Qualitative Phytochemical Analysis Research Articles

Biological potential of eight medicinal plants collected in the restored landscape after mining in South Kalimantan

Land restoration is expected to enhance the supply of valuable ecosystem resources such as herbaceous bushes and weeds. This study aimed to determine the primary phytochemical constituents and bioactivities of methanol extracts from eight bushes and weeds collected from a restored post-mining landscape in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Qualitative phytochemical analysis showed the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids and saponins in the methanol extracts of herbaceous plants. Their antioxidant activity was measured by using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate assay. Their superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was also measured. In addition, selected plant extracts were screened against the common human pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Phytochemical analysis showed that the methanol extracts contained all the bioactive compounds examined in this study except the one from Lycopodium cernuum, which lacked flavonoids and alkaloids. Further investigation revealed that all methanol extracts except the one from L. cernuum had promising antioxidant potential. The methanol extracts from Chromolaena odorata (stem), Trema micrantha, Melastoma malabathricum (flower and leaf) and Thypa angustifolia exhibited effective antibacterial activity. In addition, the methanol extracts from M. malabathricum (flower and leaf), T. micrantha, Scleria sumatrensis and Breynia cernua (leaf) exhibited effective antifungal activity. M. malabathricum (flower and leaf) has the greatest potential as a herbaceous plant since its methanol extract exhibits the most potent antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activities.

Additive Effect of Some Medicinal Plants Extracts Used for the Treatment of Malaria in Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria

Malaria remains a threat and exert economic and social burdens in most communities in Africa. Medicinal plants have played an important role in the treatment of malaria worldwide. Several studies have shown that, the efficacies of most antimalarial agents are compromised by the emergence of drug-resistant Plasmodium species. This research was aimed at evaluating the synergistic effect of some medicinal plants used for the treatment of malaria in Sokoto metropolis, Nigeria. Three (3) plants samples were collected and used for the study. They include Azadirachta indica, Carica papaya and Psidium guajava leaves. They were dried and extracted using 50% methanol. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of three (3) plant extracts was carried out using standard methods. The individual extracts and their combinations were subjected to in vivo antiplasmodial activity. Synergistic effect was determined by checkboard method. Phytochemical screening of Azadirachta indica, Carica papaya and Psidium guajava leaves methanol extracts all revealed the presence of phenols, tannins and glycosides in all the extracts. Extract combination of Carica papaya and Psidium guajava demostrated 100% reduction of parasitemia at both 100 and 200 mg/kg b. wt respectively after 72-hour treatment. Determination of synergistic activity showed that Fractional Activity Index (FAI) of Carica papaya and Psidium guajava is greater than 1.0, hence the effect was considered to be additive. The findings of this study had provided scientific bases supporting the traditional use of the plants for the treatment of malaria.

Quantitative and qualitative phytochemical analysis of ethanol leaf extract of Pleiocarpa mutica

This research project examined Pleiocarpa mutica leaf extract, extracted from ethanol using both quantitative and qualitative phytochemical analysis. Sourced is at Ugbene-Ajima in the Uzo-Uwani Local Government Area of Enugu State, Nigeria, where fresh Pleiocarpa mutica leaves were collected. After been gathered, the newly sprouted P. mutica leaves were cleaned. We then shade-dried the leaves until they were crispy, rotating them frequently to prevent them from rotting. A mechanical grinder was utilized to reduce the dried leaves to a powdered state while a maceration flask was used to macerate 1.5 kg of the known weight of the ground leaves in 10 liters of 100% ethanol. In using a muslin cloth, the mixture was filtered into a flask with a flat bottom after being left for 72 hours with irregular stirring. Quantitative phytochemical analysis procedures identified the specific concentration of a certain chemical constituent present in a plant sample using methods such as mass spectrometry, chromatography, and spectrophotometry. This makes it possible to determine the concentration of a component in the plant material. Qualitative phytochemical analysis techniques focus on identifying the presence or absence of several chemical groups in a plant sample. Discovering the existence of substances such as alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, and flavonoids often requires a range of chemical analyses or the use of specific reagents. Thus, the standard quantitative and qualitative phytochemical analysis technique were used to investigate the chemical composition of plants and identify bioactive compounds that may offer nutritional, medicinal, or pharmacological advantages. Hence, it has been shown that the ethanol leaves extract of P. mutica contains various concentrations of phytochemical constituents, which might be responsible for its biological activities.

