Potato Quality Research Articles

Klasifikasi Penyakit Tanaman Pada Daun Kentang Dengan Metode Convolutional Neural Network Arsitektur Mobilenet

Agriculture is very important for humans because it directly affects food pro- duction. One of the food products that is consumed by the community is Potato. Potatoes are not only consumed as a staple food but can also be used as a basic ingredient for making snacks. With the current production of potatoes, it is increa- singly difficult for farmers to check the quality and quantity of potatoes. Potato leaf disease is one of the factors that affect potato quality. The rapid growth of technology today makes humans create Artificial Intelligen- ce (AI). AI can also be referred to as artificial intelligence in machine technology that implements human intelligence. AI-based on Deep Learning for the classifica- tion process of image processing using the Convolutional Neural Network method has superior performance. Using one of the architectures, namely MobileNet, has the advantages of low cost, stability, and high precision. This study will classify the disease on potato leaves, namely early blight, late blight and healthy. By using the CNN method of the MobileNet architecture, there are four test scenarios to get the best results. The best results from each scenario using the RMSprop optimizer, learning rate 0.0001, epochs 50 and batch size 32 obtained 97,90% accuracy and 0.0390 loss.

The content of biologically active compounds in potato tubers of Ismena (yellow flesh) and Provita (purple flesh) varieties – A comparison

The quality of potatoes intended for consumption or food processing depends primarily on their variety and chemical composition, which can be modified by growing conditions, place of cultivation, type of soil, amount of rainfall, as well as fertilization and plant protection products. This study aims to investigate the content of biologically active compounds in new varieties of potatoes with purple and yellow flesh, harvested in different cultivation locations. The content of the basic chemical composition and biologically active compounds in the raw material depended primarily on their variety, and to a lesser extent on the place of cultivation. Higher levels of kynurenic acid (KYNA), phenolic acids, and amino acids were found in potatoes of the new variety with purple-fleshed Provita compared to potatoes with yellow-fleshed Ismena. Potatoes with purple-flesh were characterized by over 40% lower amount of total glycoalcaloids (TGA). Most of the determined biologically active compounds, i.e. anthocyanins, phenolic acids, KYNA, and TGA varied depending on the place of origin of the potatoes, at the level of 40–66%. The biggest differences were found in the content of flavonols and amino acids, in the case of these substances the differences between potatoes from different places of cultivation ranged from 88% to 99%.

Effect of Crop Geometry on Growth, Yield and Quality of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Genotypes

Field experiments were conducted in 2018 and 2019 at the National Potato Research Programme (NPRP), Lalitpur (1360 masl), Nepal, to determine the effect of crop geometry on the growth, yield, and quality of sweet potato genotypes. The experiment was laid out on sandy loam soil in a factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and comprised of a total of twelve treatment combinations of four crop geometry (60cm×25 cm, 60cm×30 cm, 70cm×25 cm, and 70cm×30 cm) and three genotypes (CIP 440015, CIP 440267 and Local White). Among the different crop geometries and genotypes evaluated, 70cm×30 cm plant spacing and Local White genotype were found statistically superior to enhance marketable tuberous root weight per plant (0.572 and 0.541 kg), tuberous root diameter (62.59 and 61.0 mm), shoot fresh weight (509 and 524 g), and tuberous root yield per plant (616 and 620 g). The genotype, Local White yielded higher among the genotypes. The reducing sugar content was influenced significantly by crop geometry and genotypes. The pooled mean showed the highest (15.48 and 17.26 %) reducing sugar in closer geometry 60 cm × 25 cm and Local White genotype respectively and the lowest (11.54 %) in the genotype CIP 440015. CIP genotypes, on the other hand, were high in ß carotene content, whereas the Local genotype had a negligible amount (0.35 mg/100g). On hectare level, our result showed that highest plant density of 66,666 plants ha-1 (60 cm × 25 cm) could give the highest yield per unit area due to greater crop biomass. Our findings suggest that crop geometry can have a considerable impact on sweet potato production. As a result, the geometry of sweet potatoes can be wide or narrow depending on our needs and the area available in our study area or a similar situation.

