Quality Of Cementation Research Articles

Application of GAN to Resolution Enhancement of LWD Real-Time Image Logs to Support Decision Making

In the current scenario of project management, where the agility and optimization of operations have been prioritized, the practice of logging while drilling (LWD) has gained space compared to traditional wireline logging. In theory, acquiring quality petrophysical properties during drilling brings greater agility in decision making about completion and optimizes operation costs. However, regarding borehole image logs, due to limitations in transmission capacity, the actual available data in real time contain about 50% (for resistivity images) of the full azimuth information, being insufficient for the identification of critical geological structures capable of impacting the communication between production or injection zones or the quality of cementation, such as fractures, caves, and geomechanical collapse zones. The tool’s memory data with the full information may take a few days after the end of drilling to be delivered by the service company, which in some cases is not enough for fast decision making regarding completion. In this work, we tested models based on generative adversarial neural networks (GANs) to reconstruct the complete memory data based on real-time input. As in conventional GAN schemes, a generator is trained to receive a real-time input and create a “memory-like” image, while a discriminator is trained to tell real and fake images apart. To regularize the convergence of training, we used an architecture known in the literature as CycleGAN, where another generator-discriminator pair is trained simultaneously to do the reverse process, recreating the real-time data. Variations of the training process and data sets were used to generate different CycleGAN models. They were trained using logs of presalt reservoirs in Buzios Field, and performance was assessed on logging intervals not seen by the algorithms during training. The results achieved so far have been very promising, as in certain intervals, resultant models were able to capture the presence of fractures and caves. This methodology represents a way of circumventing telemetry limitations, where missing information is added indirectly to the real-time data as the artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm learns the main characteristics of a field/reservoir. Therefore, previous knowledge from the field can be used to continuously optimize future operations, efficiently incorporating the available database into the workflow of petrophysicists for the recognition of geological and geomechanical structures in time to support decision making in completion operations.

Risk Factors with Porcelain Laminate Veneers Experienced during Cementation: A Review.

The clinical success of porcelain laminate veneers (PLVs) depends on many clinical and technical factors, from planning to execution, among which adhesive cementation is of significant importance. This procedure carries many risk factors if not optimally executed. The objective of this study was to document the clinical parameters affecting successful cementation procedures with a focus on the adhesive strength, integrity, and esthetics of the PLVs. A literature search was conducted through MEDLINE, complemented by a hand search using predefined keywords. Articles published in English between 1995 and 2023 were selected. According to this review, the success and longevity of PLVs rely in great part on the implementation of a precise cementation technique, starting from field isolation, adequate materials selection for adhesion, proper manipulation of the materials, the seating of the veneers, polymerization, and elimination of the excess cement. Several clinical steps performed before cementation, including treatment planning, preparation, impression, and adequate choice of the restorative material, could affect the quality of cementation. Scientific evidence suggests careful implementation of this process to achieve predictable outcomes with PLVs. The short- and long-term clinical success of adhesively luted PLVs is tributary to a deep understanding of the materials used and the implementation of clinical protocols. It is also contingent upon all the previous steps from case selection, treatment planning, and execution until and after the cementation.

Cement slurries with the addition of carbon nanotubes for sealing boreholes with high temperature and reservoir pressure (150°C, 90 MPa)

