Quality Of Contact Research Articles

Intergroup attitudes and contact between Spanish and immigrant-background adolescents using network analysis.

This study aimed to analyze the relationship among different evaluative reactions of the intergroup attitudes and contact in Spanish adolescents evaluating different ethnic minorities and in immigrant-background adolescents evaluating Spanish youth. This study was based on psychosocial models of great impact in the study of intergroup relations such as the Stereotype Content Model and the Behaviors from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes Map, and incorporated a new approach to the study of attitudes: psychological networks. In total, 1122 Spanish adolescents and 683 adolescents with an immigrant background (Moroccan, Romanian or Ecuadorian origin) participated in the study, aged from 12 to 19 years. They answered a questionnaire with measures of stereotype dimensions (morality, immorality, sociability and competence), emotions (positives and negative), behavioral tendencies (facilitation and harm) and contact (quantity and quality). The results show similar structural patterns in the six studied groups, with emotions acting as links between stereotypes and behavioral tendencies. Moreover, positive and negative stereotype dimensions appeared as independent dimensions that were part of different processes: sociability and morality, and competence to a lesser extent, were related to facilitation behaviors through positive emotions, while immorality was related to harm behaviors through negative emotions. This could indicate that, to achieve successful intergroup relations involving cooperation and the development of friendly relationships, it would be appropriate to intervene in parallel in these two pathways. Due to the centrality of positive emotions (and sociability and immorality) and, therefore, their capacity to affect the entire network, focusing interventions on these variables could be an appropriate strategy to achieve overall positive attitudes.

Improved performance of PCBM/MAPbI3 heterojunction photovoltaic cells with the treatment of a saturated BCP/IPA solution

The interfacial contact quality between the hydrophilic MAPbI 3 and hydrophobic PCBM thin films are improved by using the treatment of a saturated bathocuproine/isopropanol (BCP/IPA) solution, which largely increases the power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 12.96% to 18.67%. The atomic force microscopic images, water-droplet contact angle images, viscosity measurement results and near-infrared transmittance spectra show that the increased open-circuit voltage (V OC ) is related to the formation of a denser PCBM thin film and the better contact quality of the PCBM/MAPbI 3 heterojunction. Besides, the power-dependent current density-voltage (J-V) curves show that the lower defect density in the solar cells results in the higher V OC . In other words, the treatment of a saturated BCP/IPA solution can decrease the defect density of the PCBM/MAPbI 3 heterojunction and thereby boosting the photovoltaic performance and extending the device lifespan. • The saturated BCP/IPA solution treatment increases the density of the PCBM thin film. • The saturated BCP/IPA solution treatment strengthens the contact quality at PCBM/MAPbI 3 interface. • The saturated BCP/IPA solution treatment increases the hydrophobicity of PCBM/MAPbI 3 heterojunction. • The saturated BCP/IPA solution treatment improves the PCE of photovoltaic cells from 12.69% to 18.67%.

Too much to know? The cognitive demands of daily knowledge seeking and the buffering role of coworker contact quality.

To get their work done and achieve their daily work-related goals, employees seek knowledge from their coworkers. While the benefits of knowledge seeking have been established in the literature, we have yet to understand the potential downsides of daily knowledge seeking. We adopt a cognitive perspective to carve out the negative effect of daily knowledge seeking, while controlling for its established positive effect via perceived learning. Based on cognitive load theory, we argue that daily knowledge seeking produces intrinsic cognitive load that can hinder daily goal attainment through the experience of knowledge overload and subsequent resource depletion. However, the relational context in which knowledge seekers interact with knowledge sources represents an important contextual boundary condition. Coworker contact quality can mitigate the effect of knowledge seeking on knowledge overload because high coworker contact quality reduces extraneous (i.e., ineffective) and increases germane (i.e., productive) cognitive load that knowledge seekers experience when navigating the social interaction with knowledge sources. Under this condition, cognitive capacity is freed up and knowledge overload is less likely to occur. Based on an experience sampling study in which we collected data across 10 working days from 189 German employees, we found support for our hypotheses. An employee's knowledge seeking had a negative indirect effect on goal attainment via knowledge overload and subsequent resource depletion, however, the downsides of daily knowledge seeking became less pronounced when coworker contact quality increased. We discuss the implications of our findings for research on knowledge seeking and resource exchange behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Proximal contact loss between implant prostheses and adjacent natural teeth: A qualitative systematic review of prevalence, influencing factors and implications