Perbedaan Hasil dan Kualitas Ubi Jalar (Ipomoea Batatas L.) Akibat Perendaman Stek Menggunakan Ekstrak Bawang Merah

One of the obstacles to the cultivation of sweet potatoes planted in the dry season is the lack of seedlings. One solution is to use cuttings that are cut smaller than the size of the cuttings should be. To increase the growth and yield of sweet potatoes, shallot extract is used as an exogenous hormone as a pre-planting treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of onion extract and soaking duration on the yield and quality of sweet potato. This experiment was carried out from March to June 2021 in the experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Garut, Tarogong Kaler District, Garut Regency with an altitude of 761 meters above sea level. This experiment used a non-factorial randomized block design with nine treatments repeated three times. The concentration of shallot extract and the duration of soaking affect the weight of tuber per plant, the weight of tuber per plot, the weight of economical tuber per plot, the weight of non-economical tuber per plot and the brix test of fresh tuber. The best results were found in the treatment of shallot extract concentration of 90% and soaking duration of 90 minutes.

Effect of storage conditions on physico-chemical and sensory acceptability of sweet potato in Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia

The effect of different storage conditions (pit, sack, wooden box and clump) on the physico-chemical and sensory acceptability of sweet potatoes was conducted. Sweet potatoes were stored in the four storage conditions and untreated sweet potatoes (control) were used for this study. In four storage conditions, 10 kg of freshly harvested sweet potatoes were stored until the end of four storage months. Per cent of weight loss, sprouting, and spoilage of sweet potatoes data were collected from storage conditions in monthly intervals. All samples were analyzed for physic-chemical properties at Hawassa University, Food Chemistry and Food Microbiology Laboratory, and sensory acceptability was evaluated by using untrained 45 panellists at the end of the storage period. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used for storage conditions with three replication. The mean scores of appearance, taste, flavour, smell, and texture of sweet potato in storage conditions at the end of four months and untreated sweet potatoes had not shown significant difference except for overall acceptability of sweet potato. The mean scores of moisture and protein of sweet potato samples had not shown significant (p<0.05) differences in all storage conditions and untreated sweet potatoes. The pit storage scored the highest mean of moisture (71.30), ash (1.53), protein (6.73), fat (4.66) and fiber (1.76) than other storage conditions but less than untreated sweet potato except for fiber content of pit storage. The least mean per cent of weight loss (26.45), sprouting (9.72), and spoilage (2.87) of sweet potato was recorded at pit storage than in other storage conditions at the end of the fourth month. It was concluded that pit is storage preferable to other storage conditions based on weight loss, sprouting, spoilage, better physic-chemical and sensory acceptability, and recommended to farmers for storing sweet potatoes. Further study will be needed on the microbial quality of sweet potatoes in different storage conditions during storage periods.

Effect of Different Nitrogen Concentration on Plant Growth, Yield and Quality of Sweet Potato (Ipomea Batatas [L.] Lam) Cultivated in Soilless Culture System

The soilless culture system effectively promotes plant growth by facilitating water and nutrient uptake by plant roots. To increase sweet potato production (Ipomoea batatas), we developed containerized planting in which tuberous roots were grown in solid substrates in the polybags supplied with a nutrient solution through an irrigation system. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different nitrogen concentrations on sweet potato plant growth performance, yield, and tuber quality cultivated using a soilless culture system. The experimental setup included five treatments (T1-T5) with different levels of N (0-50-150-200-250 mg L-1), which were mixed in the nutrient solution, while P and K levels were held constant at 150 and 200 mg L-1 respectively. After three months of cultivation, there were significant differences between treatments in terms of plant growth performance, yield and tuber quality. Plants cultivated in the 250 mg L-1 of N showed the highest growth rate including plant height, shoot and leaves fresh weight, number of tillers, SPAD values, number of leaves, and diameter of tillers compared to other treatments. Data also revealed that the highest tuber yield was obtained from plants treated with 200 mg L-1 of N. Tuber harvested from the treatment of 200 mg L-1 of N showed the best quality in terms of Brix value, moisture content and tuber shape and length. Therefore, planting sweet potatoes using a soilless culture system is recommended with the application of 200 mg L-1 of N to obtain the optimum plant performance in terms of growth, yields, and tuber quality.