The article presents the results of the influence of carbon nanotubes on the mechanical parameters of cement stones under high temperature and pressure conditions (150°C, 90 MPa). The tests used multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with an external diameter of 10–20 nm and a length of 10–30 μm. Cement slurries contained 0.1% of CNTs bwoc (by the weight of cement). Laboratory tests of cement slurries were carried out at the Oil and Gas Institute – National Research Institute. The tests were carried out under conditions of increased pressure and temperature at 150°C, 90 MPa. Cement slurries were prepared on the basis of class G drilling cement. Developing recipes were guided by the requirements to be met by cement slurry for the cementing of casing in the conditions of high temperature and reservoir pressures. The densities of tested slurries ranged from 1900 kg/m3 to 2250 kg/m3 (slurries with the addition of hematite). The cement slurries were tested for density, fluidity, rheological parameters, filtration and thickening time. Compressive strength tests and measuring adhesion were carried out after 2, 7, 14 and 28 days. Cement slurry recipes with very good technological parameters were developed and after curing (after 28 days of hydration) had very high values of compressive strength, reaching up to 45 MPa. Cements were characterized by high values of adhesion to pipes reaching up 7 MPa after 28 days. The research showed significant information about possible applications of carbon nanotubes to modify the cement slurry under conditions of high temperature and pressure. The conducted tests confirmed that the addition of even small amounts of CNTs improves the mechanical parameters of the cement stone compared to the base sample without such addition, and also reduces the thickening time of cement slurries and reduces filtration. It is investigated that CNTs addition increases the viscosity and yield point of cement slurry. As a result, slurries with the addition of MWCNTs will more effectively displace the mud from the borehole and significantly affect the quality of cementation.

ANALYSIS OF THE POSSIBILITY OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF THE CARBURIZING DEPTH OF 18KHGT STEEL USING POLE MAGNETIZATION

High-voltage transmission parts of energy-saturated machines are made of cemented steels subjected to chemical-thermal treatment. In low carbon steel, a strong high carbon surface layer is formed with a relatively soft and viscous core of the product. Non-destructive magnetic control of the depth of the hardened layer is based on the difference in the physical properties of the surface layer and the core of the product. The coercive force Hc has received the greatest application for quality control of surface hardening. One of the most common methods for controlling the properties of products made of ferromagnetic materials according to the results of the indirect determination of Hc is the “point pole” method. The modern implementation of the “point pole” method is implemented in the device “Magnetic Sorter MS-1”. The device measures the gradient of the normal component of the remanent magnetization field above the point of contact of the magnet pole with the surface of the product being monitored. The studis showed that there is a close correlation between the carburizing depth of the studied samples of 18KhGT steel and the readings of the MS-1 device. This is a prerequisite for the development of a non-destructive method for controlling the quality of cementation of gears of transmissions of mobile machines.

A rare and uncommon complication after use of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2): A review of use of H2O2in orthopaedics

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a commonly used chemical agent in orthopaedic practice for antisepsis, haemostasis and preparation of bone bed for cementation. However, the associated risks of H2O2usage are not widely known. We report a case of suspected air embolism after use of H2O2during drainage of a septic arthritis of the shoulder.Upon our literature review, we were able to demonstrate H2O2to be beneficial in antisepsis and care of chronic wounds. However, it has not been proven to be superior to other antiseptics commonly used in orthopaedic surgery. Regarding its use in cementation, there is evidence to show it is more effective than saline however, the use of pulsatile lavage appears to be the most important factor affecting the quality of cementation. H2O2has not been shown to be helpful with haemostasis. Prior to the use of H2O2, one should be cautious and understand its associated risks and precautions.

Wpływ wzrostu temperatury materiałów złożonych na jakość cementowania adhezyjnego – przegląd piśmiennictwa

Wpływ wzrostu temperatury materiałów złożonych na jakość cementowania adhezyjnego – przegląd piśmiennictwa

Canal occlusion in cemented primary total hip replacement: autologous compacted bone block compared to a commercially available gelatine plug.

To evaluate the stability of 2 canal occlusion systems; an autologous, compacted bone block and the biodegradable C-plug. We also sought to investigate any relationship between stability of the systems and the quality of cementation. A retrospective radiographic comparative review was conducted. A total of 203 consecutive patients were analysed, 89 received an autologous bone block and 114 had C-plugs. There was no significant differences between the groups in terms of age, sex and primary diagnosis. The mean cement tail length in the bone block group (6.42 mm; range 0-31) was significantly shorter than in the C-plug group (17.11 mm; range 0-65.7). The proportion of patients with good quality of cementation (Barrack grade A) was significantly higher in the bone block group (80.6%) as compared to the C-plug group (56%) (p < 0.001). There was a negative correlation between the length of the cement tail and the Barrack grade, indicating that a short cement tail is associated with better quality cementation. We have shown that improved cement penetration and shorter cement tails can be achieved with the cheapest of all options for canal occlusion, an autologous compacted bone block and hence recommend this technique.