ObjectivesTo evaluate the prevalence of proximal contact loss (PCL) between implant prostheses and natural teeth, and identify the risk factors and implications associated with PCL. Data/sourcesPubMed (MEDLINE), Google Scholar, Cochrane Library Database, Scopus, EMBASE, Open Grey, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science were electronically searched to retrieve clinical studies on PCL around implant prostheses up to September 2021. Study selectionA total of 19 studies were eligible. The short-term studies (less than 2 years) revealed a PCL prevalence of 11–30%, the medium-term studies (2–5 years) indicated a PCL prevalence of 13–65%, and the long-term studies (more than 5 years) showed a PCL prevalence of 29–83.3%. The likely influencing factors were the duration of service and the mesial location of proximal contacts. Other factors, such as occlusion, vitality of adjacent teeth, implant location, patient age and splinting had a less obvious relation to PCL. The reported implications of PCL were food impaction and patient dissatisfaction. Bone loss, peri-implant inflammation, bleeding on probing and pocket depth had a less clear association with PCL. ConclusionsPCL development between implant prostheses and natural teeth is frequent, inevitable and progressive. While the review identified several influencing factors and implications of PCL, future research is needed to outline the influence of prosthesis design on PCL and food impaction. Clinical significancePatients with implant prostheses should be informed about PCL likelihood and the risk of food impaction around implant prostheses. The proximal contact quality and its implications should be monitored during the review visits.

COMMUNICATION OF POLITICIANS WITH THE AUDIENCE: TOOLS AND SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS

The process and mechanisms of communication between the politician and the audience, the role of external and conjunctural factors, their influence on the effectiveness of communication and the expediency of using certain means of interaction are studied. Factors that directly affect the quality of a political actor's contact with voters are considered, as well as those that indirectly affect the relevance of political statements. Formulated principles of evaluating the effectiveness of communication with a certain audience. Actual problems of communication between the politician and the audience in the scientific, social, public and political spheres are revealed. The problem of communication between a politician and an audience is actualized in the scientific, socio-political, public, purely political spheres. The effectiveness and expediency of using certain formats of communication between a politician and an audience against the background of various external conditions is analyzed. Attention is focused on the need for careful analysis not only of the audience as such, but also of external factors that can affect the perception of information by the voter. The study of individual formats and the specifics of their application in communication between a politician and an audience opens up opportunities for more effective and transparent interaction between political actors and civil society. This enables the creation, improvement and effective use of the most appropriate means of public communication. Recommendations are provided for preparing, editing and evaluating the effectiveness of public communication activities in the context of political activity. It is proved that there is a connection between the effectiveness of a certain means of communication and external factors. Methods of assessing the expediency of using various means of public communication are proposed and attention is focused on their specificity. A hypothesis is proposed about the significant influence of external factors on the perception of information by the audience, in particular on the political behavior of voters.

Effects of intergroup contact on explicit and implicit outgroup attitudes: A longitudinal field study with majority and minority group members.

A longitudinal field study tested the long-term effects (three years) of intergroup contact on both explicit and implicit outgroup attitudes. Participants were majority (Italian) and minority (immigrant) high-school students, who were tested at four waves from the beginning of their first year in high-school to the end of the third school year. Results revealed, first, a longitudinal association of quantity (but not quality) of contact with lower intergroup anxiety and more positive explicit attitudes, as well as bidirectional effects over time between explicit attitudes and intergroup anxiety, on the one hand, and quantity and quality of contact, on the other. Second, reduced intergroup anxiety mediated the association between quantity of contact and improved explicit attitudes over time. Third, the product of quantity and quality of contact longitudinally predicted more positive implicit outgroup attitudes over school years. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of findings.