Physiological response, yield and quality of G0 potato (Solanum tuberosum) seed yield to various concentrations and time of application of prohexadione-ca bioregulator

Potato cultivation on the surface of the media faces obstacles in the form of high temperatures which cause the biosynthesis of gibberellins to increase and disrupt the tuberization process of potatoes. The use of hormonal engineering that can be done to increase the quantity and quality of G0 potato seeds is the use of retardant or anti-gibberellin Prohexadione-Ca with the right concentration and time of application. The experiment was carried out from June 2021 to February 2022 at Screen House, Ciparanje Jatinangor Experimental Garden, and Hortiklutura Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University. This experiment factorial randomized block design consisting of two factors., concentration of Prohexadione-Ca which includes three levels (50, 100, and 150 ppm) application time of Prohexadione-Ca (30, 40, and 50 days after planting). The experimental results showed that there was an independent effect between the dose and time of application of Prohexadione-Ca on the physiological components, yield, and quality of results. The dose of Prohexadione-Ca 50 ppm independently gave the best effect on the chlorophyll content index and stomatal conductance. The time of application of Prohexadione-Ca 40 days after planting independently gave the best effect on the number of potatoes per plant, potato weight per plant, and shoot length.

Physiological response, yield and quality of G0 potato (Solanum tuberosum) seed yield to various concentrations and time of application of prohexadione-ca bioregulator

Potato cultivation on the surface of the media faces obstacles in the form of high temperatures which cause the biosynthesis of gibberellins to increase and disrupt the tuberization process of potatoes. The use of hormonal engineering that can be done to increase the quantity and quality of G0 potato seeds is the use of retardant or anti-gibberellin Prohexadione-Ca with the right concentration and time of application. The experiment was carried out from June 2021 to February 2022 at Screen House, Ciparanje Jatinangor Experimental Garden, and Hortiklutura Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University. This experiment factorial randomized block design consisting of two factors., concentration of Prohexadione-Ca which includes three levels (50, 100, and 150 ppm) application time of Prohexadione-Ca (30, 40, and 50 days after planting). The experimental results showed that there was an independent effect between the dose and time of application of Prohexadione-Ca on the physiological components, yield, and quality of results. The dose of Prohexadione-Ca 50 ppm independently gave the best effect on the chlorophyll content index and stomatal conductance. The time of application of Prohexadione-Ca 40 days after planting independently gave the best effect on the number of potatoes per plant, potato weight per plant, and shoot length.

Studies on Evaluation of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) Genotypes for High Tuber Yield and Quality

The present investigation was undertaken at the College Orchard, Department of Vegetable Science, Horticultural College & Research Institute, TNAU, Coimbatore during the year 2021-2022 in a randomized block design with four replications. Six sweet potato accessions viz., Sree Arun, Sree Kanaka, Bhu Krishna, CO 5, Ib 73 and Ib 74 were evaluated to study the growth, yield and quality parameters. All the accessions used in this study were morphologically different in leaf lobing, vine pigmentation, tuber skin and flesh colour. Statistical analysis also confirmed that each accession showed a significant difference among them for growth, yield and quality parameters. The results revealed that, maximum number of tubers per vine of 5.25 was observed in Ib 73, however the accession Ib 74 recorded the highest single tuber weight (205.65 g), tuber yield per plant (1.10 kg), tuber yield per plot (32.62 kg) and tuber yield per ha (22.72 t ha-1) followed by Ib 73 with tuber yield per plant (1.09 kg), tuber yield per plot (32.19 kg) and tuber yield per ha (22.35 t ha-1). The quality parameters viz., Dry matter (%), TSS, Total sugar and Total protein contents mainly decide the quality and nutritive value of sweet potato. There is a significant variation in the quality parameters i.e, TSS, Dry matter, Total sugar and Total protein contents. Higher values were recorded for dry matter content in Ib 73 (33.50 %). The highest total sugar content and protein content were observed in Ib 74 with 37.2 g/100g and 2.4 g/100g. Overall Ib 74 recorded the highest values for single tuber weight, tuber yield per plant, tuber yield per plot and tuber yield per ha.

