Quality Control Of Herbal Medicines Research Articles

Determination of Polyphenolic Compounds Present in Guduchyadi Kashaya Using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)

The utilization of various contemporary analytical methods has become indispensable when it comes to assessing polyherbal Ayurvedic formulations, aiming to ensure their quality, safety, and effectiveness. Quality control of herbal medicines involve analytical evaluation using instrumental techniques such as TLC, HPTLC, HPLC, GC-MS, LC-MS and spectrophotometer etc. Among them Liquid Chromatography with tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is a powerful hyphenated analytical technique that combines the separating power of liquid chromatography with the mass analysis capabilities of mass spectrometry. Generally, its application is oriented towards the specific detection and potential identification of chemicals in a complex mixture. Polyphenolic compounds are usually referred to as a diverse group of naturally occurring compounds containing multiple phenolic functionalities. The anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, antiproliferative, and antioxidant like biological properties of phenolic compounds have been described in several studies. This research study was taken to analyse polyphenolic compounds in Guduchyadi kashaya by LC-MS/MS. Phenolic compounds are abundant in the ingredients of Guduchyadi kashaya, as evidenced by previous studies. So, to determine the polyphenolic contents of Guduchyadi kashaya, this study was conducted. The quantification of the polyphenols was carried out on Shimadzu Shim Pack GISS C18 column with .1%formic acid as mobile phase. A total of 28 polyphenolic compounds were analysed, and 24 of these compounds were found to be present in Guduchyadi kashaya. The results showed that the phenolic compounds present in the ingredients were also present in the formulation in high abundance.

Existing status and future advancements of adulteration detection techniques in herbal products.

Herbal products have been commonly used all over the world for centuries. Its products have gained remarkable acceptance as therapeutic agents for a variety of disorders. However, following recent research disclosing discrepancies between labeling and actual components of herbal products, there is growing concern about the efficacy, quality and safety of the products. The admixture and adulteration of herbal medicinal products pose a risk of serious health compromise and the well-being of the consumers. To prevent adulteration in raw ingredients and final herbal products, it is necessary to use approaches to assess both genomes as well as metabolomics of the products; this offers quality assurance in terms of product identification and purity. The combinations of molecular and analytical methods are inevitable for thorough verification and quality control of herbal medicine. This review discusses the combination of DNA barcoding, DNA metabarcoding, mass spectroscopy as well as HPLC for the authentication of herbal medicine and determination of the level of adulteration. It also discusses the roles of PCR and real-time PCR techniques in validating and ensuring the quality, purity and identity of the herbal products. In conclusion, each technique has its own pros and cons, but the cumulative of both the chemical and molecular methods is proven to be the best strategy for adulteration detection. Moreover, CRISPR diagnosis tools equipped with multiplexing techniques may be implemented for screening adulteration from herbal drugs, this will play a crucial role in herbal product authentication in the future.

Characterization and comparison of cardiomyocyte protection activities of non-starch polysaccharides from six ginseng root herbal medicines

Ginseng is rich of polysaccharides, however, the evidence supporting polysaccharides to distinguish various ginseng species is rarely reported. Focusing on six root ginseng (e.g., Panax ginseng-PG, P. quinquefolius-PQ, P. notoginseng-PN, red ginseng-RG, P. japonicus-PJ, and P. japonicus var. major-PJM), the contained non-starch polysaccharides (NPs) were structurally characterized and compared by both the chemical and biological evaluation. Holistic fingerprinting at three levels (the NPs and the acid hydrolysates involving oligosaccharides and monosaccharides) utilized various chromatography methods, and the treatment of H9c2 cells with the NPs by OGD and H2O2-induced injury models was used to assess the protective effect. NPs from six Panax herbal medicines occupied about 20 % of the total polysaccharides, which were of the highest content in RG and the lowest in PN. NPs from six ginseng exhibited weak differentiations in the molecular weight distribution, while marker oligosaccharides were found to distinguish PN and RG from the others. Glc and GalA were more abundant in the NPs for PG and RG, respectively. NPs from PQ (100/200 μg/mL) showed significant cardiomyocyte protection effect by regulating the mitochondrial functions. This work further testifies the role of polysaccharides in quality control of herbal medicine, with new markers discovered beneficial to distinguish the ginseng.

