Quality Standard Values Research Articles

Impact of construction activities on the air quality of Agra city, Uttar Pradesh, India

The current research work was carried out to comprehensively assessed the impact of construction activities on the air quality. Seven sites were chosen along the metro line construction in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India, to meet the study's goals. The monitoring was performed for 24 hours at each site using the respirable dust sampler (RDS) with a gaseous sampling attachment. The raw data was processed to calculate the Air Quality Index (AQI). The data obtained indicate that all the examined sites had PM10 (particulate matter having the diameter less than or equal to 10 micron) values above the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQ) values of 100 µg/m3, while SS-05 and SS-06 had PM2.5 (particulate matter having the diameter less than or equal to 2.5 micron) values above the NAAQ values of 60 µg/m3. Values of CO, SO2, and NO2 were discovered to be lower than the NAAQ standard limits. Because PM10's sub index (Si) was found to be the greatest across all locations, it was determined to be the criterion pollutant among all the metrics. Based on the AQI value, the research area's overall air quality was determined to be moderately polluted. At every location, a variety of management techniques, including mist guns, water spraying, and planting, are regularly used to reduce air pollution. Effective implementation of applied air pollution control measures is required to make the air clean and safe for breathing.

Comparative Analysis and Characteristic Verification of the Quality Standard of Milk Thistle Extract

Introduction:: Milk thistle extract is widely used in dietary supplements due to its strong hepatoprotective effect. There are some differences in the quality characteristics and standard values of milk thistle extract set by pharmacopoeias and standards in various countries and regions. Method:: To promote the standardization of quality standards for milk thistle extract, this paper summarized and compared the standard characteristics and related values settings in four different standards. At the same time, actual samples were tested for the characteristics that appeared more frequently in standard. We found that the ratio algorithm of silymarin set in the pharmacopoeia standards was not reasonable and could blur the quality of related products from the test results, especially without limiting the total amount of silymarin in the standard. Results:: We suggested setting standard values for all six silymarin characteristics, establishing more universal detection methods, and preparing relevant reference materials to match the detection methods. Based on the comparison of standards and test data, the characteristics of the ethanol content, ethyl acetate content, methanol insoluble substances, heavy metal content, and microbial characteristics should draw more attention and should be considered in the future for setting newly formulated standards. Conclusion:: This paper lays the data foundation for developing higher quality standards for milk thistle extract, which plays an important role in promoting the international trade of milk thistle extract.

Deteksi Konsentrasi Fe, Cu, Zn dan Pb Air Sungai dan Ikan yang Tercemar Air Lindi di Bandar Lampung Dengan Menggunakan SSA

Leachate is a pollutant produced by landfills which can pollute the aquatic environment. This will have an impact on fish that live in waters contaminated with leachate and if consumed by the public it will harm health. The toxic effects of leachate are caused by the content of toxic chemicals, one of which is heavy metals. The aim of this research was to determine the concentrations of Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb in Bakung landfill leachate, Sukamaju river water and fish meat. Bakung landfill leachate samples were taken from two outlet points. The fish sampling location was carried out in the Sukamaju River. The physical factors of water measured are temperature, pH, salinity, turbidity, DO, COD and BOD. Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb concentrations were measured using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. The results show that the physicochemical parameters in leachate and river water exceed the threshold. The contents of Zn, Cu, Fe and Pb in the leachate at both outlet points exceeded the threshold value with values of 2.48 mg/L and 2.80 mg/L; 16.55 mg/L and 17 mg/L; 0.078 mg/L and 0.113 mg/L; 3.26 mg/L and 3.01 mg/L. The concentration of heavy metals Pb and Fe in river water is 0.083-0.162 mg/L and 2.68-2.97 mg/L which are above the quality standard value, while the heavy metal Fe content in fish meat exceeds the specified threshold value, namely 0.557 mg/100 g and 0.564 mg/100 g.

