Quality Of Surface Water Resources Research Articles

Integrated approach for groundwater potential exploration in Abbay River Basin, East Africa

This paper presents and examines groundwater potential zones with the help of remote sensing and GIS methods for controlling and investigating the geospatial data of each parameter. Groundwater is a very important source for water supply and others, considering its availability, quality, cost, and time-effectiveness to develop. It is virtually everywhere and yet variable in quantity. Because of several conditions, such as rapid population growth, urbanization, industrialization, and agricultural development, groundwater sources are under severe threat. Climate change plays an important role in the quality and quantity of groundwater potential. In addition, climate change severely affects parameters that influence groundwater recharge. Unreliable exploitation and poor quality of surface water resources tend to increase the decline in groundwater levels. Hence, it is necessary to identify groundwater potential zones that can be used to optimize and monitor groundwater resources. This study was conducted in the Abbay River Basin and identifies the location of groundwater potential for developing new supplies that could be used for a range of purposes in the study area, where groundwater serves as the main source for agricultural purposes rather than surface water. Seven selected parameters—lineament density, precipitation, geology, drainage density, land use, slope, and soil data—were collected, processed, resampled, projected, and reclassified for hydrological analysis. For the generation of groundwater zones, weightage was calculated using an analytical hierarchy method, reclassified, ranked, and overlaid with GIS. The obtained results of weightage were lineament density (37%), precipitation (30%), geology (14%), drainage density (7%), land use land cover (5%), slope (4%), and soil (3%). The consistency ratio estimated for this study was 0.089, which was acceptable for further analysis. Based on the integration of all thematic layers and the generated groundwater potential zones, the map was reclassified into five different classes, namely very good, good, moderate, poor, and very poor. The results of this study reveal that 1295.33 km2 of the study area can be considered very poor, 58,913.1 km2 is poor, 131,323 km2 is moderate, 18,557 km2 is good, and 311.5 km2 is very good. Any groundwater management project performed in the better regions would offer the greatest value. A similar study would be valuable before planning any water resource development activity, as this would save the expense of comprehensive field investigations. This study also demonstrates the importance of remote sensing and GIS techniques in mapping groundwater potential at the basin scale and suggests that similar methods could be applied across other river basins.

GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL ZONE IDENTIFICATION USING REMOTE-SENSINGBASED/GIS BASED MACHINE AND ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP) FOR ABBAY WATERSHED, EAST AFRICA

This paper examines groundwater potential zones with the help of remote sensing and GIS methods for controlling and investigating the geospatial data of each parameter. Because of several conditions such as rapid population growth, urbanization, industrialization and agricultural development, groundwater sources are under severe threat. Climate change plays an important role in the quality and quantity of groundwater potential. Unreliable exploitation, poor quality of surface water resources tend to increase the decline in groundwater levels. This study was conducted in the Abbay River Basin, where groundwater serves as the main source for agricultural purposes rather than surface water. Seven selected parameters—lineament density, precipitation, geology, drainage density, land use, slope and soil data—were collected, processed, resampled, projected and reclassified for hydrological analysis. For generation of groundwater zones, weightage was calculated using an analytical hierarchy method. The consistency ratio estimated for this study was 0.089, which was acceptable for further analysis. Based on the integration of all thematic layers and the generated groundwater potential zones, the map was reclassified into five different classes, namely very good, good, moderate, poor and very poor. The results of this study reveal that 1295.33 km2 of the study area can be considered very poor, 58,913.1 km2 is poor, 131,323 km2 is moderate, 18,557 km2 is good and 311.5 km2 is very good. Any groundwater management project performed in the better regions would offer the greatest value. A similar study would be valuable before planning any water resource development activity to save comprehensive field investigations.