Cementation technique for elbow arthroplasty; an international survey

BackgroundModern cementation techniques have markedly improved survivorship in lower limb arthroplasty, which have been heavily researched in the hip and knee but less so for upper limb procedures. Aseptic loosening is a leading cause of failure in total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) which could be related to the quality of cementation. The aim of this study was to investigate the cementation techniques used for TEA among practicing elbow surgeons. MethodsAn electronic questionnaire was emailed to members of the British elbow and shoulder society (BESS) and PubMed identified experts. Questions focused on the type of prosthesis, operative rates for elective and trauma cases, nature of cement used, canal preparation and cement insertion. Opinions regarding satisfaction with current techniques and mantle quality were also collected. ResultsA total of 26 surgeons completed the questionnaire. The Coonrad-Moorey was the most popular device amongst respondents. Most cemented both components, used antibiotic loaded cement, washed the canal with saline and inserted the cement retrograde. There was wide variation in cementation techniques used for the humerus and ulna, particularly regarding cement preparation, insertion, and use of a restrictor and pressurisation. ConclusionModern cementation techniques are not being utilised in TEA which could be contributing to implant loosening rates and longevity.

Standardization of Acrylic Bone Cement Mixing Protocols for Total Knee Arthroplasty Results in Cost Savings.

Cost reduction is important in total joint replacement surgery. Bone cement is used to fixate implants in most knee replacement procedures. The authors instituted a 4-pronged approach to reduce the cost of cement. Their approach included reducing the cost of the cement powder, changing the type of mixing method, using less antibiotic cement, and decreasing the amount of cement required for smaller implants. The authors evaluated the implementation of this program and measured the overall costs of cementation during knee replacement. A retrospective review of total knee replacement cementation technique and cost was performed before and after the cost-reduction program was implemented. The type of cement and cement mixing equipment used, the amount of cement used, and the cost of cement and cement mixing equipment were examined. The authors also reported the short-term complication rate including 90-day readmission rate and 30-day revision rate. The program resulted in an overall decrease in cement-related costs from approximately $310 to $105 per case. Reductions in the amount of cement used and the use of antibiotic cement were shown. Among the 3 surgeons, adoption of the program varied. Bone cement is an expense of modern total knee replacement. Implementing a cost-reduction program can reduce cement costs without changing quality of cementation. [Orthopedics. 2018; 41(5):e671-e675.].

The synthesis of trimeric comb-type nonionic surfactants and their application in microemulsion flushing fluid

ABSTRACTIn order to effectively remove the oil-based drilling that remains on the wall of a well and improve the quality of well cementation, flushing fluid must be used to clean it. Due to its excellent flushing effect, microemulsion flushing fluid has been a hot area of research in recent years; the application, however, is limited because of its poor resistance to temperature. In this paper, for the purpose of enhancing the temperature resistance of microemulsion flushing fluid, a new type of comb-shaped trimeric nonionic surfactants N,N-bis(2-stearamidoethyl) stearamide was synthesized, and an anionic–nonionic surfactants composite oil-in-water microemulsion flushing fluid (ANC-MEFF in short) to flush the oil-based drilling was formed. Studies have shown that it has a good flushing effect on oil-based drilling between 20 and 160°C, and its flushing efficiency can reach 93% or even higher. Compared with the CW210L organic phosphorus flushing fluid (Number 1 in short), the flushing efficiency increased by about 20 ~ 40%, while the microemulsion flushing fluid formed by OP-10 (Number 2 in short) increased by 30% in high temperature, with the application temperature ranging from 20 ~ 60 to 20 ~ 160°C, respectively. Additionally, it was found that the microemulsion flushing fluid can make the borehole wall and casing wall change from “oil-wet” into “water-wet”, which is conducive to promoting the quality of cementation between the first and second interfaces intuitively.