Physico-Chemical Quality Assessment of Ground Water in Kathmandu Valley and Siraha District

A key element in maintaining human health is the quality of drinking water which is a vital component of natural resources. This study was conducted to assess the ground water quality in the Kathmandu Valley and Siraha district from October 2022 to March 2023 in the Water Engineering and Training Centre, Ratopul, Kathmandu. A total of 123 water samples were collected from various wells and borings around the Kathmandu Valley and Siraha district and were subjected to physicochemical investigation following the standard techniques for water sample collection and analyzed by methods as described in the American Public Health Association (1998). The pH, conductivity, turbidity, ammonia concentration, and iron content were found to exceed National Drinking Water Quality Standard guidelines value in 21.95%, 3.25 %, 53.65 %, 47.15 %, and 18.7 % of total water samples respectively. All water samples had total hardness and chloride levels within the acceptable range. The arsenic content of all samples except one well water sample from Siraha was found within a permissible level. The findings suggest that water quality is not satisfactory, which could lead to various water-borne illnesses. Therefore, proper water purification techniques should be used before consumption.

PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH SERBUK GERGAJIAN KAYU ULIN (Eusideroxylon zwageri T & B) UNTUK MENURUNKAN KADAR FECAL COLIFORM AIR SUNGAI

Martapura river water is included in categories that have a fairly high bacterial content, which is 21,333 colonies/100 ml. The optimal value of water quality standards to be met with water treatment businesses is the use of ironwood sawdust waste. Bacteria in water attach most of their lives to suspension particles, so microscopic organisms are also separated or filtered. The purpose of this study was to analyze fecal coliform in river water and analyze the volume of ironwood sawdust to reduce fecal coliform levels in river water. Martapura river water contains the highest fecal 1,800MPN/100ml and the lowest 1,600MPN/100 ml, according to the Minister of the Republic of Indonesia No. 22 of 2021 concerning the implementation of environmental protection and management related to standards, including category two which is used as water tourism facilities/infrastructure, freshwater fish farming, animal husbandry, plant irrigation and other activities requiring the same water quality and use. Ironwood sawdust as much as 25% or 90 grams proved most effective to be used to reduce fecal levels with an average value on the first day of 1,650 MPN/100ml and on the third day with treatment carried out up to indigo 350 MPN/100ml, so that the difference reached a value of 1,300 MPN/100ml.

AIRCRAFT TRAFFIC NOISE ANALYSIS AT KUALANAMU INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT MEDAN

This study was conducted to analyze and evaluate the noise generated by aircraft traffic at Kualanamu airport. Data collection was carried out by conducting a survey directly in the field by asking airport officials about the flight frequency at Kualanamu airport and measuring ground handling noise with a sound level meter. Furthermore, the data obtained were analyzed using Excel software. From the results of data processing, it is known what variables most affect ground handling noise at Kualanamu airport. Noise measurements were taken by PT. Angkasa Pura II (Persero) in an open area at Kualanamu airport, the noise that occurs is below the specified quality standard value, which is <80 dB based on the Minister of Transportation Decree No. 17 of 2005 (Sultan Syarif Kasim International Airport, while for Kualanamu International Airport there has not been a Ministry of Transportation Decree. Because both airports are international class and are located in the coastal area of Sumatra Island, it can be assumed that they have the same noise quality standards). Furthermore, noise measurements were taken by PT. Angkasa Pura II (Persero) in the domestic and international waiting room area that the noise that occurs is above the specified quality standard value, namely (45-55) dB Zone B, according to the regulation of the minister of health 718 of 1987.

