Quality Of Paddy Research Articles

Effect of different storage conditions on grain quality of paddy

The present investigation was carried out to study the physiological and biochemical changes of paddy grain (Oryza sativa L. var. Ranjit) throughout the course of a 12-month storage period, in an effort to determine the ideal storage conditions with the highest potential for storage under climacteric condition of Assam. Freshly harvested seeds of paddy grain (Ranjit) were stored under different storage conditions for a period of twelve months beginning in January. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the easily moisture permeable structures (T2, T3, T6) showed the maximum change in the physiological and biochemical parameters followed by permeable (T1 and T4) and impermeable (T5 and T7). The rate of change in the values of parameters in paddy stored in the prototype of a Grain safe™ in-store dryer (T7) was found slowest and sluggish, and maintained highest mean values amongst all the storage receptacles in respect of germination percentage, seed vigour index, head rice recovery, moisture content, total soluble protein content, starch content, total soluble sugar content, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar and amylose content. Significant superiority of hermetic storages (T5 and T7) over traditional storage structures (T1, T2, T3, T4 and T6) in Assam irrespective of all the parameters studied was noticed. Hermetic storage was effective at blocking the effects of external humidity fluctuations as well as the spread of fungi and insects. The solar in-store drier was found to be best amongst all storage structures, in all quality aspects of the long-term storage of paddy.

IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF PADDY AND PRICING ISSUES THROUGH PROCESS OPTIMIZATION IN A RICE COMPANY

This research aims to improve the quality of paddy and address pricing issues through process optimization in APRM. The study focuses on identifying the manufacturing process of paddy, optimizing it to enhance quality, and suggesting procurement practices to resolve pricing issues. The research employed a semi-structured interview approach to collect data. The findings provide valuable recommendations for APRM to optimize the manufacturing process, improve paddy quality, and establish fair pricing structures. The significance of the study lies in its potential to enhance APRM's market competitiveness, improve farmer welfare, promote sustainability, contribute to the agricultural industry's advancement, and influence policy and decision-making. The research concludes with a discussion, highlighting the research's implications, addressing gaps in the literature, and offering recommendations for future research. Implementing the suggested strategies can lead to improved paddy quality, stable pricing, and overall growth for APRM and the agricultural sector. By implementing the suggested strategies, APRM has the opportunity to achieve improved paddy quality, stable pricing, and overall growth, thereby positioning itself as a leading player in the rice industry.

Changes in Intergranular Air Properties and Processing Quality of Paddy Stored in a Large Cooled Warehouse

This study investigated the relationship between the intergranular air properties of grain bulk and the quality of Japonica paddy stored in a large warehouse cooled by air conditioning (A/C) during oversummering. The psychrometric properties of the intergranular air such as relative humidity, humidity ratio, and wet-bulb temperature, were calculated by a software module. The 2569 tonnes of paddy with 14.5% moisture content (wet basis) was stored in a warehouse in Qihe County, Shandong Province, China, from 16 December 2019 to 9 September 2020. The grain temperature increased more rapidly near the top surface than in other layers of the paddy bulk, reaching the set temperature of 23 °C under A/C cooling, which started from storage day 174 (June 8, 2020). Two 14 kW A/C units (5.5 W t−1 paddy) were sufficient to maintain the set temperature of 23 °C in the headspace. The total electricity consumption was 9.2 kWh t−1 in the two cooling periods (June 8–August 10 and August 28–September 9). When the top surface was cooled by A/C, moisture transferred upwards from the bottom to top surface of the grain bulk, which created favorable conditions for insect growth and the whole grain bulk was fumigated from August 11 to 27. The quality indicators measured in different bulk layers did not change significantly during summer. Regression analysis shows that the percentages of milled rice and head rice, and the taste values and taste panel scores were significantly influenced by the cumulative intergranular air parameters in the paddy bulk. The results suggest that the cumulative intergranular air properties of the grain bulk are useful indicators for assessing the status of paddy stored in a large cooled warehouse.

