We examine how the shift from state socialism affects gender inequality in the labor market using multivariate models of employment exit, employment entry, job mobility and new job quality for 3,580 Russian adults from 1991 through 1997. Gender differences changed in a complex fashion. Relative to men, women gained greater access to employment, but female disadvantage in the quality of new jobs widened. Although these two trends appear to be opposite, they are closely related. Both are connected to the introduction of market institutions, not gender differences in human capital or structural location in the labor market. How does the shift from state socialism affect gender inequality in the labor market? Many predicted that surging unemployment and the reallocation of jobs across economic branches and sectors would hurt women disproportionately. Others argued that market reforms would benefit women. Most studies addressing this question analyze gender wage gaps with cross-sectional data. We advance the debate by examining how gender differences in rates of labor market transitions (entry to or exit from employment, job mobility) and in the quality of new jobs change over time. We analyze employment histories spanning 1991-1997 from a representative sample of 3,580 Russians using hazard models for labor market transitions and logistic regressions for new job quality. Women are disadvantaged on the labor market to the extent that, relative to men, they have higher rates of layoff and voluntary employment exit, lower rates of employment entry and job mobility, higher odds that their new jobs are low-quality positions, and lower odds that they are high-quality. We model changes in the (zero-order) and (controlling for covariates) effects of gender on these outcomes after market reforms. We compare gross and net effects to see if observable human capital and structural location in the labor market produce gender inequality. We find gross and net gender effects of similar magnitude throughout the period. These effects change over time, but in a manner that defies simple characterization as beneficial or detrimental to women. Relative to men, women gained greater access to jobs; however, female disadvantage in the quality of new jobs widened.