Source apportionment of river water pollution in a typical agricultural city of Anhui Province, eastern China using multivariate statistical techniques with APCS–MLR

The deterioration of the surface water environment has become a serious challenge for water resources management due to increasing anthropogenic disturbance. Water resources protection requires control of potential pollution sources. In this study, 99 water samples were collected from a river in a typical agricultural city of Anhui Province in eastern China, and these samples were analyzed in terms of pH, electrical conductivity, and the concentrations of F−, Cl−, SO42−, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, As, Cr, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Cluster analysis, co-occurrence network analysis, and principal component analysis/factor analysis were conducted to qualitatively identify the potential sources of river water pollution in the study area. An absolute principal component score–multiple linear regression receptor model was used to quantitatively evaluate the contribution of each source to water quality parameters. The results showed that all observed water quality indices met the quality criteria specified in the Chinese drinking water standards, except for pH, ρ(F−), ρ(SO42−), and ρ(As). The heat map showed that the frequent recharge of pollutants from the tributaries during the wet season was the main reason for the deterioration of water quality. Five sources of river water pollution were identified, and their contribution ratios in a descending order were as follows: the geogenic process (24%) > agricultural activities (21%) > poultry farming sources (17%) > domestic pollution (9%) > transportation pollution (5%). Therefore, controlling pollution from agricultural activities, strengthening the regulation of livestock farming, and improving the sewage network are the recommended strategies for improving the quality of surface water resources in this area.

Evaluating quality of surface water resources by ANN and ANFIS networks using Sentinel-2 satellite data

Evaluating quality of surface water resources by ANN and ANFIS networks using Sentinel-2 satellite data

Comparative study of geohydraulic estimation: a case study of Kertajati, Majalengka, Indonesia

The declining quality of surface water resources leads to groundwater exploitation as a source of fresh water. The developing urban environment also increases the need for groundwater resources as freshwater. Each rock in a geology formation has a different ability to transmit groundwater. There are various ways to obtain parameters of hydraulic conductivity and groundwater transmissivity. The commod method were time and cost consuming. The new method for estimation of geohydraulic parameter were needed. This paper aims to estimate geohydraulic parameters using different techniques and approaches and compares them. Geohydraulic parameter based on Heigold approach show the value of transmissivity at the study area in the range of 22.8 - 1307 m2/day. Geohydraulic parameter based on Niwas and Singhal approach indicate the value of transmissivity at the study area in the range of 32.55 - 30245 m2/day.. The highest hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity values were in the southern and northern parts of the study area. In general, the estimation approach was able to estimate the geohydraulic value at the study area.

Monitoring the quality of surface water resources of the Almaty region

The target analyzes the features of rationing the content of chemical pollutants, heavy metals in surface waters, and the results of basic monitoring of these groundwaters. To identify chemical pollutants, several nuclei of the studied region are examined. The paper considered the issues of the ecological state of underground water under the influence of anthropogenic (in particular, industrial production) impacts.

Hydrochemical interfaces and spatial assessment of Usuma River water quality in North-Central Nigeria

Surface water contagion resulting from anthropogenic deeds and bad effluent management due to swift urbanization has cause a dramatic deterioration in river water quality and has threatened the aquatic ecosystem health of Nigeria. Thus, treated and untreated river water usage for domestic purposes is uncertain and, accordingly, requires scientific investigation. Research on the quality of surface water resources and hydrochemical interfaces is vital for monitoring and for determining water contaminant sources. Therefore, river samplings were obtained from 5 sampling points, for a total of 25 water samplings from the Usuma River in Abuja, Nigeria, and these samples were examined for physicochemical parameters by means of standard techniques. Additionally, the results acquired were subjected to hydrochemical scrutinizes and the examined water quality variables demonstrated wide discrepancies from one sampling station to another. The result also showed that Conductivity had the highest mean (50.68mg/l), followed by TDS (37.32mg/l) whereas Nitrite had the lowest mean (0.09mg/l). Similarly, Chloride had the highest Standard deviation (12.77mg/l).This was followed by Conductivity (11.82mg/l) while Nitrite had the lowest value of 0.01mg/l. Furthermore, most parameter (Temp, Turbidity, DO, COD, BOD and Total coliform) for every water samples examined surpassed the maximum permissible criterions of the WHO specifications for drinking water quality. The highest point of substantial correlation was found between chloride and DO (r = 0.92, α = 0.05). Four principal components were obtained that accounted for 23.87% drop in dimensionality that defined 76.13% of the total variance signifying the impact of mineral suspension and human-related actions on the hydrochemistry of the region. Two hydrochemical clusters were recognized with noticeably apportioned water quality. Advance analysis divulged that 43.7, 20.2 and 37.1% of the samples were of the (S04-Cl-Ca, S04 - Cl- CO3HC03-Ca-Mg and Mg - Ca) types, respectively. Multiple pollution effects, anthropogenic activities, the changing ecosystem, and innate features of aquatic ecosystems produce multifaceted data that pose a threat to river water quality in the study locality and this requires serious attention. There is also a need for the schedule monitoring of the Usuma River in Abuja and buffer regions at the riparian zone to enervate the deleterious effects of catchment urbanization.