Avaliação radiográfica da técnica de cimentação com haste femoral cônica polida e tripla cunha em artroplastia do quadril

ObjectiveTo radiographically evaluate the quality of cementation and implantation technique using a polished, triple‐tapered femoral stem in total hip arthroplasty (THA). MethodRetrospective study with radiographic evaluation of 86 hips in 83 patients who underwent to primary THA with the triple‐tapered cemented femoral stem C‐Stem (DePuy Orthopedics, Warsaw, Ind). Cases with at least one‐year of follow‐up were included, and data related to preoperative, immediate postoperative, and late postoperative radiographic evolution were recorded. This study analyzed, among others, the proximal femoral anatomy, the quality of cementation as described by Barrack, and the implant positioning. Cementation was also evaluated and quantified in the Gruen zones with one‐year of follow‐up. ResultsThe mean age was 62.85 years. Proximal femoral anatomical conformation was Dorr type A in 34 (39.53%) cases, type B in 52 (60.46%), and no type C cases were found. Five (5.81%) cases were defined as type A by Barrack's cementation classification system, 46 (56.49%) type B, 27 (31.40%) type C, and eight (9.30%) type D. The greatest cement mantle thickness was observed in zones four (15.53mm) and 11 (15.64mm), and the smallest in zone nine (3.51mm). Positioning in varus was observed in eight (9.3%) cases, valgus in 25 (29%), forward deviation in two (5%), and backward deviation in 55 (63.95%). ConclusionsThe C‐Stem femoral system presented satisfactory results related to cementation pattern, positioning, osteolysis, and stress shielding with regard to literature referring to double‐tapered or triple‐tapered models, demonstrating to be a safe method, with a predictable and reliable cementing pattern.

Radiographic evaluation of cementation technique using polished, conical, triple-tapered femoral stem in hip arthroplasty

ObjectiveTo radiographically evaluate the quality of cementation and implantation technique using a polished, triple-tapered femoral stem in total hip arthroplasty (THA). MethodRetrospective study with radiographic evaluation of 86 hips in 83 patients who underwent to primary THA with the triple-tapered cemented femoral stem C-Stem (DePuy Orthopedics, Warsaw, Indiana). Cases with at least one-year of follow-up were included, and data related to preoperative, immediate postoperative, and late postoperative radiographic evolution were recorded. This study analyzed, among others, the proximal femoral anatomy, the quality of cementation as described by Barrack, and the implant positioning. Cementation was also evaluated and quantified in the Gruen zones with one-year of follow-up. ResultsThe mean age was 62.85 years. Proximal femoral anatomical conformation was Dorr type A in 34 (39.53%) cases, type B in 52 (60.46%), and no type C cases were found. Five (5.81%) cases were defined as type A by Barrack's cementation classification system, 46 (56.49%) type B, 27 (31.40%) type C, and eight (9.30%) type D. The greatest cement mantle thickness was observed in zones four (15.53mm) and 11 (15.64mm), and the smallest in zone nine (3.51mm). Positioning in varus was observed in eight (9.3%) cases, valgus in 25 (29%), forward deviation in two (5%), and backward deviation in 55 (63.95%). ConclusionsThe C-Stem femoral system presented satisfactory results related to cementation pattern, positioning, osteolysis, and stress shielding with regard to literature referring to double-tapered or triple-tapered models, demonstrating to be a safe method, with a predictable and reliable cementing pattern.

Resistance of endodontically treated roots restored with different fibre post systems with or without post space preparation: in vitro analysis and SEM investigation

AimTo compare the mechanical resistance to fracture of two conical post systems placed with no preparation of the root canal with that of double taper fibre posts seated in endodontically treated single roots after standard post space preparation using dedicated drills. MethodologyThirty fibre posts with double (G1, n=10, DT Light Post) and single taper (G2, n=10, SurgiPost Multiconical; G3, n=10, Tech ES Endoshape) were luted with self-adhesive cement in endodontically treated single roots using different post space preparation techniques. The bonded posts were experimentally loaded until failure and the maximum load to fracture was registered. Fracture patterns were qualitatively evaluated and SEM analysis was performed to assess the quality of endodontic treatments and cementation. Data were statistically analysed by means of one-way ANOVA. ResultsThe mean maximum load to fracture was 165.05±23.46N in G1, 151.52±16.23N in G2 and 129.09±15.25N in G3. Statistically significant differences were pointed out between G1 and G3 (p<0.01) and G2 and G3 (p<0.05). No root fractures were evidenced. SEM analyses showed slightly thicker cement layers at the apical and middle thirds of single taper posts (G2 and G3). ConclusionsDT Light Post and SurgiPost Multiconical fibre posts showed similar properties in terms of mechanical resistance to fracture and higher than those of Tech ES Endoshape. Unrestorable root fractures did not occur with any of the tested posts.