Effect of zinc and silicon nanoparticles on yield, quality and economics of lowland paddy

An investigation to know the effect of nano zinc and silicon on quality and yield of rice was conducted at AHRS, Bavikere, KSNUAHS, Shivamogga. The experiment consisted 12 treatments replicated thrice and was laid in completely randomized block design. The different treatment combinations of seed treatment of nano zinc and silicon, foliar spray of zinc and silicon nanoparticles were compared with conventional sources and the control. Application of both zinc and silicon (T6) in nano form as foliar @ 40 ppm each at 40 DAT registered significantly higher no. of productive tillers (18.72), protein content (11.41 %), starch content (75.70 %) grain yield (6034 kg/ha), straw yield (6693 kg/ha) with higher economic net returns (98631 Rs ha-1), foliar spray of zinc nano particles alone @ 40 ppm at 40 DAT showed next best results.

Effect of microwave drying of paddy on milling characteristics, cooking quality, and microstructure of rice

AbstractEffect of microwave drying on milling, cooking, and microstructure characteristic of paddy rice in comparison to hot air drying was assessed in the present study. Results revealed that modified microwave drying significantly (P < 0.05) affected the milling quality of paddy. Raw paddy had head rice recovery of 49.63%, while after microwave drying, the head rice recovery increased by 6.73% in comparison to hot air drying. Microwave drying brought significant changes in the colour characteristic of rice as it had total colour change of 13.50 in comparison to 10.93 by hot air drying. Cooking time and water uptake ratio after microwave drying increased to 31.46 min and 3.16%, in comparison to 27.05 min and 2.65% for hot air dried samples, respectively. Scanning Electron Microscope images revealed that both hot air and microwave dried rice had a coarse surface and large starch particles, while starch structure was more damaged in hot air drying, however, agglomeration of protein-starch matrix was more uniform in microwave dried samples due to modification of the microwave applicator that prevented thermal decomposition. It was recommended that paddy may be dried using a modified microwave applicator with a shorter duration and a better quality.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Paddy Quality by Different Drying Methods, Based on Gray Relational Analysis

If paddy is not dried in time after harvesting, it very easily becomes moldy, which causes substantial losses. Inappropriate drying methods also affect the quality and safety of paddy when it enters the drying process. In order to select the optimal drying method, paddy with different moisture content was treated with sun drying, mechanical drying, and late harvesting, and the quality indexes of paddy were tested for safe moisture content. The effects of different drying methods on the quality of paddy were analyzed in terms of burst rate, taste value, appearance quality, and pasting characteristics. A paddy quality index system was constructed, and gray relational analysis (GRA) was used to evaluate comprehensively the paddy quality. The results showed that when the moisture content of paddy was 24.4%, the best quality of paddy was obtained after mechanical drying, when the gray relational degree was 0.996. Timely harvesting and mechanical drying can not only reduce the loss of paddy, but can also ensure the quality and safety of paddy.

Factors Affecting Rice Quality in Kasumeeto Village, Pakue District, North Kolaka Regency

This study was aimed to determine factors that affect the quality of paddy in Kasumeeto Village, Pakue District, North Kolaka Regency. Discriminant analysis was used as the analytical tool with a sample of 30 respondents. The results was obtained which was to determine the effect of the use of seeds, irrigation and fertilizer on the quality of lowland rice in Kusemeeto Village, Pakue District, North Kolaka Regency, can be conclude that quality of rice can be increase with increase the usage of high quality seeds and increase the usage of fertilizer. Lowland paddy is a commodity that has very promising prospects, so from the results of this study it is recommended that rice farmers should intensify the use of seeds and fertilizers because they can affect the quality of the paddy cultivated.

FE-SEM/EDX Based Zinc Mobilization Analysis of Burkholderia cepacia and Pantoea rodasii and Their Functional Annotation in Crop Productivity, Soil Quality, and Zinc Biofortification of Paddy.