ESTIMATING THE CONCENTRATION OF NO2 WITH THE COKRIGING METHOD IN THE CAPITAL CITY OF JAKARTA

The increase in transportation activities is the leading cause of the emergence of the air pollution risk, which harms public health. especially in big cities. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) gas is one of the critical factors explaining air pollution. NO2 contributes to particle pollution and acid deposits and is a precursor of ozone, the leading cause of photochemical smog. Meanwhile, Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) is another substance that is a source of pollutants and can cause acid rain and aerosolized sulfate particle pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate the concentration of pollutants, especially NO2. One method that can be used in this estimation is Cokriging, which considers secondary variables to record primary variables. Based on the results obtained, the Cokriging analysis shows that the estimation of NO2 content in the five predicted areas, namely Tanjung Priok, Johar Baru, Gelora Bung Karno, Pancoran, Halim Perdanakusuma, has a quality standard value below 80 µppm (quality standard value set by the BMKG). In summary, the research unveils variations in SO2 and NO2 levels across distinct regions in Jakarta, with Monas recording the highest SO2 levels (10 μppm), while Grogol exhibits the lowest NO2 levels (16 μppm). The average SO2 level among all surveyed areas is 5.875 μppm, while NO2 averages 17.375 μppm. These findings emphasize the pressing need to implement measures aimed at preserving air quality within the limits established by government standards. Additionally, Cokriging estimates reveal that the content of NO2 in Tanjung Priok, a coastal area, significantly deviates from estimations in other Jakarta areas and ranks as the highest among the locations studied, with GBK displaying the lowest content.

Analysis of Inlet and Outlet Wastewater Quality in WWTP Djoelham Regional General Hospital Binjai City

Hospitals produce quality liquid waste that is not by the standard value of quality standards that can pollute the environment. Indonesia is estimated to produce 48,985.70 tons of hospital liquid waste/per day. This study aims to determine the quality of inlet and outlet wastewater as well as the methods used by the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) of Djoelham Hospital, Binjai City. This study used qualitative types with observational methods. The research sample was taken from two points, namely the inlet point and the WWTP outlet point with BOD, COD, TSS, and pH parameters. Sampling technique using Composite Sampling. Data processing and analysis is carried out by statistical means. As well as data presented in the form of tables and line graphs. This research was conducted at Djoelham Hospital in Binjai City from March to May 2023. The results showed that the quality of wastewater in the parameters of BOD, COD, TSS, and pH in the inlet basin was by the quality standards of the Minister of Environment Regulation Number 5 of 2014, except for the value of TSS parameters in April 31 mg / l and May 35 mg / l. The quality of wastewater in the outlet basin based on the STORET method with a total score of 0 is classified as Class A (very good) or has met the quality standard value of the Minister of Environment Regulation Number 5 of 2014. Based on calculations, the average value of effectiveness of BOD (13.53%), COD (11.22%), and TSS (49.79%) was obtained. The WWTP method uses 2 methods, the aerobic and anerob methods. It is expected that the hospital will check the quality of inlet and outlet wastewater at least once every 1 month by PERMENLH Number 5 of 2014.

Analisis Potensi Pencemaran Airtanah di Daerah Dok IV Kota Jayapura

Groundwater contamination is a threat that can endanger human health. Therefore, correct information is needed on the sources of groundwater used by the community. Seeing the development of the community around the Dok IV area which is very rapid and the use of groundwater which is quite large, it is necessary to carry out an investigation regarding groundwater in this area. This groundwater investigation aims to describe the hydrogeological conditions, to determine the chemical elements that are the pollutant load in groundwater and to determine the potential for seawater intrusion. The research method used is the hydrogeological mapping method, namely analysis of recharge and recharge areas, analysis of hydraulic slopes and well geometry. The subsurface investigation uses the subsurface estimation method with Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). For chemical investigations carried out by taking groundwater samples and analyzing them at the Jayapura regional health laboratory.The results found showed that there were several chemical elements that exceeded the quality standard values. TDS increased in wells 1 and 2, iron increased in well 4, fecal coli in well 1 and coliform in all wells. Based on empirical calculations, the water absorption in this place is 4,069,391.723 m3. The presence of seawater is at a depth of 30 m, so it has not had an intrusive effect on groundwater.

