The management of and reduction in ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and total phosphorus (TP) in the water environment are crucial for protecting water quality amid rapid urbanization and population growth in highly industrialized regions. Specifically, in the Xiangjiang River Basin, the development of the Chang–Zhu–Tan urban agglomeration resulted in the deterioration of river water quality in the past, where ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and total phosphorus (TP) were the dominant pollutants. This study aims to assess the influence of anthropogenic and climatic factors on the dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus in an urbanized river basin in the middle Xiangjiang River Basin, China, from 2016 to 2020. This study examines NH3-N and TP trends and their influencing factors across six tributaries, as well as how their concentrations have changed in response to urbanization and wastewater treatment management. The results reveal that average NH3-N and TP concentrations decreased from 2016 to 2020 in the urbanized river system. NH3-N and TP concentrations exhibited positive correlations with the proportion of cropland and negative correlations with population number, percentages of urban lands, and forests. In contrast, the influence of precipitation and streamflow on NH3-N and TP concentrations was relatively weak. Consequently, agricultural activity was the primary contributing factor to NH3-N and TP concentrations. Our study also suggests that the government’s newly implemented water protection regulations can effectively control pollutant levels in urbanized river basins.
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