The experimental study was contrived to characterize two zinc-solubilizing bacteria (ZSB), namely BMRR126 and BMAR64, and their role in zinc (Zn) biofortification of rice. These bacteria solubilized Zn profoundly, determined qualitatively by halo-zone formation on a solid medium and quantitatively in a liquid broth by AAS and SEM-EDX. The lowering of pH and contact angle assessment of the liquid broth unveiled the establishment of the acidic conditions in a medium suitable for Zn solubilization. The characterization of both isolates on the basis of 16S rRNA gene analysis was identified as Burkholderia cepacia and Pantoea rodasii, respectively. These strains were also found to have some plant probiotic traits namely phosphate solubilization, production of siderophore, indole acetic acid (IAA), exopolysaccharide (EPS), and ammonia. The field experiments were performed at two diverse locations and under all treatments; the simultaneous use of BMRR126 and BMAR64 with zinc oxide (ZnO) resulted in the highest growth and productivity of the paddy crop. The utmost Zn achievement in the grain was estimated in a treatment (T9) (25.07 mg/kg) containing a consortium of BMRR126 and BMAR64 along with ZnO for the Terai region. The treatment containing single ZSB bioinoculant BMRR126 (T7) showed an elevated Zn amount in the rice grain (33.25 mg/kg) for the Katchar region. The soil parameters (pH, EC, organic carbon, NPK, available Zn, and dehydrogenase activity) were also positively influenced under all bacterial treatments compared to the uninoculated control. Our study clearly accentuates the need for Zn solubilizing bacteria (ZSB) to provide the benefits of Zn-biofortification in different regions.

FARMERS’ PREFERENCE FOR RICE TRAITS: INSIGHTS FROM FARM SURVEYS IN BUSIA COUNTY, KENYA

Purpose: A cross-sectional survey was designed to study farmers’ preferences for rice varieties in Busia County, Kenya.
 Methodology: The survey used a multi-stage sampling technique for site selection and a purposive strategy for rice growers/producers. Data was collected from key rice value chain stakeholders including farmers, extension service providers, local leaders and hoteliers using focus group discussions by use of guiding checklists and a structured questionnaire. A total of 26 key informants and 62 individual respondents in the categories mentioned were interviewed. Descriptive analysis was done along with cross-tabulations to establish associations.
 Findings: Results indicated that rice was a significantly important farm enterprise among the respondents with a higher land allocation of 2.04 acres followed by maize with 1.14 acres. Seed sources were mainly traditional with fellow farmers being instrumental in seed sharing at cost (59.7% buying form other farmers) followed by free issues (19.4% getting free from other farmers). Research as a seed source lagged at 8.1%. Variety choice was said to be dictated by high yield, early maturity and one thousand seed weight by 80.6%, 77.4% and 40.3% respectively. These attributes were also ranked as first, second and third positions respectively. Rice production followed traditional patterns as 60% of producers/farmers depended on a farmer-to-farmer seed system over all the production periods. There also lacked structures and efforts to upscale rice production and therefore this paper recommends formulation and direction of concerted efforts towards on-farm participatory research and formation of social networks for rice production and marketing information
 Contribution to theory, practice and policy: The results give impetus to conclude that farmers know which traits are of priority in variety selection. Going by farmers’ perceptions simply means responding to consumer demand for quality in rice production. The study also demonstrated enormous potential for rice production as demonstrated by the will of the farmers to allocate 45% of their land parcels to rice production. It also brought out that the fact that certified rice seeds are rarely used and therefore, there is urgent need to establish seed systems and distribution pathways in order to improve on yields as well as quality of paddy hence more income to farmers and other rice value chain players. The concepts of field demonstrations and on-farm participatory research need to be up-scaling for enhanced transformation of rice production landscape in the region.

Effect of seed discolouration (a complex disease) on seed quality parameters in paddy (Oryza sativa)

The production and productivity of paddy (Oryza sativa L.) has been reported to be severely affected by anemerging disease called seed discolouration. It is a complex disease because several pathogenic fungi infect rice grains in the field. The infection reduces the seed quality by producing harmful mycotoxins that are hazardous to humans and animals. The current study was carried out from 2016–19 at IARI, New Delhi to determine the effect of seed discolouration on seed quality parameters in terms of physio-chemical changes. The findings revealed a significant loss in the seed quality of paddy in popular rice varieties. We observed a significant reduction in the germination percentage (9–42%), seedling length (3.4–33.3%), seedling dry weight (2.7–36.5%), and seedling vigour index I (20.1–52.5%) and II (12.3–53.7%), whereas an increase in electrical conductivity (EC) (18.7–38.9%) were observed in discoloured seeds compared to healthy seeds. Similarly, the significant decrease in starch (5.3–37.6%) and protein (1.6–46.2%) content was recorded, whereas, an increase in total antioxidant (3.3–37.1%) and total phenol content (0.58–26.03%) was seen in discoloured seeds, as compared to healthy seeds. The results show that the seed quality is highly compromised in discoloured seeds, as compared to healthy seeds and need to be addressed through the development of different management practices.