Reversed phase‐high‐performance liquid chromatography simultaneous estimation of phenolic compounds in hydroalcoholic extract of Potentilla fulgens root

AbstractThe roots of Potentilla fulgengs have been utilized for a long time as an astringent and tonic for treating gum and tooth diseases, microbial contagions, inflammation, diabetes mellitus, and wounds and are rich in polyphenols and flavonoids. Authentication and constant excellence are the rudimentary limitations of herbal medicines and their complexity is a key challenge for quality control. High‐performance liquid chromatography has become an important technique for the quality control of herbal medicines because of its simplicity and uniformity. It can be applied for the identification, confirmation, and quality control of herbal medicines. So, an approach using reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of phenolic compounds in the hydroalcoholic extract (methanol:water::70:30% v/v) of Potentilla fulgens roots. The results revealed that ellagic acid was found in the highest amount (8.191 ± 0.463 mg/g) followed by rutin (5.429 ± 0.062 mg/g) and caffeic acid (3.032 ± 0.453 mg/g) among the studied phenolic compounds while quercetin was not detected. The validation parameters involved selectivity, linearity, range, limits of detection and quantitation, precision, and accuracy. All calibration curves were linear (R2 > 0.99) within the range, and good precision (relative standard deviation < 2.0%) and recovery (96.129%–117.110%) were found for all standards.

Quality control of herbal medicines in hyperlipidaemia: Metabolomics approach

Hyperlipidaemia is one of the essential public health risk factors that can cause other metabolic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Dieting and healthy lifestyle have been among the primary approaches. However, medication is required to regulate the lipid profile in some instances. Therefore, there has been an increase in interest in using or integrating herbal medicine with modern medicine in treating hyperlipidaemia. Nonetheless, preparing standardised herbal extract or products has been one of the major challenges in the herbal industry. Standardising herbal extract or product (single plant-based or mixture of multiple herbs) is needed to ensure the quality, safety, and efficacy of the herbal maintained from batch to batch before it is released to the market. The present review thus evaluates several herbal plants with anti-hyperlipidaemic activities, quality control using chemical markers, and metabolomics application in herbal plants.

Chemometric Approach for Profiling of Metabolites of Potential Antioxidant Activity in Apiaceae Species Based on LC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS and FT-NIR

Chemometrics is a tool for data mining and unlocking the door for solving big data queries. Apiaceae is a family species which is commonly cultivated worldwide. Although members of this species are widely used as antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory agents, their metabolites profiling remains ambiguous. Based on WHO support, chemometrics has been used in evaluating the quality and authenticity of the herbal products. The objective of this study is to profile and characterize phenolic metabolites in nine species from Egyptian cultivars and three different species of German cultivars from the Apiaceae family using multivariate analysis after LC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS and near infrared spectroscopy data are generated. Principal component analysis was successfully applied to distinguish between the nine Egyptian cultivars and the three German cultivars, and hierarchical cluster analysis also confirmed this distinctive clustering. Partial least square regression (PLS-R) models showed a relationship between phytochemicals and antioxidant activities. The metabolites responsible for the clustering pattern and variables important for projection (VIP) were identified, being twelve amongst nine Egyptian cultivar samples and thirteen amongst the Egyptian cultivar and the German cultivar comparison. The identified VIPs were also correlated with the antioxidant activity using PLS-R. In conclusion, the study showed novelty in the application of hyphenated analytical techniques and chemometrics that assist in quality control of herbal medicine.

WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Chinese Medicine: Use in Context, Creatively

WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Chinese Medicine: Use in Context, Creatively

Analysis of quality differences between Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and Scutellaria rehderiana Diels based on phytochemistry and bioactivity evaluation

Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SG) and Scutellaria rehderiana Diels (SD) belong to the same genus of Scutellaria in the Labiatae (Lamiaceae) family. SG is confirmed as the medicinal source according to the Chinese Pharmacopeia, but SD is often used as a substitute for SG due to its abundant plant resources. However, the current quality standards are far from sufficient to judge the quality differences between SG and SD. In this study, an integrated strategy of “biosynthetic pathway (specificity) - plant metabolomics (difference) - bioactivity evaluation (effectiveness)” was established to evaluate this quality differences. First, an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS) method was developed for the identification of chemical components. The abundant components information was obtained and the characteristic constituents were screened according to the location in the biosynthetic pathway as well as species specificity. Then, plant metabolomics combined with multivariate statistical analysis to find differential components between SG and SD. The chemical markers for quality analysis were determined based on the differential and characteristic components, and the content of each marker was tentatively evaluated through the semi-quantitative analysis of UHPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS. Finally, the anti-inflammatory activity of SG and SD was compared by measuring the inhibitory effect on the release of NO from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Under this analytical strategy, a total of 113 compounds were tentatively identified in both SG and SD, among which baicalein, wogonin, chrysin, oroxylin A 7-O-β-D-glucuronoside, pinocembrin and baicalin were selected as chemical markers due to their species characteristics and differentiation. The contents of oroxylin A 7-O-β-D-glucuronoside and baicalin was higher in SG, and the others were higher in SD. In addition, both SG and SD exhibited prominent anti-inflammatory activity, but SD was less effective. The analysis strategy combining phytochemistry and bioactivity evaluation realized the scientific evaluation of the intrinsic quality differences between SG and SD, which provides a reference for fully utilizing and expanding the medicinal resources, and also provides a reference for the comprehensive quality control of herbal medicines.

Development, transfer and validation of a HPLC-DAD method for analysis of six herbal medicines marketed in D.R. Congo: Fingerprinting and stability study

ContextPhytomedicines, also known as improved traditional medicines (ITMs), are increasingly used in the management of diseases throughout the world. While quality control widely known to be an essential tool that can ensure the efficacy and safety of health products, most ITMs lack appropriate analytical methods for their control. The aim of this study was to develop a reliable analytical method for the quality control of ITMs commonly used in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (D.R. Congo). For this purpose the method needs to be validated and transferred. ObjectivesThe objective of this research was to develop, transfer, and validate an affordable, rapid and easily implementable analytical method by HPLC-DAD for the quality control of herbal medicines marketed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Also, to determine these drugs fingerprint and their stability under accelerated conditions. MethodsChromatographic separation was achieved using two chromatographic columns, an XBridge C18 (250 × 4.6 mm i.d.; 5 μm particle size) and an XBridge C18 (100 × 4.6 mm i.d.; 3.5 μm particle size), column maintained at 30 °C. The mobile phase consisted of a gradient mixture of mobile phases A (acetonitrile) and B (aqueous solution of trifluoroacetic acid 0.05%) pumped at 1.0 mL/min. UV detection was performed at 280 nm. The method using the short column was validated using the total extracts as references. The strategy of total error was used to decide on the reliability of the method taking into account the acceptance limits fixed at ± 10%. ResultsThe validation results show that the developed HPLC-DAD method presented an adequate trueness, linearity, precision and accuracy. Two extra peaks found in the finish products did not interfere with phytomarkers, thus confirming the selectivity of the developed method as appropriate chromatographic profiles. The method was successfully used to determine the content of the phytomarkers in six ITMs. Furthermore, we could notice that the ITMs submitted to the accelerated degradation studies remained chemically stable over six months of harsh treatments. ConclusionA generic method of analysis of herbal medicines was developed using HPLC-DAD, and subsequently validated before being applied in a stability study of these drugs. The proposed method holds the promise of providing a new tool for quality product development in the field of traditional herbal medicines.

Integrating serum pharmacochemistry and network pharmacology to identify chemical markers for quality control of Apocyni Veneti Folium.