Physico-chemical Characterization of Kaptai Lake and Foy’s Lake Water Quality Parameters in Chittagong, Bangladesh

In order to protect the quality of the environment and human health, freshwater assets are tremendously important in various ways. To ensure the freshwater resources in the Chittagong region of Bangladesh, we have studied the water quality parameters of Kaptai and Foy’s Lake. This research has done based on the essential surface water standard parameters such as pH, temperature, DO, BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, TS, EC, hardness, turbidity, salinity, total alkalinity, total acidity, SO42-, PO43-, NO3--N, NO2-, CO2, and most of the heavy and toxic metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Co, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, and Zn) of two lakes namely Foy’s (Chittagong) and Kaptai (Rangamati) Lakes in Chittagong , Bangladesh. The statistical approaches to sampling were utilized for collecting samples. The samples were assembled from ten different locations of each lake. Samples were conserved using a satisfactory preservation procedure. Water samples from the surface-water assets were collected from various locations, and tide conditions and at various seasons for continual monitoring during the hydrological years 2014-2015. The results showed that Kaptai Lake and Foy’s Lake all physicochemical parameters are within the permissible limit of WHO guidelines. The results also supplied data to view, and quantify the enemy of the impact of climate alter on freshwater resources of this region. The outcomes further showed data for water quality of surface-water resources of greater Chittagong zone to match national and international quality for drinking, agricultural, manufacture and livestock requirements. A strategic water quality management plan has been proposed.

Influence of allochthonous organic matters on algae removal: Organic removal and floc characteristics

Algae are ubiquitous in surface water and affect the quality of surface water resources significantly by producing toxins as well as taste and odor compounds which adversely affect aquatic ecosystems and human health. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of three aluminum coagulants on algae removal by coagulation. Laboratory tests demonstrated that the maximum algae removal rates was 98.3% and 96.7% respectively by using PACl and Al13 as coagulants, while the maximum algae removal rate was 88.3% by using Al2(SO4)3 as coagulant at 0.1 mmol/L. According to the results, it also can be noticed that PACl and Al13 had a wide working pH range. In addition, the influence of allochthonous organic matters on algae removal during coagulation was also discussed. The removal rate was increased with a low bovine serum albumin (BSA) concentration owing to improving the adsorption-bridging. A poor coagulation performance was observed with the increasing of BSA dosage since the excess BSA molecules may prevent molecules from approaching and seize the active sites, causing coagulation inhibited. The addition of humic acid (HA) and sodium alginate (NaAlg) had adverse effects on the removal of turbidity and algae, attributed to the preferentially reaction between negative functional groups in HA/NaAlg and coagulant. Thick flocs were formed with the increasing of allochthonous organic matters as the calculation results of fractal dimension (Df). According to high pressure size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and three-dimensional fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectrometry (3D-EEMs), allochthonous organic matter with high molecular weight (MW) can be completely removed, while the organics with low MW regardless of its origin were difficult to remove.