Effects of hot air assisted radio frequency drying on heating uniformity, drying characteristics and quality of paddy

In order to solve the big challenge of cracking during paddy drying, this research revealed the application of hot air assisted radio frequency (HA-RF) drying technology on paddy grains based on its volumetric heating advantage. Drying characteristics and paddy quality were investigated at various combinations of air temperatures (50 °C, 55 °C and 60 °C), air velocities (0.5 m/s, 1.5 m/s and 2.5 m/s) and electrode gaps (100 mm, 110 mm and 120 mm). A comparison between the tempering-intermittent hot air (HA) drying was investigated to demonstrate the applicability of HA-RF drying on paddy grains. Increase in temperature and air velocity, while decrease in electrode gap resulted in increased average heating rate. The RF assistance significantly enhanced the drying rate of paddy grains and reduced drying duration and energy consumption by up to 62.5% and 42.9%, respectively, as compared to HA drying. A higher color and taste value, while a lower crack ratio (CR) without damage in starch granules of microstructure which caused formations of internal fissures were observed in HA-RF dried samples than HA dried ones. The findings of this study demonstrated that HA-RF drying is a good alternative of HA for industrial-scale drying of paddy grains.

Impact Of Seawater Intrusion Bund On Soil & Water Conservation Along The Coastal Line Of Poonakary, Sri Lanka

Abstract Saltwater intrusion into coastal aquifers is reported at coastal region of Poonakary, Kilinochchi district. A sea water intrusion bund was constructed by United Nations Development Programme in 2015 to reduce the issues with seawater intrusion. This study aimed to measure the variations of soil salinity and pH before (2015), just after (2016) and three years after (2018) the construction of bund and to identify the impacts of seawater intrusion bund on soil, water quality and crop improvement in the area. The study was conducted in three selected Grama Niladari Divisions of Poonakary, during July to September period in 2018. Soil samples were collected from 30 locations at different sampling depths and the locations were recorded by using GPS and fifteen water samples were collected to measure the water quality parameters and the values compared with WHO standards. A questionnaire survey was conducted to assess the crop improvement in the selected locations. When comparing the soil pH in 2016 and 2018, at all depths except 60cm, changes were highly significant and at 60 cm, it was significant. The Soil EC during 2016 and 2018 revealed that, at 15cm, 30cm and 60cm the changes were significantly different and at 45cm it was not significantly differ due to hardpan formation. A considerable improvement in the water quality and yield improvement of paddy were observed. The study reveals that, the seawater intrusion bund can be considered as a potential permanent solution for seawater intrusion at Poonakary.

“Small farmer large field”, a new model to developing and improving adoption of hybrid rice technology in Indonesia

At present, the international market prefers to rice with some specific characters such as long slender shape, soft with 22-24% amylose content, a high percentage of head rice, and also aromatic. To fulfill rice with export standard, the farmers who involve have to apply good agricultural practices (GAP). Therefore need a high yielding variety, one of those varieties is hybrid rice variety possessing long slender shape, soft, a high percentage of head rice, and aromatic. Small Farmers, Large Field (SFLF) scheme was assumed précised and local specific for low land rice cultivation. This concept was integrated for farmers with small land holding to increase benefit collectively. The concept also integrated all cultivation system starting from planting up to marketing which was done together by some stakes holders. The objectives of this study are to (1) identify the hybrid rice productivity in large scale, (2) verify and validate the development of hybrid rice technology in small farmer large field’s model, and (3) analyze the preference of farmers to hybrid rice varieties. The research activities consisted of SFLF approach by using hybrid rice varieties with Jarwo Super system in large scale. Adoption survey and preference test for the farmer in term of rice plant performance, quality of grain paddy and rice which was done simultaneously in subak Tajen, Penebel sub-district, Tabanan district, Bali province. Dem-farm was conducted at 50 ha with hybrid rice varieties from ICRR and private company. Average hybrid rice yield is about 7.5 ton/ha to 13.5 ton/ha. The results of participatory varietal selection showed that the yield potential, performance of the plant, tolerance to pest and disease, and quality of grain from hybrid rice varieties had a positive influence on farmers’ preference.

