral health issues worldwide, primarily caused by bacterial activity w ithin the oral cavity. This study investigates the antibacterial activities of clove oil bud against bacteria associated with dental caries. The clove buds were collected, identified, and processed for ethanol extraction of bioactive compounds. Also, 30 samples of dental caries were obtained using swab sticks and cultured on nutrient agar, MacConkey agar, and Mannitol salt agar, then incubated for 24 hours and identified using biochemical tests and molecular analysis. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of alkaloids (5.033%), saponins (3.50%), flavonoids (0.407%), phenols (0.4545%), tannins (5.227%), and glycosides (2.1285%) in the ethanol extract, while the clove oil contained saponins (8.70%) and a small amount of glycosides (0.0375%). The extracted compounds underwent Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, which identified key constituents such as eugenol, Caryophyllene oxide, and 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid. The characterization of the clove oil revealed a density of 0.86 g/cm³, viscosity of 113.59 mm²/s, refractive index of ≥36% Brix, saponification value of 39.19 mg KOH, iodine value of 21.488 g/ml, peroxide value of 13.4 mEq/kg, and a free fatty acid content of 1.37%. Biochemical tests on the bacterial isolates from dental caries samples identified several species, including Actinomyces spp., Streptococcus spp., Lactococcus spp., Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, Staphylococcus aureus strain CIB, Bifidobacterium spp., Veillonella spp., and Bacillus subtilis. Antimicrobial activity assay shows that clove oil exhibited significant inhibition of microbial growth at higher concentrations: B.subtilis had inhibition zones of 12 mm at 100 mg/ml, 6 mm at 50 mg/ml, and 2 mm at 25 mg/ml. Similarly, Lacticaseibacillus agile 1365 showed inhibition zones of 14 mm at 100 mg/ml, 8 mm at 50 mg/ml, and 3 mm at 25 mg/ml. S.aureus strain B3A22 had inhibition zones of 10 mm at 100 mg/ml and 6 mm at 50 mg/ml. In contrast, L. paracasei showed minimal inhibition, indicating lower susceptibility to clove oil. On the other hand, the result also illustrates that clove extract was more effective at lower concentrations compared to clove oil. B.subtilis had inhibition zones of 14 mm at 100 mg/ml, 8 mm at 50 mg/ml, and 5 mm at 25 mg/ml. L.paracasei demonstrated inhibition zones of 16 mm at 100 mg/ml, 11 mm at 50 mg/ml, and 8 mm at 25 mg/ml. S.aureus strain B3A22 had inhibition zones of 10 mm at 100 mg/ml and 6 mm at 50 mg/ml. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of clove oil was found to be 25 mg/ml for B.subtilis, 100 mg/ml for L.paracasei, 25 mg/ml for L.agile 1365, and 25 mg/ml for both S.aureus strain CIB and strain B3A22 respectively. In comparison, clove extract demonstrated lower MIC values: 12.5 mg/ml for B.subtilis, 12.5 mg/ml for L.paracasei, 12.5 mg/ml for L.agile 1365, 25 mg/ml for S.aureus strain CIB, and 25 mg/ml for S.aureus strain B3A22. The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of clove oil was 50 mg/ml for B.subtilis, for L.paracasei, 25 mg/ml for L.agile 1365, 50 mg/ml for S.aureus strain CIB, and 100 mg/ml for S.aureus strain B3A22. In contrast, clove extract showed an MBC of 25 mg/ml for B.subtilis, 50 mg/ml for L.paracasei, 25 mg/ml for L.agile 1365, 50 mg/ml for S.aureus strain CIB, and 25 mg/ml for S.aureus strain B3A22. These results underscore the significant antibacterial activity of clove extract, particularly due to its higher potency at lower concentrations compared to clove oil, supporting its potential use in developing alternative treatments for dental caries.

Cytotoxic activity of callus extract from Vachellia farnesiana (L) Wight & Arn.