Growth yield and Quality Attributes of Potato (solanum tuberosum l.) as Influenced by Integrated Nutrient Management

An experiment was carried out during rabi season 2011 at Post Graduate Centre, University of Horticultural Sciences, Campus, Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra, Bangalore to study the effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and quality of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Application of 50% RDF + 50% FYM + Azotobacter + Phosphobacteria recorded maximum plant height (77.76 cm), number of leaves plant-1 (103.65), number of stems plant-1 (9.11), stem girth (3.74cm), fresh weight accumulation (2.01 kg plant-1), dry weight (255.3 g plant-1), number of tuber plant-1 (7.87), total tuber yield ha-1 (34.14 t ha-1), tuber dry matter (21.67%), starch content (78.20%) and total sugars (1.74%) which was on par with T4 and T3. The maximum net income per hectare (282909 Rs.) was recorded in plants provided with 50% RDF + 50% FYM + Azotobacter + Phosphobacteria (T7 ) and the highest benefit: cost ratio (1:2.25) was recorded in plants provided with STCR targeted yield (T3 ).

Production and characterization of a novel interspecific somatic hybrid combining drought tolerance and high quality of sweet potato and Ipomoea triloba L.

A novel interspecific somatic hybrid combining drought tolerance and high quality of sweet potato and Ipomoea triloba L. was obtained and its genetic and epigenetic variations were studied. Somatic hybridization can be used to overcome the cross-incompatibility between sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) and its wild relatives and transfer useful and desirable genes from wild relatives to cultivated plants. However, most of the interspecific somatic hybrids obtained to date cannot produce storage roots and do not exhibit agronomic characters. In the present study, a novel interspecific somatic hybrid, named XT1, was obtained through protoplast fusion between sweet potato cv. Xushu 18 and its wild relative I. triloba. This somatic hybrid produced storage roots and exhibited significantly higher drought tolerance and quality compared with its cultivated parent Xushu 18. Transcriptome and real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses revealed that the well-known drought stress-responsive genes in XT1 and I. triloba were significantly up-regulated under drought stress. The genomic structural reconstructions between the two genomes of the fusion parents in XT1 were confirmed using genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) and specific nuclear and cytoplasmic DNA markers. The DNA methylation variations were characterized by methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP). This study not only reveals the significance of somatic hybridization in the genetic improvement of sweet potato but also provides valuable materials and knowledge for further investigating the mechanism of storage root formation in sweet potato.

Storability of Irish Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Varieties Grown in Kenya, Under Different Storage Conditions

Long-term use of fresh potatoes is constrained due to post-harvest losses and limited or poor storage systems. Loss of potato quality during storage is mostly due to weight loss, excessive sprouting, decaying, greening, pest attack and changes in sugar content which is a major concern for processors. The storability of three potato varieties namely Shangi, Unica, and Dutch Robijn was evaluated under four storage conditions: (1) room temperature (RT) (21.7 ± 5 °C) and ambient relative humidity (RH) (73.5 ± 6.7%); (2) 10 °C/75% RH; (3) 10 °C/ambient RH and (4) 7 °C/75% RH for 3 months. Parameters analysed included weight loss, sprouting, greening, rotting incidence and changes in simple sugars (sucrose, glucose and fructose) content. Shangi variety had the poorest storability having exhibited the highest weight loss, sprouting, greening and rotting rates among the varieties and in all storage conditions. In all the varieties, weight loss was highest at room temperature/RH (6.9–35.13%) and lowest at 7 °C/75% RH (1.6–3.7%). Sprouting rate was highest at RT/RH (100%) and lowest at 7 °C/75% RH (2.0–45.2%). Greening incidence was highest at RT/RH (10.3–24.0%) and lowest at 7 °C/75% RH (2.0–16.1%). The tubers accumulated simple sugars during storage with the highest relative accumulation recorded at 7 °C/75% RH. Total reducing sugars increased by 3.8–9.3-fold at RT/RH to 26.0–68.5-fold at 7 °C/75% RH. Low-temperature storage minimized the rate of physical tuber deterioration with 7 °C/75% RH best preserving the potatoes’ physical properties while it led to the highest accumulation of simple sugars.