Water Quality Fluctuations in Shrimp Ponds During Dry and Rainy Seasons

Abstract Season and water quality are essential indicators in the life cycle of pond ecosystems. The season is a natural factor affecting the level of water quality dynamics in shrimp cultivation in ponds. This study aims to evaluate the dynamics of differences in water quality parameters in intensive Litopenaeus vannamei ponds during dry and rainy seasons. This current study applied an ex post facto causal design based on actual field conditions. During the rainy season, water quality parameters tended to fluctuate dynamically, with the parameters of phosphate (PO4), nitrite (NO2), and total organic matter (TOM) exceeding the threshold value of water quality standards for aquaculture, with a PO4 value of 0.734 mg/L, a NO2 of 0.180 mg/L, and a TOM of 101.29 mg/L. In the dry season, water quality parameters remained stable, with only the phosphate parameter showing a value above the water quality standard threshold of 0.633 mg/L. Based on the trend of fluctuations in the two seasons, a model of equation Y = 3.979 + 0.814x was made with a significance value <α (0.05), which means that the two seasons positively correlated with the impact on fluctuations of water quality in the ponds. The results of the dynamic modelling analysis showed contradictions in water quality and nutrients during rainy and dry seasons. Water quality parameters in intensive L. vannamei cultivation during dry and rainy seasons fluctuated dynamically and differed according to the type of weather conditions and the current season.

Water Quality Analysis Using QUAL2Kw Model During The Rainy Season and Dry Season in Upper Citarum Watershed, West Java, Indonesia

The Increasing population in the upstream Citarum watershed area can trigger increased water pollution caused by anthropogenic pollution such as from domestic waste, agriculture, landfills, and settlements. The equilibrium of ecosystems is disrupted when there is an increase in excess pollutants such as suspended materials and nutrients that will cause eutrophication. The purpose of this study was to analyze river water quality from temperature, pH, DO, BOD, Total phosphate (PO4), and Nitrate (NO3) parameters from upstream Citarum watershed waters using a water quality model, namely Qual2Kw. This model is based on the Streeter-Phelps theory, which includes the natural purification process of river water. The Qual2Kw model can be used for decision-making to limit river water pollution. The locations reviewed in the upstream Citarum watershed area were five sampling points (SP), namely at Cisanti Outlets (1), Wangisagara (2), Koyod (3), after the Cisirung WWTP (4), and Nanjung (5). Site selection is based on sources of pollutants from anthropogenic activities that can pollute river water. The QUAL2kw model is used to simulate water quality and is used as a basis for calculating the carrying capacity of pollutant loads against the desired target water quality. The simulation results of a valid water quality model with the observation results are BOD, TSS, and NO3. and parameters such as temperature, pH, DO, and PO4 are invalid because they have errors below 25%. These three parameters (BOD, TSS, and NO)3 have exceeded the Indonesian government’s water quality standard values both in the dry and rainy season. These three parameters indicate that the high pollution in the upper reaches of the Citarum River is caused by pollutant sources from settlements, agriculture, and animal husbandry.

Analisis Kualitas Air untuk Pengembangan Sarana Rekreasi dan Budidaya Perikanan di Situ Cicadas

The existence of Situ Cicadas is very important for the survival of the community both socio-economically and psychologically. In the future, the development of Situ Cicadas will be developed into a water recreation area and aquaculture. However, the problem faced is that the upstream condition of Situ Cicadas is a company and community settlements are suspected of being a source of pollution to the water body of Situ Cicadas. So, it is necessary to know the water quality and the value of pollution parameters in Situ Cicadas. The results of this study are expected to be important information for future management planning for Cicadas lakes. The results showed that the waters in Cicadas Lake had good brightness and pH for aquaculture and water recreation. However, the content of TSS, BOD, and COD far exceeds the water quality standard values ​​determined by the government through PP No. 22 of 2021. Thus, joint action is needed by the parties to maintain and improve the quality of the waters in Cicadas Lake.
 Keywords: Pollutant parameters, Situ Cicadas, water quality

Analisis Pengaruh Tanaman Melati Air sebagai Fitoremediasi dalam Mengatasi Pencemaran Air Limpasan Stockpile Batubara