The in vitro cultures of Vachellia farnesiana (L) Wight & Arn. have demonstrated cytotoxic activity through callus extract on the HeLa cell line. Explants excised from in vitro-grown seedlings from seeds of two different locations were inoculated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) culture media containing various concentrations of N-6 benzyladenine (BA) or kinetin with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Optimal efficiency in friable callus induction (100%) was achieved in leaf explants cultured on MS media containing 2.32µM BA + 13.57µM 2,4-D. Plant tissues (callus and leaf) were extracted and subjected to quantitative phytochemical analysis, revealing the highest total alkaloid and phenolic content in leaf extracts from Queretaro adult specimens (339.5 ± 20.9mg atropine equivalents (AE) per g dry extract (DE) and 158.4 ± 12.5mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per g DE, respectively). In contrast, callus cultures exhibited significantly higher total triterpene content (356-381mg ursolic acid equivalents (UAE) per g DE) compared to leaf extracts (208-243mg UAE/g DE). Both leaf and callus extracts displayed cytotoxic activity against the HeLa cell line, with a significantly lower half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for leaf extracts (28-32µg/mL) compared to callus cultures (43-66µg/mL), suggesting that alkaloids were primarily responsible for the cytotoxic activity. Furthermore, this study provides valuable insights into the controlled production of bioactive compounds with cytotoxic activity, with callus serving as a rich source.

Comparative Analysis of the Phytochemicals, Minerals, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Rauvolfia vomtoria Leafs

In this study, the phytochemicals, B vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and antimicrobial activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Rauvolfia vomtoria leaves were determined and compared. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis, mineral and B vitamin composition, in vitro antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial properties of both extracts were determined using standard protocols. Precise analysis of R. vomtoria revealed that the moisture content of the leaves was 8.90%, ash content was 7.70% and crude fiber content was 20.00%. The carbohydrate content of the leaves was 41%, crude protein content was 17. 00% and total fat content was 5.28%. Cardiac glycosides, tannins, phenols, saponins, phytates, steroids, terpenoids and alkaloids were detected in both aqueous and ethanolic extracts. However, significantly higher concentrations of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides and phytates were detected in the ethanolic extract compared to the aqueous extract. There was no significant difference in the amount of phenols and terpenoids in the two extracts (p>0.05). The thiamine content in the aqueous extract was 0.20 whereas that in the ethanolic extract was 0.27. The riboflavin content was higher in the ethanolic extract (1.80) than in the aqueous extract (1.40). Similarly, the niacin content of the ethanolic extract was 0.81 whereas that of the aqueous extract was 0.81. There was no significant difference in the calcium, magnesium and phosphorus values recorded for the two extracts (p>0.05). In contrast, there was a significant difference in the sodium, potassium, zinc, iron and copper contents of the two extracts with the aqueous extract containing higher amounts of potassium and zinc. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts had zones of inhibition against Enterobacter faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Cetrobacter freundii and Shigella flexlerii. However, the zone of inhibition of the ethanolic extract against the tested organisms was higher than that of the aqueous extract. At a concentration of 10%, the aqueous and ethanolic extracts showed 87.29% and 92.03% DPPH scavenging activity, respectively. The percentage of inhibitory activity of the extracts against DPPH radical increased in a dose-dependent manner, with the ethanolic extract showing the highest DPPH radical inhibitory activity at a concentration of 50%. The results confirm that ethanol is a suitable solvent for the extraction of biologically active molecules from R.vomtoria leaves.

Chnoospora minima: a Robust Candidate for Hyperglycemia Management, Unveiling Potent Inhibitory Compounds and Their Therapeutic Potential.

The present study aimed to isolate a bioactive compound from Sri Lankan edible marine brown algae, Chnoospora minima, to manage diabetes. The de-polysaccharide crude methanolic extract was partitioned using hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate with increased polarity. The samples were subjected to determine the quantitative phytochemical analysis, antioxidants, and antidiabetic potentials. Further, the potent antidiabetic fraction was selected to isolate an active compound using bioactivity-guided fractionation. From the selected extract, the chloroform fraction exhibited comparatively high TPC (59.01 ± 1.86mg GAE/g), TFC (5.14 ± 0.43mg QE/g) and alkaloid content (2.79 ± 0.31 PE/g of extract). Crude methanol extract exhibited a potent DPPH activity (IC50: 0.48 ± 0.01mg/mL) whereas the ethyl acetate fraction elicited a maximum ABTS activity (IC50: 0.064 ± 0.001mg/mL) and a ferrous iron-chelating capacity (IC50: 0.019mg/mL). Similarly, the chloroform fraction exhibited the highest FRAP (20.34 ± 1.72mg TE/g) and ORAC (19.72 ± 2.92mg TE/g) capacities. The potent inhibitory activity of α-amylase (IC50:3.17 ± 0.02µg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC50: 1.99 ± 0.01µg/mL) enzymes and glucose diffusion was observed in the chloroform fraction. Similarly, the chloroform extract exhibited a potent BSA-glucose (IC50: 202.43 ± 5.71µg/mL), BSA-MGO (IC50: 124.30 ± 2.85µg/mL) antiglycation model and reversing activities (EC50BSAglucose: 98.99 ± 0.35µg/mL; EC50BSA-MGO: 118.89 ± 1.58µg/mL). Depending on the hypoglycemic activity, fucoxanthin was isolated as the active compound which showed a notable change in the functional group. Molecular docking studies were conducted on the compound, and binding energy was observed to be - 6.56kcal/mol and - 4.83kcal/mol for α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, respectively, which confirmed the hypoglycemic effect of the isolated compounds. However, more studies are required to understand the mechanistic insights of these observations.

Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of Terminalia arjuna

Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of Terminalia arjuna

Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid, Kadar Tannin serta Profil Fitokimia Ekstrak Etanol 96% Biji Alpukat (Persea Americana Mill)

One of the plants in Indonesia that can be used as traditional medicine is avocado seeds (Persea American Mill). Avocado seeds are known to contain flavonoid compounds, phenols and tannins. Flavonoids are one of the compounds that can ward off free radicals that cause degenerative diseases.The flavonoid compounds in avocado seeds are taken by extracting avocado seeds. Avocado seeds were extracted using the maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent. Determination of flavonoid levels begins with qualitative phytochemical analysis, then flavonoid levels are measured using the UV-Visible spectrophotometer method with the reference standard quercetin. The extract obtained was subjected to qualitative phytochemical analysis by testing phenolics, flavonoids and tannins using reagents appropriate to the test parameters. Meanwhile, quantitative phytochemical analysis of flavonoid compounds uses the UV-Visible Spectrophotometry method. The results of qualitative phytochemical analysis show that avocado seeds contain positive flavonoid compounds, phenols and tannins. Based on the results of quantitative phytochemical analysis using visible UV spectrophotometry, it shows that the level of flavonoid compounds in the ethanol extract of avocado seeds (Persea American Mill), which was read at the maximum wave obtained, namely 435 nm, was 0.2124%.

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Phytochemicals in Sayeok-Tang via UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS and UPLC-TQ-MS/MS.

Sayeok-tang (SYT) is a traditional herbal formula comprising three medicinal herbs: Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Zingiber officinale, and Aconitum carmichaeli. Several studies have employed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to qualitatively analyze the components and metabolites of SYT in vitro and in vivo; however, studies on quantitative analysis of SYT, which is important for quality control, are absent or limited to only a few components. In this study, ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole (UPLC-Q)-Orbitrap-MS was used to screen the phytochemicals of SYT, revealing a total of 42 compounds. Among them, 24 compounds were simultaneously quantified within 20 min via UPLC-TQ-MS/MS in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. The developed analytical method was validated for its linearity (r2 ≥ 0.9992), precision (0.36-2.96%), accuracy (-6.52-4.64%), and recovery (94.39-119.07%) for all analytes, exhibiting acceptable results. The validated method was applied in the analysis of SYT extracts, and the 24 compounds were quantified in the range of 0.004-6.882 mg/g (CV ≤ 3.746%). Among them, liquiritin apioside (6.870-6.933 mg/g), glycyrrhizic acid (5.418-5.540 mg/g), and liquiritin (1.303-1.331 mg/g) from G. uralensis were identified as the relatively abundant compounds. The presented validated analytical method is highly promising for the comprehensive quality control of SYT, offering fast, highly sensitive, and reliable analysis.

Investigation of the Anti-Diabetic Potential of Coccinia barteri (Hook.F.) Leaf Using in Vitro and in Silico Molecular Docking Approaches

Objectives/Background Several plants with various chemical constituents have been widely explored for managing diabetes mellitus. One of the most common strategies is the inhibitors of the α-amylase and α-glucosidase, key regulatory enzymes in diabetes. This study aims to investigate the anti-diabetic activity of methanolic extract of Coccinia barteri leaves using in vitro α-amylase enzyme inhibition assay and in silico molecular docking study. Methods The dried pulverized leaf of Coccinia barteri was extracted by maceration using methanol. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses of the powdered leaf extract were carried out using standard procedures. The extract was fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous methanol. In vitro anti-diabetic study of the different fractions and sub-fractions was investigated by α-Amylase Inhibition Assay. Sub-fractions of the ethyl acetate fraction of C.barteri leaf with the highest in vitro anti-diabetic activity were subjected to GC-MS analysis. The compounds detected by GC-MS were selected as ligands for α-amylase and α-glucosidase in the molecular docking study. Results The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, and cyanide. Compared to the control drug, the ethyl acetate fraction of Coccinia barteri leaf gave a 2-fold lower IC50. GCMS chromatogram of the most active sub-fraction revealed the presence of 18 major compounds. Piperine showed good binding affinity (−6.9 kcal/mol) to α-amylase and displayed hydrogen bonding with ARG 344 and HIS 210, along with pi alkyl bonds with TRP 83, HIS 80, LEU 166, and LEU 232. For α-glucosidase, piperine and 2,4-di-tertbutylphenol surpassed the standard with binding energies of −7.1 kcal/mol and - 6.9 kcal/mol, respectively. Drug likeness and toxicity assessments confirmed adherence to Lipinski's rule, with both compounds showing non-mutagenic and non-tumorigenic properties. Conclusion The ethyl acetate fraction of the Coccinia barteri leaf exhibits potential anti-diabetic activity, which may be attributed to the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, by its constituents, piperine and 2,4-di-tertbutylphenol.