Potato Diseases Detection Using Machine Learning Techniques

Abstract: It is becoming more crucial than ever to do thorough study on actual rural occurrences, especially with the development of agricultural equipment and the application of artificial intelligence to the detection of plant diseases. The quantity and quality of potatoes are significantly impacted by several illnesses including early blight and late curse, and translating these leaf infections manually takes time and is uncomfortable. The output of potatoes can be increased by using skilled and automated identification of these problems during in the sprouting stage until it requires a high degree of competence. For the purpose of identifying a small number of plant diseases, several models have already been developed. In this work, a model that uses ready-made models like VGG19 to fine-tune (transfer learning how) the extraction of pertinent components from the dataset is presented. Then, with the use of several classifiers, it was shown that, with a score of 97.8% just on test dataset, strategic relapse beat those in term of order precision

The effect of fermentation time on the product quality of purple sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) probiotic ice cream with starter culture of Lactobacillus plantarum B1765

The effect of fermentation time on the product quality of purple sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) probiotic ice cream with starter culture of Lactobacillus plantarum B1765

The effect of fermentation time on the product quality of purple sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) probiotic ice cream with starter culture of Lactobacillus plantarum B1765

This research aims to determine the effect of fermentation time of purple sweet potato probiotic ice cream (Ipomea batatas) with a starter culture of Lactobacillus plantarum B1765 on microbiological quality (total lactic acid bacteria/LAB), chemical qualities (pH and total titrated acid/TTA), and organoleptic qualities (color, flavor, taste, and texture). The research method used an experimental method with a complete random design (CRD) with variations of fermentation time 0, 6, 18, and 24 hours. The total LAB was enumerated by the method of Total Plate Count (TPC), the pH value was determined using a pH meter, TTA was calculated using the acid-base titration, and hedonic test for organoleptic qualities with 30 panelists. The results showed that fermentation time affects the total LAB, pH value, TTA, flavor, taste, and texture, but do not affect the color. The total LAB increased by 2 log cycle from 7.16 x 107 CFU/mL up to 1.82 x 109 CFU/mL. The pH value decreased from 5.65 to 3.54. Then, the TTA value increased from 0,89% to 2,01%. The average value of panelist’s level preference on color, flavor, taste, and texture was 3.37; 2.99; 3.1; 3.33, respectively, which showed a tendency to like. The best treatment was purple sweet potato probiotic ice cream with a fermentation time of 18 hours. Total LAB and TTA were fulfilled the Indonesian National Standard (INS) for dairy based probiotic products, so this product could be developed as probiotics agent.

Isolation and identification of an endophytic bacteria Bacillus sp. K-9 exhibiting biocontrol activity against potato common scab.

Potato scab is an important soil-borne disease that can significantly reduce the quality and economic value of potatoes. The purpose of this study was to isolate, screen and identify endophytic bacteria that have antagonistic and control effects on potato scab disease, and to determine the control effect and yield traits of the selected strains on potato scab disease in field conditions. A bacterial strain K-9 was isolated from the junction between scab spot and healthy epidermis of potato tuber. The K-9 strain was identified as Bacillus sp. through morphological, physiological and biochemical characterization, and 16S rDNA and gyrB gene sequence analysis. The diameter of the inhibition zone of strain K-9 against Streptomyces scabies on the YME plate was 3.82cm. The K-9 strain could inhibit eight types of crop pathogens, with the highest inhibition rate (70.39%) against another soil-borne potato disease (potato black scurf). In the field test, the control effect of K-9 strain against potato scab was not significantly different from that of mixed bacteria or chemical agents, but the disease index and the scab index in the K-9 treatment were significantly lower than in the control. The potato yield in the K-9 treatment was 12.44% higher than the control. In summary, the K-9 strain can prevent not only potato scab, but also increase potato yield. Therefore, the endophytic bacterial K-9 strain may be a potential biological control agent.