Apocyni Veneti Folium (AVF) is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicinal herb for the treatment of hypertension. Chemical markers are crucial for the quality control of herbal medicines; however, the therapeutic components of AVF remain to be well elucidated. This study was intended to integrate serum pharmacochemistry and network pharmacology to identify chemical markers of AVF and establish an efficacy-related quality control method of AVF. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) was applied to identify the absorbed AVF constituents in rat serum. Network pharmacology was further used to identify anti-hypertension-related chemical markers. Subsequently, a quantitative method was established using UPLC with diode array detection (DAD) and applied for quality evaluation of commercial AVF samples. Thirteen prototype constituents were unequivocally or tentatively characterized in serum samples, among which quercetin, kaempferol, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, and neochlorogenic acid were identified as dominant chemicals related to anti-hypertensive efficacy. The quantitative data showed that the total contents of seven marker components even showed 2-fold variation among 14 batches of commercial AVF samples with RSD values ranging from 12.15% to 75.61%. Hierarchical cluster analysis and heatmap analysis showed that 14 batches of commercial AVF samples could be divided into three main groups. The chemical markers obtained from this study could be applicable for efficacy-related quality control of AVF.

Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) in the Screening of Botanicals-Its Versatile Potential and Selected Applications.

The aim of this paper is to present a comprehensive overview of the main aims and scopes in screening of botanicals, a task of which thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is, on an everyday basis, confronted with and engaged in. Stunning omnipresence of this modest analytical technique (both in its standard format (TLC) and the high-performance one (HPTLC), either hyphenated or not) for many analysts might at a first glance appear chaotic and random, with an auxiliary rather than leading role in research, and not capable of issuing meaningful final statements. Based on these reflections, our purpose is not to present a general review paper on TLC in screening of botanicals, but a blueprint rather (illustrated with a selection of practical examples), which highlights a sovereign and important role of TLC in accomplishing the following analytical tasks: (i) solving puzzles related to chemotaxonomy of plants, (ii) screening a wide spectrum of biological properties of plants, (iii) providing quality control of herbal medicines and alimentary and cosmetic products of biological origin, and (iv) tracing psychoactive plants under forensic surveillance.

Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging Illustrates the Quality Characters of Isatidis Radix

For a long history, herbal medicines have made significant contributions to human health all around the world. However, the exploration of an effective approach to illustrate their inner quality remains a challenge. So, it is imperative to develop new methods and technologies to characterize and identify quality markers of herbal medicines. Taking Isatidis Radix, the dried root of Isatis indigotica as an example, desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), in combination with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF/MS), was applied in this work for the first time to reveal the comprehensive spatial distribution of metabolites and, further, to illustrate quality characters of this herbal medicine. After simple pretreatment, 102 metabolites including alkaloids, sulfur-containing compounds, phenylpropanoids, nucleosides, amino acids, organic acids, flavonoids, phenols, terpenes, saccharides, peptides, and sphingolipids were characterized, some of which were successfully localized and visualized in the transverse section of the root. Based on the ion images, samples with different quality characters were distinguished unambiguously by the pattern recognition method of orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA). Simultaneously, 11 major influencing components exerting higher ion intensities in superior samples were identified as the potential quality markers of Isatidis Radix. Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), together with chemometric analysis could not only improve the understanding of the plant biology of herbal medicines but also be beneficial in the identification of quality markers, so as to carry out better quality control of herbal medicines.

Electrochemical-based quantitative fingerprint evaluation strategy combined with multi-markers assay by monolinear method for quality control of herbal medicine

BackgroundImproving the quality control (QC) criterion of herbal medicine (HM) is an ongoing challenge. A rapid and convenient electrochemical analysis technique is now emerging as a promising application for HM QC. So far, extraction and analysis of the overall electroactive components is a key issue need to be solved to improve its application in integral HM QC. PurposeIn this work, using compound liquorice tablets (CLQTs) as an example, we like to put forward a more reliable and accurate quantification method of multi-components for the precise QC of HM. Furthermore, we propose an electrochemical fingerprint-based data mining, extract and synthesis strategy for in-depth and comprehensive QC of HM, qualitatively and quantitatively. Methods and designFirstly, the electrochemical quantitative fingerprint of 54 batches of CLQTs from nine manufacturers were developed using B-Z oscillatory system. Secondly, eight characteristic parameters were recorded and compared among samples using intuitive information and PCA. Then, tund was used to establish the correlation with sample dosage for determination of the relative content of overall electroactive components (Rc). The quantitative determination of five quality markers (Q-markers) were also performed using the novel method, called multi-markers assay by monolinear method (MAML). Finally, after using area integral calculus for electrochemical fingerprint, average linear quantitative fingerprint method (ALQFM) was successfully proposed to extract all latent characteristics for integral quality evaluation of samples. ResultsThe tund and dosage showed a good correlation, by which the obtained Rc displayed different fluctuation among nine manufacturers. Moreover, the contents of five Q-markers obtained by MAML displayed no significant difference with the traditional quantification method. Samples evaluated by ALQFM manifested the integral information and were divided into eight quality grades. The deduced results of correlation between Pl with P5C, Rc and PA were more persuasive for demonstrating the reliability and integrity of ALQFM in quality evaluation of HM electrochemical fingerprint. ConclusionThe study confirmed the idea that quantification of Q-markers combined electrochemical-based quality evaluation strategy could be used as a reliable method for HM QC qualitatively and quantitatively from point (precise) to face (integral).