Phytochemical Analyses and Antibacterial Activities of Jatropha tanjorensis J. L. Ellis and Saroja Leaves Extract against Clinical Pathogens

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the phytochemical and antimicrobial characteristics of leaf extracts from Jatropha tanjorensis plant against some selected clinical pathogens. Study Design: Experimental Study design (Quantitative). Place and Duration of Study: Sample: The bacteria were obtained from the stock culture of the Microbiology laboratory at LUTH, Idi-Araba, Lagos State and Department of Biological Sciences, Bells University of Technology, Ota, Ogun State. Methods: Fresh Jatropha tanjorensis leaves were obtained, identified, and then finely ground after being dried at room temperature. To obtain the extracts, two hundred grams (200g) of the leaves were macerated in one thousand milliliters (1000ml) of solvent. Phytochemical analyses were done on the extract utilizing suitable standard protocols. Using the agar well diffusion method, the leaf extracts' antibiotic sensitivity was assessed against selected bacteria, including Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Enterococcus faecalis FELAO97, Escherichia coli, Bacillus aureus ATCC 25923, and Bacillus aureus ATCC 25923. Results: The qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed that while phlobatannins were absent from all extracts, other compounds found included saponin, alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, reducing sugars, terpenoids, steroids, and tannins. According to the quantitative phytochemical analysis, reducing sugars from methanolic extract had the lowest concentration (20.39 mg/100g) and flavonoids from hot water extract had the highest concentration (98.55 mg/100g). With a zone of inhibition of 19.83 mm against S. aureus, the cold-water extract exhibited the highest inhibitory effect, while the methanolic extract displayed the lowest zone of inhibition, 13.17 mm, against B. subtilis. When compared to other isolates, B. subtilis had the lowest MIC value of 10.24 mg/ml and other isolates had the highest MIC value of 20.48 mg/ml. A GC-MS analysis identified fifty-seven (57) bioactive compounds with 1, 2, 3-Benzenetriol having the highest percentage of 66.38%. Conclusion: This study suggests that Jatropha tanjorensis may be a potential antibacterial drug, but more thorough study and collaboration are still necessary.

Investigation of the chemical composition, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibitory activities of Ononis natrix subsp. natrix, performance of in silico analyses of its major compounds

In this study, phytochemical composition, antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer, anti-diabetic, tyrosinase activities and in silico analyses of methanol, ethyl acetate and water extracts obtained from the aerial parts of Ononis natrix subsp. natrix, which is naturally distributed in the flora of Mediterranean area, were performed. The extracts were first analyzed for their phytochemical composition using quantitative chromatographic techniques. As a result of spectrophotometric analyses (Agilent Technologies 1260 Infinity liquid chromatography system with 6420 Triple Quad mass spectrometer), it was determined that the methanol extract was the richest in terms of total phenolics (74.60 mg GAEs/g dry weight), while the water extract was found to be richest in terms of total flavonoids (27.88 mg REs/g dry weight). As a result of quantitative phytochemical analyses, taxifolin, hyperoside, eriodictiol and quercetin were found to be present in high concentrations. As a result of quantitative phytochemical analyses, taxifolin, hyperoside, eriodictyol, and quercetin were found to be present in high concentrations. The methanol extract displayed higher activity in all test systems except for DPPH radical scavenging activity. The results from the phosphomolybdenum, ABTS radical scavenging, CUPRAC, FRAP, and metal chelating tests for the methanol extract were: 1.71, 1.07, 1.02 mg, 0.91, and 1.47 mg /ml, respectively. When the AChE, BChE and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity tests were evaluated in terms of IC50, the methanol extract showed higher activity with IC50 values of 1.02, 1.70 and 1.02 mg/ml, respectively. In contrast, the ethyl acetate extract showed higher activity in the tyrosinase and α-amylase tests, with IC50 values of 1.42 and 1.78 mg/ml, respectively. It was found that there was a strong correlation between the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extracts and their antioxidant and enzyme inhibitor activities. The study also conducted in silico molecular docking, MM/GBSA, drug-likeness, and ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity) analyses to describe the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of bioactive compounds with potential pharmacological action present in O. natrix subsp. natrix extracts. The compounds studied were eriodictyol, hyperoside, quercetin, and taxifolin. Researchers have found that, based on molecular docking, MM/GBSA, and key interactions within the enzyme active sites, hyperoside may inhibit α-amylase and BChE, eriodictyol may inhibit α-glucosidase and AChE, and both hyperoside and eriodictyol may inhibit tyrosinase. The presented data on antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activity, along with in silico studies, represent the first recorded findings in the literature.