Physical, Milling Quality and Physicochemical Properties of Several Local Glutinous Paddy Varieties in West Java, Indonesia

The objectives of this research was to study the physical quality of grain and rice, milling quality, and its physicochemical properties of several local glutinous rice. The research materials were obtained from local farmer in West Java. The analysis was conducted at the Rice Quality Laboratory at Indonesian Center for Rice Research (ICRR), Sukamandi, West Java. There are differences in physical quality of grain and rice, milled quality and rice protein content of several local glutinous rice. Based on the Indonesian National Standard quality of paddy (1993), the empty grain of the four types of local glutinous rice did not meet the quality of III (maximum 3%). Based on the components of immature+chalky grain quality, the four types of glutinous rice locally meet the quality of I (maximum 1%). The rice length and the shape of the five types of glutinous rice consecutively are medium (5.51 - 6.60 mm) and medium (2.1 - 3.0). The yield of brown rice of four types of glutinous rice ranged from 76.73% (Ketan Pulut) to 79.91% (Ketan Nangka). The rice yield of four types of glutinous rice ranged from 64.57% (Ketan Pecut) to 69.63% (Ketan Bilatung). The range of five sticky rice varieties ranged from 6.41 to 9.63%, which include very low amylose classification (2-19%). The gel consistency and gelatinizing temperature of five glutinous rice are soft and low consecutively.

Assessment of paddy harvesting practices of Southern Delta Region in Bangladesh

Paddy in Bangladesh is an important cereal crop for national food security. Harvesting is the process of collecting mature paddy from the field. Timely harvesting operation is known as crucial and influential processes on quantity, quality and production cost of paddy. The aim of the study was to assess the manual and mechanical harvesting systems of paddy in southern delta region of Bangladesh in terms of labor cost, infield harvesting losses, and time required for harvesting. Several experiments were conducted to compare mechanical and manual harvesting systems. Mechanical harvesting of Aman paddy (November-December 2016) and Boro paddy (April-May 2017) was conducted using two models of reaper and a mini-combine harvester at Dumuria and Wazirpur Upazilas of Khulna and Barisal districts, respectively. An experiment was also conducted at the same locations to determine labor requirement and time for harvesting paddy manually. To determine manual harvesting loss, an experiment was conducted at BAU farm, Mymensingh. Total cost savings in paddy harvesting were found 52% and 37% for mini-combine harvester and reaper, respectively over manual harvesting system. Similarly, labor savings using mini-combine harvester and reaper were found 65% and 52%, respectively over manual harvesting system. The total harvesting losses (including harvesting, threshing and cleaning) were also found 1.24%, 4.22% and 6.36% for using mini-combine, reaper and manual harvesting systems, respectively. The results indicated that manual harvesting is a slow and cost involving system. On the other hand, lack of awareness among farmers about the benefits of mechanical harvesting system and lack of skill manpower for operating and servicing harvesters are major barriers for adopting mechanized harvesting system in southern delta region. This study revealed that mechanical harvesting of paddy using either reaper or mini-combine harvester will assist to strengthen food security in southern delta of Bangladesh.
 Progressive Agriculture, Vol. 30, Suppl. 1: 57-64, 2019

Relationship between accumulated temperature and quality of paddy

ABSTRACT In this paper, a model for controlling paddy drying by incorporating accumulated temperature is introduced and defined. Drying experiments using freshly harvested paddy were conducted at different levels of drying air parameters including temperature (T = 27°C, 31°C, 35°C, 39°C, and 43°C), relative humidity (RH = 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, and 65%), initial moisture content (M0 = 17%, 19%, 21%, 23%, and 25%) and airspeed (V = 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8 m s−1). When T = 31°C, RH = 60%, M0 = 19%, and V = 0.5 ms−1, the crack additional percentage reached a minimum value of 0.508%, with the average precipitation rate at 0.719%·h. Further, an accumulated temperature and quality chart was provided in this paper. The x-coordinate of this chart is temperature, and the initial moisture content represents the y-coordinate. It covers the drying conditions of the actual dryer well and has a wide range of applicability for real-world environment. The model developed in this study not only provides a scientific reference for precise drying and intelligent control of paddy but also guide the actual drying operation.