Utility of multivariate statistical analysis to identify factors contributing river water quality in two different seasons in cold-arid high-altitude region of Leh-Ladakh, India

Monitoring water quality of surface water resources is the key concern in determining the potable water quality in high-altitude region. Therefore, there is a need to evaluate different parameters affecting water quality of river and identify the most important variables and factors significantly affecting water quality. In the present study, multivariate statistical methods including cluster analysis and principal component analysis/factor analysis were applied to analyze the Indus River water quality in the Trans-Himalayan region of India. For this total 25 no. of physicochemical parameters were analyzed in water samples taken from seven different monitoring sites in summer and winter season. All the physical, microbial, chemical, and mineral parameters were analyzed by using the standard methods of American Public Health Association, whereas minerals were determined with the inductively coupled plasma optical emission of spectroscopy method. Thereafter, experimental two-season (28 samples × 25 parameters) matrices of both the seasons were run through the multivariate statistical data analysis. The varifactors obtained from the FA of both the seasons and results indicate that the parameters responsible for water quality variations are mainly related to discharge and temperature (natural), organic pollution (point source: domestic sanitary waste), and nutrients (non-point sources: agriculture) in the summer season. However, in the winter seasons, results showed that the river water was less affected by anthropogenic activities and natural weathering process. Therefore, it is concluded that quality of Indus River water is affected by agricultural, domestic, and hydrogeochemical sources in the summer season. These findings corroborate suitability of multivariate statistical techniques in the elucidation of various parameters for water quality monitoring and determination of different contamination sources.

Changing Land Use a Threat to Surface Water Quality: a Vulnerability Assessment Approach in Zanjanroud Watershed, Central Iran

Maintaining the quality of surface water resources as one of the most vital water supplies has always been at the center of global concerns. A set of manifest and latent factors have yet been identified by researchers worldwide that are subject to affect the quality of surface water. Among which, the effect of land use change, due to a spatial and temporal complexity, is often not easily verifiable. The present study attempts to offer an index-based model to quantify vulnerability of surface water resources in a semi arid basin in central Iran against land use changes. For this, water quality data including Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), total anions (Sum. A), SO4, Cl, HCO3, EC, TDS, and pH were collected from hydrometric stations over a period of 26 years (1987‒2013). In order to detect land use changes, the land use maps of the years 1987, 1998, 2002, 2009, and 2013 were prepared from TM satellite images using supervised classification method. At next step, changing patterns of different land uses were traced by Shanon’s Diversity Index (SHDI) as a metric of patch diversity indicating diversity and heterogeneity of a landscape over time. Relationship between the SHDI values and water quality indicators revealed the impact of land use changes on quality of surface water resources. Statistical analysis confirmed a significant relationship between nine water quality factors and water discharge in the basin during the study period. From 1998 to 2009, the greatest changes were visible in the total anions, Ca, SO4, and HCO3. These parameters along with salinity were increasing in almost all sub-basins. According to the results, conversion of poor rangelands to rain fed agriculture fields is the most apparent land use change occurred in the study area over the study period. In 1987, SHDI as an indicator of the diversity and changes in the basin, showed a significant relationship with good rangelands (R2 =–0.835). This indicates that fragmentation of the entire watershed area was initiated in 1987, which reached its peak in 2013. Generally speaking, urbanization, poor rangeland, and irrigated agriculture were recognized as three influential land uses adversely affect the water quality in the study area.

Industrial Development and Challenges of Water Pollution in Coastal Areas: The Case of Surat, India

Industrialisation plays an important role in the economic development of a country, however, pollution is the inevitable price paid for this development. Surat, a major industrial hub in western India, is located on the bank of the river Tapi and extends up to the Arabian Sea. The city is characterised by the presence of a number of creeks (known as ‘khadis’ in local language). This paper focusses on the industrial development in Surat and the challenges faced by the city due to water pollution. A constant deterioration in the quality of surface water resources has been observed due to discharge of treated or partially treated effluents from the industries. The problem of water pollution becomes critical due to increase in frequency of flooding, risks faced by the city due to climate change and the ineffective environmental governance. The paper provides insights into the challenges faced by the city and the learnings can lead to adoption of policy initiatives and other measures which can effectively address these challenges.