Acid mine drainage can be generated by coal stockpile piles, especially if the sulfur content is high which can have an impact on environmental health. The impact of coal stockpile runoff water pollution can be overcome by treating wastewater using phytoremediation. The author conducted a phytoremediation experiment using Echinodorus palaefolius plants with samples of coal stockpile runoff taken from the inlet of KPL C PT Bukit Asam Tbk Unit Dermaga Kertapati in June - August 2022, the experiment was carried out using three different treatments, namely 600gr, 700gr and 900gr which were observed for 7 days with parameters of pH, TSS, temperature and plant morphology. The results of the study showed that the pH parameter in the sample of 600 grams of plants, neutral pH was reached on the 4th day with a value of 6.03, in the sample of plants, 700 grams of neutral pH was reached on the 3rd day with a value of 6.11, on the treatment of plant samples. 900 gr neutral pH was reached on day 2 with a value of 6.10. On the TSS parameter, in all plant sample treatments, on day 2 the TSS value has reached the environmental quality standard value of 200 mg/l and the TSS value is decreasing day by day with the highest removal efficiency value obtained at 89.0% of the sample treatment. 900 gr plants on the 7th day. In the temperature parameter, the temperature value in the sample is relatively constant with temperatures ranging from 27.4°C - 31°C, which means it is still in normal conditions according to the required environmental quality standards. In the morphology of the Echinodorus palaefolius plant for 7 days, the plant underwent physical changes with some leaves withering and drying but there were also new shoots that appeared on the plant, but in general the water jasmine plant was able to survive and grow in the coal stockpile runoff water samples.

Hot water washing processing technology of Euodiae Fructus based on change laws of active components and tastes

In order to establish the standardized processing technology of the hot water washing of Euodiae Fructus, this study, based on the traditional processing method of hot water washing of Euodiae Fructus recorded in ancient works and modern processing specifications of traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces, took the yield of decoction pieces and the content of main components as the indicators and optimized the processing conditions by orthogonal test based on the results of single factor investigation. At the same time, electronic tongue technology was used to analyze the change law of the taste index of Euodiae Fructus during the hot water washing. The results of the single factor investigation showed that the content of the main components in Euodiae Fructus showed some regular changes during the processing. Specifically, the content of chlorogenic acid, hyperin, isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-galactoside, and dehydroevodiamine decreased significantly, with average decreases of-23.75%,-27.80%,-14.04%,-14.03%, and-13.11%, respectively. The content of limonin increased significantly with an average increase of 19.83%. The content of evodiamine, rutaecarpine, evocarpine, and dihydroevocarpine showed fluctuating changes and generally increased, with average variation amplitudes of 0.54%,-3.78%, 2.69%, and 5.13%, respectively. The orthogonal test results showed that the optimum processing parameters for the hot water washing of Euodiae Fructus were as follows: washing time of 2 min, the solid-to-liquid ratio of 1∶10 g·mL~(-1), washing temperature of 80 ℃, washing once, and drying at 50 ℃. After the hot water washing processing, the average yield of Euodiae Fructus pieces was 94.80%. The content of limonin, evodiamine, and rutaecarpine was higher than those of raw pro-ducts, and the average transfer rates were 102.56%, 103.15%, and 105.16%, respectively. The content of dehydroevodiamine was lower than that of the raw products, and the average transfer rate was 83.04%. The results of taste analysis showed that the hot water washing could significantly reduce the salty, astringent, and bitter tastes of Euodiae Fructus. This study revealed the influence of the hot water washing on the content of main components and taste of Euodiae Fructus, and the processing technology of the hot water was-hing of Euodiae Fructus established in this study was stable, feasible, and suitable for industrial production, which laid a foundation for clarifying its processing principle and improving the quality standard and clinical application value of decoction pieces.

