The Cele National Field Science Observation and Research Station of Desert Grassland Ecosystem of Xinjiang of Chinese Academy of Science (Hereinafter referred to as "Cele Station"), is located on the southern margin of the Tarim Basin bordered to the south by the Kunlun Mountains and to the north by the largest desert in China, the Taklimakan Desert. As a result of simple vegetation community and slow accumulation of soil organic matter, litter serves as an important source of nutrients in this area. Based on the long-term observations of desert plant communities at Cele station, we gathered monthly dynamic data of litter recovery in the desert grassland from Southern Tarim Basin from 2010 to 2020. Based on plant organs (branches, leaves, and fruits), the monthly dynamic data of litter recovery at the observation sites and plots were sorted out, and the annual changes of community and soil nutrients were recorded. Data were compiled in strict accordance with CERN bio-observation specifications. The data has undergone review and quality control by the quality control personnel of the station and sub-center. The results would provide basic data for further study of litter dynamics in the desert grassland from Southern Tarim Basin, and theoretical support for better understanding and assessing nutrient cycling in hyper–arid desert ecosystems.