Survey of Heavy Metal Contamination in Water Sources in the Municipality of Torola, El Salvador, through In Situ Sorbent Extraction

The presence of heavy metals in water resources directly affects consumer health. The quality of surface water resources in Central America is usually low due to the presence of metals and other pollutants. The lack of analytical instrumentation to perform routine monitoring of water has encouraged the development of easy tools to facilitate the determination of heavy metals in waters in remote sites. In this study, we evaluated the use of different sorbents, such as Adsorbsia As600 (titanium dioxide), Iontosorb Oxin, 8-hydroxyquinoline bearing functional groups, and Duolite GT-73, with thiol functionality, for Cd, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Al extraction. It was found that both Adsorbsia As600 and Iontosorb Oxin allowed the adsorption of all metals, and the recovery was achieved using either HCl or ethylenediaminetetraacetic sodium salt (EDTA) solutions. Hence, Adsorbsia As600 was employed for in situ sampling in the metal contamination evaluation of water samples (from 15 wells and nine storage tanks) from the municipality of Torola, Mozarán, El Salvador. The developed procedure allowed all the metals in the samples to be detected, and Ni and Al were found to be above Salvadoran guidelines for drinking water quality.

The Effects Of Artificial And Natural Fertilizers Used For Tea Cultivation On The Physicochemical Water Quality Of Aquatic Ecosystem In The Firtina Valley (Çamlihemşin-Rize)

In this study, the physicochemical water quality changes in Behice village’s stream which is in the south of Çamlıhemşin district in the city ofRize and one of the tributary of Fırtına River due to using chemical fertilizer in the region were researched within February 2011 and June 2011 (before and duringfertilization). This research was carried out along the joint forestry, forestry-agricultural and totally agricultural land of Behice, Çayırdüzü and Dikkaya Villagesof Çamlıhemşin, to obtain of the effect of the use of fertilizers around agricultural land on surface water of the stream via researching the physicochemical waterquality findings such as nitrite, nitrate, ammonium and phosphate ions as well as basic water quality parameters from 8 different chosen stations on the river profiles,which are under the effect of forestry land without any fertilizers, tea land with fertilizers and some mixed land (of tea and forest). According to the findings of thestudy, the use of fertilizers in the region is significant in terms of their effects on the water quality of surface water resources. However, it is understood that thesedifferences are not statistically significant in terms of time and use of land compared to other factors except ammonia nitrogen. Water quality concentrationsmeasured in the study are 1st class (very clean) according to Water Quality Standards of Water Pollution and Control Regulation of Turkey and they are only 2ndclass (polluted a little) in terms of nitrite.

Assessment of Drinking and Irrigation Water Quality of Surface Water Resources of South-West Kashmir, India

Surface water samples have been collected from various streams of SW Kashmir and analyzed for major ions and trace elements to determine the mechanisms controlling the surface water chemistry and suitability of water for drinking, domestic and irrigation purposes. The order of cations is Ca > Mg > Na > K and anions is HCO3 > Cl > SO4 > NO3. As per the Gibb’s diagram, the major ion chemistry of surface water is controlled by rock-water interaction. The evolution of surface water into Ca-Mg-HCO3 water type of Piper trilinear plot is due to easy dissolution of carbonate minerals and less time for water-rock interaction. Surface water samples are characterized by one main trend of Ca-Mg-HCO3 i.e., carbonate dissolution of Langelier-Ludwig diagram. The major ions and trace elements in the water samples are well below the standards prescribed by WHO and BIS for drinking purposes. Based on EC and TDS classification, the water is fresh, good for irrigation and desirable for drinking purposes. The water samples fall between soft to hard categories of hardness classification with 16.66% belonging to soft, 50% to moderately hard and 33.33% to hard categories. The suitability of water for irrigation was evaluated based on the quality parameters and plots of water like Magnesium Content, Sodium Percent, Wilcox diagram, US Salinity hazard plot and Doneen’s plot. According to the values of these parameters the surface water of the study area was found suitable for irrigation and the water can be used for irrigating most of the crops and majority of the soils.