Phytochemicals and Antibiotic Studies of Ethanolic Extracts of Dennettia Tripetala (Mmimi/Pepper Fruit) and Psidium Guajava (Guava) Leaves on Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus Aureus and Escherichia Coli

Aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of Dennetia tripetala and Psidium guajava were evaluated for their antimicrobial effects against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli from Annunciation Specialist Hospital Enugu State Nigeria. The identified isolates were sub-cultured on sterile nutrient agar plates and incubated over night at 37°C. The identified isolates were then re-identified and characterized. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect Staphylococcus aureus strain which has 85% pairwise similarity with Staphylococcus haemolyticus strain SH1 and Escherichia coli strain which has 99.62% pairwise similarity with E. coli strain AC1. Quantitative and qualitative phytochemical analysis were done on the extracts of Dennetia tripetala and Psidium guajava using water and ethanol as extracting solvents. The phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides and phenols. Quinonas however, was absent in this study. The isolates were screened for sensitivity to different extracts using agar well diffusion technique. The results indicated that both the ethanol and aqueous extracts of the Psidium guajava leaves showed inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus at 10mm and 12mm respectively but no activity against E. coli. On the other hand, the aqueous extracts of the Dennetia tripetala showed inhibitory activity against S. aureus and E. coli at 20mm and 10mm respectively whereas, the ethanol extract has no activity on both test microorganism. The extracts were reconstituted with Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to concentrations (mg/ml) of 200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5 and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts were determined using agar well method. The MIC of the Psidium guajava leaves extract revealed that both ethanolic and aqueous extracts inhibited S. aureus at 12.5mg/ml. While MIC of the Dennetia tripetala revealed that the aquous extract inhibited S. aureus at 50mg/ml and E. coli at 100mg/ml from the results, the aqueous extracts of both plants generally have a better inhibitory property than the ethanolic extracts. Based on the present findings, Dennetia tripetala and Psidium guajava leaves possess the capability of being good candidates in the search for a natural antimicrobial agent against infections or diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

Phytochemical screening and anti-inflammatory activities of different fractions from Citrullus lanatus leaves: A comprehensive study

Inflammation, a protective immune response, can contribute to maintaining homeostasis but can also cause harm when chronic or excessive. Citrullus lanatus has been suggested to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities that may aid in preventing and treating oxidative stress and inflammation. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the levels of phytochemicals, as well as the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Citrullus lanatus leaves extract. The ethyl acetate, hexane, butanol fraction and aqueous methanol extract were subjected to various standard quantitative phytochemical analysis, while the hexane fraction and aqueous methanol extract were subjected to standard in vitro anti-inflammatory assays. Spectrophotometric and gravimetric methods were used in this study. The in vitro anti-denaturation (stabilization) assay was used for detecting a wide range of antioxidant compounds. The ethyl acetate fraction had the highest flavonoid and polyphenol levels, followed by hexane, butanol, and aqueous methanol extract, respectively. Quantitative phytochemical analysis showed the levels of flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, alkaloids and saponins present in the different fractions of C. lanatus. The human erythrocyte membrane stabilization assay showed that extracts were able to stabilize human red blood cell membrane against hypotonic-induced hemolysis in five different samples. The extract of Citrullus lanatus was found to have the highest antioxidant activity. This study has shown that the leaves of Citrullus lanatus can be used in ethnomedicine for the prevention and treatment of ailments caused by oxidative stress and inflammation-related diseases.