Analysis of Phenolics in <I>Clematis gouriana</I> Roxb. Ex Dc. Aerial Parts by HPLC and Method Validation

Fast and economical analytical methods are required for quality control of herbal medicines/ extracts. So, a simple and accurate RP-HPLC method with photodiode array detection was developed for the identification and quantification of phytochemicals in Clematis gouriana Roxb. ex DC. aerial parts. After several attempts the best HPLC method was developed on Waters C<sub>18</sub> analytical column with column temperature of 30 °C, using a gradient elution solvent consisting of water (0.1% formic acid): acetonitrile at 1mL/min flow rate; and detection was done at 254 and 330 nm. Four phenolic compounds quantified were p-coumaric acid, hyperoside, methyl caffeate, and caffeic acid. Caffeic acid was detected as the major phytoconstituent that may be considered as a marker compound for C. gouriana. Content of the four phenolic compounds extracted by reflux, ultra-sonication, and microwave-assisted extraction was also compared. The developed HPLC method showed good linearity (r<sup>18</sup> >0.998), high precision (<2%) and good recovery (98.8-102.7%) for the studied four compounds, and validation parameters were also found within permissible limits as per the International Council of Harmonization guideline Q2 (R1). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the quantification of phytochemicals and validation of the HPLC method for Clematis gouriana aerial parts.

Advances in Fingerprint Analysis for Standardization and Quality Control of Herbal Medicines.

Herbal drugs or herbal medicines (HMs) have a long-standing history as natural remedies for preventing and curing diseases. HMs have garnered greater interest during the past decades due to their broad, synergistic actions on the physiological systems and relatively lower incidence of adverse events, compared to synthetic drugs. However, assuring reproducible quality, efficacy, and safety from herbal drugs remains a challenging task. HMs typically consist of many constituents whose presence and quantity may vary among different sources of materials. Fingerprint analysis has emerged as a very useful technique to assess the quality of herbal drug materials and formulations for establishing standardized herbal products. Rather than using a single or two marker(s), fingerprinting techniques take great consideration of the complexity of herbal drugs by evaluating the whole chemical profile and extracting a common pattern to be set as a criterion for assessing the individual material or formulation. In this review, we described and assessed various fingerprinting techniques reported to date, which are applicable to the standardization and quality control of HMs. We also evaluated the application of multivariate data analysis or chemometrics in assisting the analysis of the complex datasets from the determination of HMs. To ensure that these methods yield reliable results, we reviewed the validation status of the methods and provided perspectives on those. Finally, we concluded by highlighting major accomplishments and presenting a gap analysis between the existing techniques and what is needed to continue moving forward.

A multi-dimensional liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry approach combined with computational data processing for the comprehensive characterization of the multicomponents from Cuscuta chinensis