Attenuation of short‐circuit effect along screen‐printed silver gridlines during the contact firing process of crystalline silicon solar cells

AbstractThe “short‐circuit effect” in the fire‐through Ag metallization of crystalline Si (c‐Si) solar cells refers to the poor contact formation caused by an electrical short between the Ag gridline and underlying Si emitter during contact firing. This study employs two different Ag pastes containing PbO‐ and TeO2‐based glass frits to investigate the dependence of the short‐circuit effect on the length and pattern of the Ag finger lines. The results show that regardless of the employed glass frits, the short‐circuit effect is mitigated even near the short spot and gradually attenuated along the finger line away from the spot as the Ag finger line extends radially longer than the critical length (>35 mm). We demonstrate that this attenuation is independent of the finger line width and predominantly attributed to the ohmic drop of the electrode potential along the Si substrate. The results also show that, regardless of the glass frits, the contact quality is strongly correlated with the density of the Ag crystallites that are formed on the Si emitter surface. The 6‐in full‐cell tests indicate that the isolation of the short spots by segmenting the Ag finger lines does not necessarily result in the mitigation of the short‐circuit effect. We suggest that the reduction of Ag+ on the Si emitter surface should be the key process that must be controlled to achieve high‐quality contacts during contact firing, providing further insights into the electrochemical characteristics of contact firing reactions for the future development of Ag pastes.

Mental health, financial, and social outcomes among older adults with probable COVID-19 infection: A longitudinal cohort study.

We investigated the immediate and longer-term impact (over 4-6 months) of probable COVID-19 infection on mental health, wellbeing, financial hardship, and social interactions among older people living in England. Data were analysed from 5146 older adults participating in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing who provided data before the pandemic (2018-19) and at two COVID-19 assessments in 2020 (June-July and November-December). The associations of probable COVID-19 infection (first COVID-19 assessment) with depression, anxiety, poor quality of life (QoL), loneliness, financial hardship, and social contact with family/friends at the first and second COVID-19 assessments were tested using linear/logistic regression and were adjusted for pre-pandemic outcome measures. Participants with probable infection had higher levels of depression and anxiety, poorer QoL, and greater loneliness scores compared with those without probable infection at both the first (ORdepression = 1.62, P-value = 0.005; ORanxiety = 1.59, P-value = 0.049; bpoorQoL = 1.34, P < 0.001; bloneliness = 0.49, P < 0.001) and second (ORdepression = 1.56, P-value = 0.003; ORanxiety = 1.55, P-value = 0.041; bpoorQoL = 1.38, P-value < 0.001; bloneliness = 0.31, P-value = 0.024) COVID-19 assessments. Participants with probable infection also experienced greater financial difficulties than those without infection at the first assessment (OR = 1.50, P-value = 0.011). Probable COVID-19 infection is associated with longer-term deterioration of mental health and wellbeing and short-term increases in financial hardship among older adults. It is important to monitor the mental health of older people affected by COVID-19 and provide additional support to those in need.

Sequential models of intergroup contact and social categorization: An experimental field test of integrated models

Research has proposed different models of how contact situations should be structured to maximize contact effects, focusing in particular on the role of categorization during contact. We conducted two experimental field interventions ( Ns = 247 and 247) to test models that integrate different levels of categorization. Each of the tested models was contrasted against a no-intervention control condition. In both studies, we assessed effects shortly after the intervention (1 week later; i.e., posttest) and then after approximately 6 months (i.e., follow-up). In the first study, results generally supported the model where categorization precedes decategorization, showing effects on major dependent measures highlighted in research on intergroup contact: quantity and quality of contact, cross-group friendships, intergroup anxiety (marginal effect at follow-up), outgroup attitudes (only at follow-up). Evidence for follow-up effects for this model was, however, weaker in Study 2, where the delayed effects of the intervention emerged only indirectly, via changes in contact quality, outgroup attitudes, and approach behavioral intentions at posttest. Comparisons of the other two models (decategorization then categorization; and simultaneous categorization and decategorization) with the control condition (only in Study 1) provided weaker and inconsistent results.

Associations between subcategories of disgust sensitivity and homonegativity: examining intergroup contact as a moderator

ABSTRACT The present study examined the associations between three forms of disgust sensitivity (i.e. moral, pathogen, and sexual) and homonegativity towards gay men and lesbian women, based on the behavioural immune system (BIS) theory. Two forms of homonegativity were assessed: old-fashioned (i.e. moral and religious objections to homosexuality) and modern (i.e. objections to homosexuality that are grounded in beliefs such as sexual minorities demand and receive ‘preferential’ treatment). Frequency and valence of contact with sexual minorities also was measured. An online survey was completed by 263 self-identified heterosexual participants, a majority of whom were White (n = 173) and cisgender women (n = 192). Sexual disgust was the strongest predictor of old-fashioned homonegativity towards lesbian women, and pathogen disgust was the only predictor of old-fashioned homonegativity against gay men. No measures of disgust were statistically significant predictors of modern homonegativity. Both frequency and quality of intergroup contact played a significant role in moderating different effects of sexual disgust on homonegativity. The limitations of this study and directions for future research are outlined.