The Analysis of Quality of Paddy Harvest Yield to Support Food Security: A System Thinking Approach (Case Study: East Java)

Rice (Oryza Sativa) is a staple food for the people in Indonesia. East Java Province is a province with potential agricultural in Indonesia. East Java has advantages in agriculture and has a role in the national food sector. Population in Indonesia is projected to reach 271.1 million by 2020. East Java’s population growth rate from 2010 to 2017 was 0.64% with consumption of 213,783 tons of rice in 2018. Raw materials such as paddy, are perishable materials that require fast and precise handling. When handling is not right it will cause a loss of the results of high quality and quantity, this can be harmful to farmers because it will affect their income. This study uses a system dynamic to build the conceptual model (Causal Loop Diagram) to improving the quality of paddy yields to support food security. The results of study are a model that has some useful information regarding factors that affect the quality paddy. This can be used as decision support by the government for decision making about policies that will be applied to improve the quality of paddy harvest yields for support food security. Further research can be carried out by simulating several scenarios to predict the state of the rice farming system in the future.

Performance Study of Fluidized Bed Dryer with Immersed Heater for Paddy Drying

This paper investigated the performance of fluidized bed dryer with immersed heater for paddy drying. The influence of drying temperature and the temperature of immersed heater on drying curve, thermal efficiency, and quality of paddy was investigated. The fixed operating conditions are drying time of 60 minutes, paddy weight of 200 grams and the air velocity of 0.4 m/s. The variables are drying temperature and the temperature immersed heater namely 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 (°C). The results show addition immersed heater will increase drying rates. No constant drying rate was found. Increasing the temperature will decrease the utilized energy. The thermal efficiency decreases with increasing temperature. The increasing temperature and use immersed heater will decrease the residual moisture content, increase damaged and yellow paddy grain, and increase red paddy grain.

Evaluation of paddy quality dried with zeolite under medium temperature

Drying becomes important role to obtain good quality product in post-harvest treatment for paddy. Adsorption drying process taken place on medium operation temperature can be an option to enhance paddy quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of paddy dried with zeolite as adsorbent. In case, paddy from local farmer in Semarang was dried from initial moisture content 23% (wet basis) under different temperature 40 and 60°C, both with and without zeolite. Moisture content was observed by gravimetry every 15 minutes during 60 minutes drying time. Furthermore, the quality of paddy represented by percentage of head rice and proximate was analyzed after drying process completed. Results showed that compared to conventional drying without zeolite, the adsorption dryer was more superior in term of drying time as well as product quality improvement and there are no much differences in proximate analyzed result.

Effect of storing time and temperature on milling quality of par-boiled and raw rice of an improved ivariety, at 362 and a traditional variety, Kuruluthuda

Future rises in global surface temperature threaten for rice dependent nations. Previous research has failed to account for the detrimental impact of high temperatures on milling quality in paddy storing. Therefore, main objectives of this study were to assess the milling quality of paddy stored at different temperatures in line with global warming and to identify adaptation techniques. Experiment was conducted as a split-split plot design with 3 replicates. Main, sub and sub-sub plot factors were variety (AT-362, Kuruluthuda), processing technique (raw, par-boiled) and storage temperature (26, 30, 34, 38oC) respectively. Head Rice Yield (HRY), Broken Rice Yield (BRY) and Degree of Milling (DOM) were estimated initially and after 6 months. Result revealed that HRY of paddy decreased by the range of 2.1-3.5% with increase in storage temperature from 26°C to 38°C after 6 months. How-ever, temperature was not significantly influenced on HRY and BRY of stored paddy (P>0.05). The DOM was significantly lower (2.07%) at 38oC than other temperatures. The HRY is significantly higher (P<0.05) in par-boiled rice than raw rice in both varieties after 6 month at each temperature level. It can be concluded that milling quality of stored paddy is degrading at high temperatures yielding high amount of broken rice and low head rice, Furthermore, Kuruluthuda variety stored at comparatively high temperatures seems to be more tolerant to breakage during the milling compared with AT-362.