Steps to Regulatory Science

The research achievements in the field of regulatory science from the beginning of my research are described in an overview. First, I was interested in the complexity of development and pursued my studies on the mechanisms of DNA replication and repair, the mutagenicity of air pollutants, and the oncogene. After researching new phenomena based on the discovery of basic research in molecular/biochemistry, my research interests turned to the field of regulatory science which applies scientific evidence to social systems. I was able to successfully contribute to the field of drinking water quality in Japan through the establishment of drinking water quality standards and standard values, primarily for organic and agricultural chemicals, the development of analysis techniques, and the creation of an organization for ensuring safety. Research on the water quality in public water areas, which are also the sources of drinking water, was another subject in which I was involved. I took part in developing the concept and evaluation methodology for the environmental impact assessment of active pharmaceutical ingredients as well as conducting environmental monitoring on urban rivers in Japan. I have also been engaged in studies on the security and safety of human health with an ecosystem conservation background. It has been a great pleasure to collaborate on research projects with so many people toward a common aim.

Strategies of water flow treatment of Paringin Pit Lake to meet wastewater discharge compliance

Coal mining by the open-pit mining method creates the formation of a pit lake. The ex-mining site, over time, was gradually filled with contaminated water and must be returned to the water quality standard of compliance level. With proper treatment, the pit lakes have the potential for several benefits and subsequent uses. This study aimed to analyze the existing condition of the Paringin Pit Lake at South Kalimantan by identifying the quality of the water flow, and it is compliance with the parameter threshold values. The results showed that the pit lake water management had been carried out supported by good management of the catchment area and was indicated the stable category by geology technical study. The success of its revegetation processed in the area was shown by an erosion study in which the result was a very low-level category. No less important is the management of runoff water both in the quantity of water balance control and consistent water quality treatment to meet the quality standard values that have been set. The Paringin Pit Lake water management strategy is a form of activity that demonstrates compliance with good and responsible mining principles to support sustainable development that can serve as a good reference and example for other mining activities in terms of mine closure preparation.

ANALISIS RISIKO GANGGUAN SALURAN PERNAFASAN PADA KEGIATAN PEMBUATAN BATAKO DI UD. FATIMAH, KOTA PADANG

Background: The activity of the brick industry has the potential to cause air pollution. One of the air pollutants that can be produced from the brick industry is dust with a size of 10 m or also known as Particulate Matter 10 (PM10). Particulate Matter (PM₁₀) is a hazardous substance that can cause various health problems. The purpose of this research is to conduct an Environmental Health Risk Analysis on Bricks Workers. Methods: The design used in this study is the Environmental Health Risk Analysis (EHRA) method. The sample in this study was an air sample measuring 10 micrometers and a worker sample of 6 workers. Result: The result of this research is that the concentration of PM10 at the milling point is 19.4 g/m3. At the point of imprinting is 20.5 g/m3. And at the point of combustion is 231 g/m3. Conclusion: Thus, the concentration of PM10 in the brick industry at the point of grinding and molding is still below the Quality Standard Value, while at the firing point it exceeds the Quality Standard Value of 75 g/m3 according to Government Regulation no. 22 the year 2021. As many as 83.3% experience symptoms of respiratory disorders and are at risk of lifetime exposure. Suggestions from this research are to use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in the form of a respirator (anti-dust mask) and to carry out administrative control by reducing the time and frequency of dust exposure. And also flush the dusty workplace so that flying dust can be reduced.

Aquatic phosphorus behaviour within a UK Ramsar wetland: Impacts of seasonality and hydrology on algal growth and implications for management