Modeling of Thermal Stratification and the Effect on Water Quality in Four Reservoirs in Tunisia

Tunisia is a North African country which is under the Mediterranean climate. This climate is characterized by a clear difference of precipitation between rainy season in winter and dry season in summer. The flood water in winter is stored for irrigation in dry seasons and for urban water supply throughout the year. The historical data analysis shows that reservoirs in Tunisia are characterized by a long retention time (0.5-1) year. This fact participates in the degradation of the quality of surface water resources due to the sedimentation process; it also induces the thermal stratification in the reservoirs. Dynamic numerical simulations of water flow, thermal stratification and sedimentation process constitute the basis of sustainable reservoir management. Indeed, the thermal stratification may have a big influence in the reservoir conditions and the quality of the stored water. In this study, we will begin by simulating the thermal stratification in four reservoirs in the northern side of Tunisia by applying a one dimensional numerical simulation model. Then we will investigate on the behavior of the water quality parameters towards the change of the temperature of the stored water in all the reservoirs. Finally, we will present the effect of a selective withdrawal on one of the four reservoirs.

Reversible and irreversible sorption of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) by sediments of an urban reservoir.

Uncertainty about the extent to which contaminant sorption by suspended solids and bed sediments is irreversible is a major impediment for modeling and managing the water quality of surface water resources. This study examined reversible and irreversible sorption of several perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) to bed sediments from an urban reservoir. PFCs investigated include C4, C6, C8, C9 and C10 perfluoroalkanoate homologues (PFBA, PFHxA, PFOA, PFNA and PFDA, respectively) and perfluorooctane and hexane sulfonate (PFOS and PFHxS, respectively). Although sorption branches of the PFOS, PFNA and PFDA isotherms were nearly linear (implying a partitioning-like process), desorption experiments indicated that a fraction of the sorbed PFCs were entrapped and resistant to desorption. The hysteretic desorption branches were approximately linear. Irreversibility increased with chain length and was nearly complete for PFDA (thermodynamic irreversibility index (TII) 0.98). For the weakly sorbing PFOA and PFHxS, sorption was largely reversible. Data suggest that (1) for the strongly sorbing PFCs, e.g. PFNA, PFDA and PFOS, bed sediments acted predominantly as irreversible sinks, (2) aqueous concentrations of the moderately sorbing PFCs (PFOA and PFHxS) are buffered by reversibly sorbing suspended solids, and (3) the short-chain PFCs (PFBA and PFHxA) are not significantly sorbed and therefore not expected to be significantly influenced by sediment transport. Situations in which highly contaminated particles entering relatively clean water bodies, equilibrium is approached from the reverse (desorption) direction. For irreversibly sorbed contaminants field-based K(D) values will be higher than the K(D) values derived from laboratory sorption data obtained from forward sorption experiments.

Impacts of soil and water pollution on food safety and health risks in China

Environmental pollution and food safety are two of the most important issues of our time. Soil and water pollution, in particular, have historically impacted on food safety which represents an important threat to human health. Nowhere has that situation been more complex and challenging than in China, where a combination of pollution and an increasing food safety risk have affected a large part of the population. Water scarcity, pesticide over-application, and chemical pollutants are considered to be the most important factors impacting on food safety in China. Inadequate quantity and quality of surface water resources in China have led to the long-term use of waste-water irrigation to fulfill the water requirements for agricultural production. In some regions this has caused serious agricultural land and food pollution, especially for heavy metals. It is important, therefore, that issues threatening food safety such as combined pesticide residues and heavy metal pollution are addressed to reduce risks to human health. The increasing negative effects on food safety from water and soil pollution have put more people at risk of carcinogenic diseases, potentially contributing to ‘cancer villages’ which appear to correlate strongly with the main food producing areas. Currently in China, food safety policies are not integrated with soil and water pollution management policies. Here, a comprehensive map of both soil and water pollution threats to food safety in China is presented and integrated policies addressing soil and water pollution for achieving food safety are suggested to provide a holistic approach.