Challenges encountered in plant metabolites characterization by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry can arise from the insufficient chromatography separation, the lack of specific database, and low reliability of identification because of the ubiquitous isomerism. Herein, we present an integral approach, by combining comprehensive off-line two-dimensional liquid chromatography/ion mobility-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (2D-LC/IM-QTOF-MS), automatic peak annotation, molecular networking, and collision cross section (CCS) prediction, aimed to improve the resolution and reliability in MS-oriented metabolites characterization. Using the seeds of Cuscuta chinensis as a case, the configuration of an XBridge Amide column of hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) and a Zorbax SB-Aq column of reversed-phase chromatography (RPC), in an off-line mode, showed the orthogonality of 0.73 and effective peak capacity of 4361. Data-independent high-definition MSE (HDMSE) in the negative mode could enable high-coverage MS2 data acquisition and enhance the ions resolution, while computational peak annotation workflows facilitated by UNIFITM and Global Natural Products Social Molecular Network (GNPS) could efficiently characterize the targeted and untargeted compound analogs. A total of 302 compounds were identified or tentatively characterized, and 109 thereof were unreported. Moreover, CCS prediction (www.allccs.zhulab.cn) provided more possibilities to distinguish 12 pairs of isomers in the lack of reference standards. The 2D-LC/IM-QTOF-MS approach enabled the collection of five dimension of data related to each component (tR by HILIC and RPC, CCS, m/z in MS1 and MS2), and the intelligent metabolites characterization with more reliable MS data. Conclusively, the established integral strategy can be utilized in metabolome analysis to support the quality control of herbal medicines.

HPLC Method Optimization for Simultaneous Determination of Quercetin, Luteolin, Sinensetin, and Stigmasterol in Herbal Medicines

Background: Quercetin, luteolin, sinensetin and stigmasterol each is the main marker compound in extracts of Sonchus arvensis, Plantago major, Orthosiphon stamineus, and Strobilanthes crispus, respectively. These extracts show nephrolithiasis activity. For quality control of herbal medicines, a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed in this study using quercetin, luteolin, sinensetin and stigmasterol as phytochemical markers. Objective: to show optimal conditions of analysis and evaluate the stability of quercetin, luteolin, sinensetin and stigmasterol. Methods: The optimal conditions for analysis were carried out by determining the composition of the mobile phase, the flow rate, and the detector's wavelength. Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 150 x 4.6 mm, 5 μm was used as the column. The stability test was done by analyzing the standard and samples stored at 4oC for 0, 3, 6 and 24 hours. Results: The best separation of the extract was achieved under isocratic conditions using a mixture of water: methanol: phosphoric acid: acetic acid : acetonitrile (50: 30: 0.05: 0.05: 20 v/v/v/ v/v) as mobile phase with detector wavelength of 352 nm, a mobile phase flow rate of 1 mL/min, and a sample injection volume of 10 μL. Conclusion: In this study, the optimal condition for analysis of quercetin, luteolin, sinensetin and stigmasterol. Quercetin, luteolin, sinensetin and stigmasterol were not stable during 6 hours storage, therefore, standard solutions and samples should be made fresh to maintain the stability.

Traditional and Herbal Medicines: Opportunities and Challenges

Pharmacognosy Research,2022,14,2,107-114.DOI:10.5530/pres.14.2.15Published:April 2022Type:Review ArticleAuthors:Sachin Saggar, Prince Ahad Mir, Nishant Kumar, Apporva Chawla, Jasreen Uppal, Shilpa, and Anmoldeep Kaur Author(s) affiliations:Sachin Saggar1, Prince Ahad Mir2,*, Nishant Kumar3, Apporva Chawla4, Jasreen Uppal5, Shilpa6, Anmoldeep Kaur7 1Department of Pharmaceutics, Amritsar Group of Colleges, Punjab, INDIA. 2Department of Pharmacognsoy and Phytochemistry, Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Punjab, INDIA. 3Department of Pharmaceutics, Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Punjab, INDIA. 4Department of Pharmacology, Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Punjab, INDIA. 5Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Punjab, INDIA. 6Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amritsar Group of Colleges, Punjab, INDIA. 7Department of Pharmacology, Amritsar Group of Colleges, Punjab, INDIA. Abstract:Background: Since ancient times natural herbs were extensively used for the treatment and prevention of various ailments and in past few decades, due to an extensive research in traditional system of medicine various herbal medicines have been developed for the prevention and treatment of diseases, which are environmentally, organically safe and inexpensive. Indian sub-continent has a good capability to tackle the task of meeting the worldwide demand for such products due to its rich wealth in case of herbal medicine. Historically, Indian people conventionally played a vital role in the development and management of these biological sources and also preserve their pertinent data that were accumulated via trial and error over centuries. Objectives: Due to tremendous global resurgence in traditional and alternative healthcare systems, the market for herbal medicines has grown at an impressive rate and therefore has great economic importance. However, the primary barriers to the expansion of herbal medicine include biodiversity loss, over-exploitation and improper use of medicinal plants, industrialization, biopiracy, and a lack of regulation and infrastructure. For the expansion of herbal medicine usage in the twenty-first century, conservation, proper research based on traditional knowledge, quality control of herbal medicine, and correct documentation are required. Methods: The desired and encouraging testifying items for systematically evaluated reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) standards were opted. A literature exploration was accomplished utilizing SCIENCE DIRECT, SCOPUS and GOOGLE SCHOLAR to locate articles for the present scenario about traditional and herbal medicines. Conclusion: The availability and type of conventional medicine safety and effectiveness data are far from sufficient to fulfil the requirements required to support its use globally. This review paper examines the restrictions and issues associated with conservation, science and technology, regulatory constraints, potential usage of herbal medicines, the drug production industry, safety and efficacy, and the prospects for traditional remedies on a nationally and internationally scale. Key words: Traditional medicines, Herbal medicines, Healthcare system, Regulatory constraints, Traditional Knowledge, Quality control. View:PDF (205.35 KB)