Fundamental to all life, phosphorus is an essential nutrient and, contrastingly, a significant threat to surface water biodiversity globally as one of the most common causes of eutrophication in surface waters worldwide. Freshwater wetland ditches affected by these conditions undergo a conversion from primarily submerged aquatic vegetation to algae or duckweed dominance, leading to anoxic conditions. However, macrophyte biomass harvesting in eutrophic water systems is a promising means of remediation and nutrient recycling. This study seasonally assesses spatial distribution and chemical fractionation of surface water phosphorus, as well as surface biomass abundance and total phosphorus content in the ditch systems at West Sedgemoor (Somerset, UK), a designated site of special scientific interest. Elevated phosphorus concentrations in the surface water were observed across the site, with all sites exceeding e hi the Common Standards Monitoring environmental quality standard value of 0.1 mg L−1 during summer and autumn Sites lacking hydrological flow connectivity with contaminated freshwater inputs, typically had lower surface water phosphorus concentrations than the rest of the moor, with localised hotspots associated with likely cattle related agricultural activity. Summer and autumn were determined as the dominant duckweed growth seasons, in which an estimated 39 kg of phosphorus could be removed via duckweed biomass harvesting, per harvest period.

Addition of Anadara Granosa Shell Chitosan in Production Bioplastics

Bioplastics is a plastic composite material that can decompose quickly and is environmentally friendly when interacting with soil and microorganisms. The aims of the research are: to examine the optimal composition of bioplastics made from tapioca waste by adding blood clam shell chitosan and glycerol, to determine the quality of production bioplastics from tapioca waste with the addition of blood clam shell chitosan and glycerol, and to determine the chemical content of the clam shells. bioplastic function of tapioca with the addition of blood clam shell chitosan and glycerol. The method used is experimental. Production of bioplastic by mixing waste tapioca flour, chitosan, and glycerol with a composition of 65%:35%:5mL, 70%:30%:5mL, and 75%:25%:5mL and additional water. The sample was put into a water bath and stirred at a temperature of 80oC for 15 minutes. Bioplastics were printed in aluminum foil, dried at 100oC for 90 minutes and cooled at room temperature for 6 hours. Laboratory test samples with tensile strength, elongation at break, FTIR, and biodegradation tests according to SNI 7188.7:2016 in the category of bioplastic easily decomposed. The results of the tensile strength on PBA1 samples were 0.75 Mpa, PBA2 samples were 0.54 Mpa, and PBA3 samples were 0.34 Mpa. Test value for elongation at break the PBA1 sample is 23.68%, the PBA2 sample is 15.33%, and the PBA3 sample is 12.12%. The sample test results do not meet the quality standard value of SNI 7188.7:2016 for the bioplastic category. The optimal composition of bioplastics is found in the PBA2 sample using tapioca flour as raw material with chitosan and glycerol as much as 70%:30%:5mL with a tensile strength 0.54%, an elongation at break 15.33%, biodegradation of 43%, and has a bioplastic content with functional groups (C=C), (CO), (CH),(OH), (C=C), and (CH2)n in the FTIR test results.

Distribution, risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments, and their potential risk on water supply safety of a drinking water reservoir, middle China.

Heavy metals in reservoir sediments were analyzed to assess the pollution level and to understand the potential risk on water supply safety. Heavy metals in sediments will enter the biological chain through bio-enrichment and bio-amplification in water and eventually pose a threat to the safety of drinking water supply. Analysis of eight sampling sites in JG (Jian gang) drinking water reservoir of the sediments showed that from Feb 2018 to Aug 2019 heavy metals including Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, and Cr increased by 1.09-17.2%. Vertical distributions of heavy metals indicated that the concentrations increased gradually by 9.6-35.8%. Risk assessment code analysis indicated that Pb, Zn, and Mo were of high risk in the main reservoir area. What is more, enrichment factors of Ni and Mo were 2.76-3.81 and 5.86-9.41, respectively, showing the characteristics of exogenous input. The continuous monitoring results of the bottom water showed that the concentration of heavy metals in the bottom water exceeded the environmental quality standard value of surface water in China, and exceeded the standard by 1.76 times (Pb), 1.43 times (Zn), and 2.04 times (Mo), respectively. Heavy metals in the sediments of JG Reservoir, especially in the main reservoir area, have a potential risk of release from the sediment to the overlying water. Water supply reservoir as a source of drinking water, its quality is directly related to human health and production activities. Therefore, this first study on JG Reservoir is of great significance for the protection of drinking water safety and human health.