BASK Survey

Traditionally, a surgical tourniquet is used during total knee replacement (TKR) surgery to help provide a bloodless field, and some surgeons believe this improves the quality of component cementation.[1] In 2003 over 93% of TKRs reported in the National Joint Registry were performed with a tourniquet.[2] However, now, evidence is emerging that using a tourniquet increases the risk of post-operative venous thromboembolism and is associated with higher levels of post-operative pain.[3] In addition, echogenic material, suggestive of emboli has been observed in the brain following surgical tourniquet deflation in total knee replacement surgery. It is thought that this may occur despite the absence of a patent foramen ovale, likely through pulmonary shunts.[4] The aim of this study was to capture contemporary surgical practice and establish the extent to which BASK members undertake total knee replacement surgery with the aid of a tourniquet. We also aimed to establish those members who would consider changing their practice as part of a research study to evaluate the benefits and risks of tourniquets.

TKR without tourniquet: A laboratory study investigating the quality of the tibial cement mantle when using metaphyseal suction and cement gun

PurposeThe majority of cemented knee replacements worldwide are performed with a tourniquet. The benefits of surgery in TKR without a tourniquet have been well described but questions have been raised about the ability to prepare the bone for cementation, and take up of a tourniquet-less technique has been slow. A laboratory based model was constructed to directly compare the quality of cementing between tourniquet and tourniquet-less knee replacement supplemented by metaphyseal suction and a cement gun. MethodsA Sawbone model to represent the metaphyseal proximal tibia was constructed. The model allowed the inflow of simulated blood and the use of metaphyseal suction. The study compared four different techniques; the use of a tourniquet, no tourniquet, no tourniquet with cancellous suction and no tourniquet with cancellous suction and a cement gun. Each subtype of experiment was repeated 5 times. Quality of cementation was assessed using a calibrated engineering planimeter. ResultsThis model has shown that combining the use of metaphyseal suction and a cement gun but without the use of a tourniquet offers significantly better cement penetration (p<0.0001) than cementing using a tourniquetalone. ConclusionsThis study offers further invitro evidence to the argument that tourniquet-less surgery when supplemented by appropriate techniques can achieve a good cement–bone interface, whilst avoiding the additional risk of using a tourniquet to perform the procedure.

Evaluation of the Cementation Index as a Predictor of Failure in Coonrad-Morrey Total Elbow Arthroplasty

Background. The aim of this study is to objectively evaluate the quality of cementation by a novel method called the cementation index and assess its utility as a predictor of failure. Materials and Methods. Fifty elbows with primary Coonrad-Morrey total elbow replacement were included. The quality of cementing was assessed by novel methods, the vertical and horizontal cementation index, which were statistically evaluated as predictors of failure. The mean period of followup was 8.08±2.95 years (range: from 5.08 to 10.25 years). Results. The mean vertical cementation index of the humerus (vCIH) was 1.22 ± 0.28 and that of the ulna (vCIU) was 1.10±0.18. Radiolucent zones were noted in two cases in the humerus with a horizontal cementation index of 0.21 and 0.14, respectively. Both of the cementation indices were not found to be statistically significant predictors of failure (P&gt;0.05). The five-year survival rate was 94%. Discussion and Conclusion. The cementation index, being a ratio, reduces the confounding effect of taking radiographs in different positions of the limb with different magnification in followup radiographs. It is an easy and objective method of assessment of cementation, the results of which need to be validated by a larger study.