A Comparative Analysis of Choorna and Bhavitha Choorna of Dried Rhizome of Haridra (Curcuma Longa Linn.) Through High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography

The drugHaridra(Curcuma longaLinn.) has been extensively used as medicine and strongly relates to the socio-cultural life of people. The rhizome of the plant is rich in phytoconstituents which are responsible for the pharmacological actions of the drug. HPTLC serve as a potent tool for identification, authentication and quality control of herbal medicines in order to get the genuine drug. The present study aimed to compare thechoorna(powder) and bhavitha choorna(processed powder) of the methanol extract of the dried rhizome of Haridra(Curcuma longaLinn.) through high-performance thin layer chromatography. HPTLC plates Silica gel 60 F 254, 4.0 x 9.0 cm aluminum sheet was the stationary phase. Mobile phase comprising Toluene: Ethyl acetate: formic acid (6:3:0.1). The development of the plate was done by using CAMAG 20 x 20 cm automatic developing chamber. After derivatization using anisaldehyde sulphuric acid reagent, it was visualized under UV at 254 nm and 366 nm. The number of peaks in the chromatogram of bhavitha choorna(processed powder) was more when compared to choorna (powder) at 254nm indicating a greater number of phytoconstituents in bhavitha choorna(processed powder). The total area of bhavitha choorna (processed powder). is more than choorna(powder)of the drug at 366nm indicates that the concentration of phytoconstituents has been increased by the process of bhavana which substantiate that bhavanaprocess can increase the potency and efficacy of the drug

ELEVATED PLUS-MAZE AND THE HOLE BOARD TEST FOR USE AS A QUALITY CONTROL ASSAY OF HERBAL MEDICINES BASED ON PASSIFLORA INCARNATA LINNAEUS

In the search for the reduction of the side effects caused by allopathy, phytotherapeutic products are already on the veterinary market. This study aimed was to evaluate Elevated Plus-Maze and Hole Board test as an analytical methodology for quality control of anxiolytic medicines based on Passiflora incarnata . The efficacy of three brands commercial differents of Passiflora incarnata extracts was tested in the Elevated Plus-maze (for anxiolytic effect) and the Hole Board test (for locomotor and neophilia activity) in Wistar rats. Treatment with the P. incarnata brands revealed a significant 3-fold increase in the length of stay in the open arms in the LCE. In the ambulation, animals from bands 1 and 3 presented a significant increase, being brand 2 the only one that did not present this relevance. In the neophilia, Passiflora brand 1 presented a significant increase of 3 times and groups 2 and 3 an increase of approximately 2 times. The results showed that different brands of Passiflora have a satisfactory quality standard related to biological activity and showed that the use of Elevated plus-maze/Hole board test can be an effective tool in the quality control of herbal medicines with anxiolytic activity associated with the phytochemical analysis.