Exploring relationships between service quality dimensions and customers satisfaction: empirical study in context to Indian logistics service providers

PurposeThis study aims to identify service quality dimensions for logistics service providers (LSPs) and to examine their relationships with customer satisfaction and customer loyalty.Design/methodology/approachService quality dimensions are identified from vast literature review. Customers who take services from LSPs were surveyed to collect data on basis of developed survey instrument. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) is applied to test the proposed research hypotheses.FindingsThe study shows that all the five service quality constructs, i.e. “Operational Quality”, “Resource Quality”, “Information Quality”, “Personnel Contact Quality” and “Customization and Innovation Quality” have direct relationship with customer satisfaction. They also have indirect relationship with customer loyalty, implying the full mediation of customer satisfaction.Practical implicationsThe results of the study suggest that the logistics service quality (LSQ) can be measured multi-dimensionally. It provides clear implications to LSPs for improvement of service quality. The present research work is expected to be useful for both, logistics service providers and the customer organizations, which take services from LSPs. LSPs can develop strategies to improve their service quality on basis of findings from this study.Originality/valueThe present research will help in extending the existing literature on service quality in context to LSPs.

Analysis of the pantograph’s mass distribution affecting the contact quality in high-speed railway

ABSTRACT The pantograph–catenary system is an essential device, transmitting electric energy to high-speed trains. The sliding contact quality between the collector strip and the contact wire must be strictly required, keeping the good current collection quality. In this work, the displacements of two independent tension wires are described by the Fourier sine-series expansions separately. The Lagrange equation of the second kind is used to establish the dynamic equation of the catenary, which is solved by the central difference method. A multi-rigid body dynamics theory based on the relative coordinates is adopted, describing the dynamic behaviour of the pantograph. Three types of mass distribution strategies applied to the main structure of the pantograph are discussed. The mass distribution of the main structure has a large effect on the pantograph–catenary interaction, and the maximum reduction ratio of the standard deviation (STD) of the dynamic contact force reaches −35.62%, which is significant for the pantograph’s structural optimization in high-speed railways.

Inaccuracies in the inverse heat conduction problem solution and their effect on the estimation of heat fluxes during quenching

Solving the Inverse Heat Conduction Problem (IHCP) is a common approach to estimate the surface heat fluxes involved in transient, quenching experiments. The inverse problem presents several challenges, such as accounting for the non-uniqueness of its solution, for the effects of noise, or for other practical issues affecting the experimental input data, such as the thermal contact of the internal temperature sensors. In this paper, possible sources of inaccuracy in the IHCP solution and their effect on the estimated surface heat flux in experiments on quenching by water jet impingement are systematically investigated. A “virtual experiment” approach is followed to analyze the effect of a noise cancelling technique, the ambiguity in initial conditions and the quality of the thermocouple contact on the accuracy of the heat flux estimations. The results show that the invalid assumption of perfect thermal contact between thermocouple and test plate leads to overestimation of surface temperature in the initial stages of quenching. Based on these results, two measures are proposed to avoid misinterpretation of quenching heat flux estimations when solving the IHCP.

Death Anxiety and Willingness to Work in Geriatric Care: The Role of Contact With Older Adults.

The current study sought to examine the moderating role of contact with older adults in the relationship between medical and nursing students' death anxiety and their willingness to work in geriatric care. A total of 385 Chinese freshman and sophomore medical and nursing students were included in this cross-sectional study. Logistic regression results showed that death anxiety was negatively related to students' willingness to work in geriatric care. The negative association between death anxiety and willingness was moderated by contact with general older adults (i.e., students who had frequent contact with general older adults were more willing to work in geriatric care even with a high level of death anxiety). However, contact with grandparents did not have a significant moderation effect. Interventions to reduce the negative impact of death anxiety on students' willingness to work with older adults should consider increasing medical and nursing students' quality and frequency of contact with older adults. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 48(6), 49-56.].