Revision total hip replacement with a cemented long femoral component: minimum 9-year follow-up results

Surgical revision after failed total hip replacement is a technically challenging procedure. The aim of this study was to analyze the long-term results of revision total hip replacement using a cemented long femoral component and identify factors that influence the results. We retrospectively reviewed 34 hips in 33 patients who had undergone revision total hip replacement using a cemented long femoral component between 1994 and 2001. Hip function was evaluated according to the scoring system of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association. Radiographic examination was performed for evaluation of stem loosening, and its possible risk factors were investigated. The mean follow-up duration was 11.3 years (9-15). Perioperative complications included intraoperative femoral cortex perforation (six hips, 18 %), dislocation (five hips, 15 %), deep venous thrombosis (one hip, 3 %) and postoperative periprosthetic fracture (one hip, 3 %). The mean preoperative Japanese Orthopaedic Association hip score was 50.3 ± 14.9 vs 78.2 ± 11.5 at the latest follow-up. The Kaplan-Meier survival rate at 15 years, calculated using radiological failure or re-revision of the femoral component for any reason as the end point, was 87 or 100 %, respectively. The failure-free survival rate for the subgroup with a good-quality cement mantle was significantly higher than that for the subgroup with poor quality (p = 0.033). The quality of cementation was identified as a significant risk factor for further loosening. Revision total hip replacement using a cemented long femoral component yielded satisfactory long-term results in this series.

The Collum Femoris Preserving Stem: Early Results

Femoral neck preserving stems have been developed to take advantage of the biomechanical properties of the femoral neck, and to optimise femoral anchorage and load distribution. The aim of this study was to report the clinical and radiological results in a group of 126 patients (150 hips), operated on for a total hip arthroplasty with the CFP stem. Clinical evaluation considered Harris Hip Score (HHS), thigh pain, Charnley classification, peri- and post-operative complications. Radiographic variables were stem sizing and alignment, femoral and acetabular osteolysis, the quality of cementation and restoration of the offset. The HHS at mean follow-up of 66 months was 83 points. We did not observe femoral or acetabular osteolysis, secondary malalignment or radiographic reactions, but only bone remodelling under the collar. The CFP stem must be used appropriately based on pre-operative planning (correct morphology and torsion of the femur). The surgical technique is straightforward if carried out step by step. We did not see any cases of significant limb length discrepancy.

The Performance of Various Pozzolanic Materials in Improving Quality of Strontium Liquid Waste Cementation

Abstract Cementation is one method to immobilize liquid radioactive waste in order to protect the environment from radionuclide release. Rice husk ash (RHA) and fly ash (FA) of a coal fired power plant have been success used as pozzolanic materials for several years. The aim of this research is to understand the ability of RHA and FA pozzolan on strontium liquid waste cementation process. This research was conducted by mixing strontium liquid waste with sand, Portland cement, various water-cement ratios (w/c) and 10 v/o of RHA and FA. The cement blocks were tested by a pressing machine to determine their compressive strength after cured for 28 days. Strontium leaching rate encapsulated on the blocks was analyzed by Hitachi Zeeman 8000 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer for 21 days. The strontium adsorption process of RHA and FA were also analyzed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The effect of the initial strontium concentration and the flow rate of waste on the adsorption ability of both materials was also studied. This research showed that the addition of pozzolanic material increase the compressive strength of mortar. The compressive strength of mortar with FA is 158%∼253% stronger than RHA one due to the difference of of SiO 2 content and grain size of both materials. The leaching rates of strontium in pozzolan-mortars are lower than IAEA standard which FA-mortar is 140% higher than the RHA one due to the adsorption capacity and the content of Na2O on both materials. So, the addition of pozzolanic material could improve the quality of strontium liquid waste cementation.

钛合金和碳纤维的粘接技术

The selection of the pastern and the influence to intensity of cementation between titanium alloy and carbon fibred are analyzed for different processes of cementation's surface and different thickness of pastern.Through lots of tests,the J133 is applicable when felting the titanium alloy and carbon fibred.Augmenting the roughness of surface and activating the surface can gains better intensity of cementation.The thickness of pastern between 0.15mm—0.2mm is the best to the ability of mechanics and the quality of cementation.