An Experimental Study of Axial Poisson’s Ratio and Axial Young’s Modulus Determination of Potato Stems Using Image Processing

Potato stems removal is an important part of mechanized potato harvesting. However, there is still limited research on the physical properties of potato stems, especially the determination of Poisson’s ratio and Young’s modulus. This study determined the Poisson’s ratio and Young’s modulus of the potato main stems at different heights above the ground. Since the Potato stems are viscoelastic cylinders with non-standard circular cross-sections and complex textures, the existing determination methods are difficult to apply. We propose a new method to determine Poisson’s ratio and Young’s modulus by combining image processing in the mechanical compression process. The feasibility of this method was verified by determining the hardness value of 65 Shore ‘A’ nitrile rubber specimens, and the measured Poisson’s ratio and Young’s modulus were close to the relevant literature. This method can be used for the determination of potato stems. Atlantic potatoes are widely grown for their high solids content, resistance to pests and diseases, and good processing quality. Ten Atlantic potato main stems were randomly selected at harvest time. Specimens with a length of 11 ± 1 mm were taken at 0 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm, and 30 cm above the ground from each stem. The average values of the axial Poisson’s ratio were determined as: 0.21, 0.28, 0.30, 0.32, and the axial Young’s modulus as: 15.90 MPa, 12.38 MPa, 11.68 MPa, 11.28 MPa. This study has provided critical basic data for the discrete element model construction of potato stems and numerical simulation of potato haulm killers and potato harvesters, which is beneficial for improving the harvest quality of potato. It also provides new ideas for Poisson’s ratio and Young’s modulus measurement of non-regular cross-sectional cylindrical viscoelastic materials.

Design of conveyor separation device for potato harvester and analysis of its vibration characteristics

In view of the influence of vibration factors on the vibration characteristics of potato harvester, to study the effect of vibration parameters on the dynamic characteristics of the system and harvested potato quality, in this paper an indoor conveyor separation device for potato harvester with adjustable two-way synchronous conveying vibration parameters was designed. The device, with double-side chain drive to improve conveying efficiency and replaceable eccentric parts to change vibration parameters, allows the system to harvest potatoes under optimal working conditions. A simulation analysis of a dynamics model of the system, which was first established, was carried out. A potato soil separation test was conducted using the vibration testing system and acceleration sensor, and its data was compared with the simulation data to verify the correctness of the model. The results showed that the eccentricity, rotation speed, and inclination had an impact on the potato-soil separation rate and the vibration of the system. The analysis showed that the system had a higher potato-soil separation rate and slighter vibration under optimal working conditions, that is, eccentricity of 0.023 m, rotation speed of 130 r/min, and inclination of 26∘.

The effect of electron beam irradiation on the microbial stability and quality characteristics of vacuum‐packaged ready‐to‐eat potato

We studied the microbial stability and quality of vacuum-packaged ready-to-eat (RTE) potatoes irradiated by different doses of electron beam during storage. Results showed that irradiation effectively reduced the total bacterial count of samples, with a maximum reduction of 7.08 log units by irradiation at 5 kGy. Irradiation at dose ≥7 kGy completely inactivated the microorganisms. Potato color and texture were affected when the irradiation dose was ≥3 and ≥5 kGy, respectively, which may be due to the reduction of a* value and chewiness of samples. An electronic nose could effectively distinguish the odor of the irradiated samples from the non-irradiated ones. Irradiation significantly reduced potato Vc content but it had no effect on the moisture and total protein content. Potato DPPH activities were increased by irradiation at dose ≤5 kGy but decreased when the dose was ≥7 kGy. The FRAP values were reduced in all irradiated samples. Novelty impact statement This work investigated the effect of electron beam irradiation on microbial stability and quality characteristics, including sensory quality, texture, odor, nutritional properties, and antioxidant capacity of vacuum-packaged RTE potatoes. Based on the results, an optimum dose for RTE potatoes decontamination was also suggested. Results would provide the basic data for the wider application of electron beams in RTE vegetable preservation.

Different Blanching and Thawing Methods Affect the Qualities of Potatoes and Carrots: A Study Done at Jeju Island

Ji-Hyun Im, Jung-Hyun Nam, A-Ra Ko, Hee-Jung Jin, Duri Kim, Chang-Sook Kim, and Ji-Yeon Chun. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 2022;51:600-10. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2022.51.6.600