Costs and economies of scale in repeated home-based HIV counselling and testing: Evidence from the ANRS 12249 Treatment as Prevention trial in South Africa

Universal HIV testing is now recommended in generalised HIV epidemic settings. Although home-based HIV counselling and testing (HB-HCT) has been shown to be effective in achieving high levels of HIV status awareness, little is still known about the cost implications of universal and repeated HB-HCT. We estimated the costs of repeated HB-HCT and the scale economies that can be obtained when increasing the population coverage of the intervention. We used primary data from the ANRS 12249 Treatment as Prevention (TasP) trial in rural South Africa (2012–2016), whose testing component included six-monthly repeated HB-HCT. We relied on the dynamic system generalised method of moments (GMM) approach to produce unbiased short- and long-run estimates of economies of scale, using the number of contacts made by HIV counsellors for HB-HCT as the scale variable. We also estimated the mediating effect of the contact quality – measured as the proportion of HIV tests performed among all contacts eligible for an HIV test – on scale economies. The mean cost (standard deviation) of universal and repeated HB-HCT was $24.2 (13.7) per contact, $1694.3 (1527.8) per new HIV diagnosis, and $269.2 (279.0) per appropriate referral to HIV care. The GMM estimations revealed the presence of economies of scale, with a 1% increase in the number of contacts for HB-HCT leading to a 0.27% decrease in the mean cost. Our results also suggested a significant long-run relationship between mean cost and scale, with a 1% increase in the scale leading to a 0.36% decrease in mean cost in the long run. Overall, we showed that significant cost savings can be made from increasing population coverage. Nevertheless, there is a risk that this gain is made at the expense of quality: the higher the quality of HB-HCT activities, the lower the economies of scale.

A graph-theory based directed network feature for thermal anisotropy

The effective thermal conductivity of a granular material varies with the predominant heat transfers direction. The anisotropic effective thermal conductivity is known to be dominated by the microstructure in a dry material. However, no microstructural parameters that are well related to thermal anisotropy have been proposed. After analysing the heat transfer mechanisms at the particle scale, this work constructs new directed weighted thermal networks for both lattice and randomly distributed sphere packings, by considering particles as nodes and local heat transfer paths with thermal resistance as directed edges. With the implementation of graph theory to the directed weighted thermal networks, the shortest preferential heat transfer paths between nodes paired at opposite faces of a sample across the driving temperature gradient direction are identified. Based on the shortest heat transfer paths, a new sample-scale feature named “directed network thermal resistance” is computed for each sample. This new parameter accounts for particle connectivity, interparticle contact orientation and contact quality simultaneously. After computing the effective thermal conductivity of each sample in different directions using a weighted thermal network model, it is found that directed network thermal resistance is inversely proportional to anisotropic effective thermal conductivity.

Perceiving refugees as threats may backfire on one’s health: Relations with intercultural antecedents and psychological distress among Germans

AbstractIn the recent years, research on the conditions, under which members of the host countries such as Germany perceive refugees as threatening and respond with negative attitudes, has increased. However, little attention has been given to the implications that subjective perceptions of threat among the host community may have for their own psychological health. Using integrated threat theory, the current study examined the relationships between perceived threats, person-centered antecedents in intercultural settings, and psychological distress among Germans, who reflected on incoming refugees. Using a survey company, a sample (N = 1000) was recruited, which matched the German census regarding central demographics. Participants completed a cross-sectional online survey with validated self-report measures. Assessments covered four perceived threat types (intergroup anxiety, symbolic and realistic threat, negative stereotypes), person-related antecedents (social identity as German, quantity and quality of prior intercultural contact), and psychological distress. Applying structural equation modeling, we found that high social identification as German was related to greater perceptions of symbolic/realistic threat, stronger negative stereotypes and to more intergroup anxiety. Vice versa, high quality of prior intercultural contact experiences was associated with a decrease of all threat types. The quantity of prior intercultural contact showed almost no relations to perceived threats. In terms of indirect effects, greater quality of contact predicted less distress, and greater identity as German predicted more distress, both via symbolic/realistic threat and intergroup anxiety. Taken together, perceiving refugees as a threatening outgroup may signify a self-harming risk, while high quality of intercultural relations may indirectly enhance health.

High‐Resistance Metal Oxide Window Layers for Optimal Front Contact Interfaces in Sb2Se3 Solar Cells

Herein, an in‐depth experimental investigation into the effect of employing different high resistance metal oxide (HRMO) layers on the quality of the front contact in solar cells with an fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO)/(HRMO)/CdS/Sb2Se3/Au device architecture is presented. The application of ZnO or TiO2 HRMO layers between FTO substrates and CdS improves the overall device performance. Short‐circuit current gains of ≈20%, orders of magnitude higher shunt resistances (≈104 Ω cm2), and greatly improved device stabilities—maintaining over 95% of their initial efficiency over 137 days are observed. A suppression of the unfavorable (120) orientation of the photoactive Sb2Se3 layer is observed in devices with HRMO interlayers. The application of HRMO layers is crucial to prevent both ohmic and non‐ohmic current leaks and maintain device stability over time. Cross‐over in the current‐voltage (JV) curves observed in the case of TiO2 indicates the presence of a high barrier for the diode current in these devices. Wavelength‐dependent JV curves coupled with capacitance measurements and simulations show that this barrier can be attributed to a high density of interfacial acceptor states. In contrast, ZnO deposition is found to reduce interface defects and enhance the quality of the front contact, while boosting performance and increasing device longevity.

Living with Atopic Dermatitis as a Young Adult in Relation to Health-related Quality of Life and Healthcare Contacts: A Population-based Study.

Most studies of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and atopic dermatitis are based on data from dermatology clinics. The aim of this study was to determine whether atopic dermatitis affects HRQoL in adolescence and young adulthood, based on data from the population-based cohort BAMSE (Children, Allergy, Environmental, Stockholm, Epidemiology). A further aim was to determine if the use of topical corticosteroids and healthcare contacts affect HRQoL. Participants with data from birth to young adulthood (n=3,064) were included. Two generic instruments were used to measure HRQoL:General Health at age 12, 16 and 24 years and EQ-5D-3L, including EQ-visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS) at age 24 years. In addition, the disease-specific Dermatology Quality Life Index (DLQI) was used at 24 years. Healthcare consultations for atopic dermatitis were obtained from Stockholm Regional Healthcare Data Warehouse (n = 1,944). Participants with atopic dermatitis had an increased odds ratio (OR) of not feeling completely healthy (adjusted OR 1.50; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.30-1.73). Participants with persistent atopic dermatitis, fulfilling atopic dermatitis criteria in the 12- and/or 16- and 24-year follow-ups reported worse EQ-VAS value 70.0 (95% CI 67.3-72.7) in the 25th percentile, than peers without atopic dermatitis. Over an 8-year period, contact with healthcare was limited (mean number 0.96). In conclusion, atopic dermatitis had a negative impact on HRQoL in young adults from adolescence to adulthood and healthcare consultations were few.

Van der Waals heterostructures based on 2D layered materials: Fabrication, characterization, and application in photodetection

Construction of heterostructures has provided a tremendous degree of freedom to integrate, exert, and extend the features of various semiconductors, thereby opening up distinctive opportunities for the upcoming modern optoelectronics. The abundant physical properties and dangling-bond-free interface have enabled 2D layered materials serving as magical “Lego blocks” for building van der Waals heterostructures, which bring about superior contact quality (atomically sharp and distortionless) and the combination of functional units with various merits. Therefore, these heterostructures have been the focus of intensive research in the past decade. This Tutorial begins with a variety of strategies for fabricating van der Waals heterojunctions, categorized into the transfer-stacking method and in situ growth assembly method. Then, the techniques commonly exploited for characterizing the structure, morphology, band alignment, interlayer coupling, and dynamics of photocarriers of van der Waals heterojunctions are summarized, including Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, conductive atomic force microscopy, Kelvin probe force microscope, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, transfer characteristic analysis, scanning photocurrent microscopy, etc. Following that, the application of various van der Waals heterojunctions for diverse photoelectric detection is comprehensively overviewed. On the whole, this Tutorial has epitomized the fabrication, characterization, and photodetection application of van der Waals heterostructures, which aims to provide instructive guidance for the abecedarians in this emerging field and offer impetus of advancing this rapidly evolving domain.