Comparative Phytochemistry of Vitellaria paradoxa: Towards Establishing a Chemotaxonomic Marker

Plants have been known to serve as source of food, income and in the maintenance of health, with their phytochemicals responsible for the biological properties of plants. All parts of shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa) are consumed by human and livestock as medicine. The variations in the morphology and chemistry of shea tree and its product have been attributed to the various factors including their geographical sources among others. The phytochemical study of methanol extracts of the stem and leaf of shea tree collected from three locations were determined and compared. Qualitative phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, tannins, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, alkaloids and triterpenes. Alkaloidal contents in the leaf extracts ranged from 8.96 ± 0.05 to 16.96 ± 0.48 while the content in the stem extracts is 5.38 ± 0.04 to 14.93 ± 0.02. The phenol contents were higher in both extracts ranging from 43.05 ± 0.04 to 142.96 ± 0.07 and 85.05 ± 0.04 to 148.51 ± 0.07 in the leaf and stem extracts, respectively. Saponin contents in the leaf range from 3.56 ± 0.01 to 19.46 ± 0.01 in the leaf extracts and 9.93 ± 0.01 to 16.62 ± 0.01 in the stem extracts. Compounds such as myricetin, kaempferol-3-glucuronide, dihydroisorhamnetin, vanillic acid, 5,7-dihydroxy2-(4-hydroxy-3)methoxy)-3-{(3,4,5- trihydroxy-6 (hydroxymethyl)-oxan-2-yl)oxy}-4H-chromen4-one, 1H-indole-3-acetronitrille, 3,5-trihydroxy-10 methylacridone, syringin, gallic acid, anthranilic acid and quassin were identified in the liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopies (LC-MS) of the methanolic stem and leaf extracts of shea tree. The results of the phytochemical investigation indicate variation in the chemical composition of the plant across the study area.

Antioxidant Activity of Bioactive and Mineral Constituents of Jatropha curcas Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) Leaf and Seed Extract

In recent years, there has been a surge in research on natural products, particularly plant-based ones, for pharmaceutical formulations and food supplements. Natural products rich in bioactive components like phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins, and elemental minerals like Fe, Mg, Mn, and Cu, serve as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial agents. This study investigates the antioxidant capacity of Jatropha curcas leaves and seeds and the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis and mineral compositions of the plant’s leaves and seeds. The samples were collected and treated before being extracted through cool maceration in methanol. The antioxidant activities of the methanol extracts were evaluated using the DPPH Assay after their concentration was achieved using a rotary evaporator. Both quantitative and qualitative analysis was conducted to investigate the presence of phytochemicals in both the seed and leaves of J. curcas. The presence of elemental minerals such as Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Mg was investigated using AAS. The phytochemical analysis of J. curcas revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids in both leaves and seeds, while alkaloids and terpenoids were found in the leaves. The mineral composition indicates Mg levels of 1161.65 mg/Kg in leaves and 590.66 mg/kg in seeds, with Cu absent in leaves while Mn highest in leaves. The study found that Jatropha curcas leaves have the highest antioxidant activities (82.6%), competing with the ascorbic acid standard (86.2%), with less activity in seeds (52.7 %), suggesting the high potential of the leaves for pharmaceutical formulations and food supplements.

Determination of nutritional composition, enzyme inhibitory activity and antioxidant activity of pretreated, dehydrated <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Amaranthus viridis</em> L. Leaves

Amaranthus viridis L., belongs to the family Amaranthaceae is a perennial edible plant, and traditionally used for medicinal treatments in South Asia. Despite the significant uses of the plant, availability of scientific data on plant's biological efficiency is lacking in the scientific domain. There is a higher potential and demand for dehydrated value-added products from the local and international market. Hence, the objective of the research was to determine the impact of pretreatments and dehydration on nutritional composition, phytochemical profile, antioxidant activity, and enzyme inhibitory activity of A.viridis leaves. Magnesium oxide 0.1% (w/v), sodium bicarbonate 0.1% (w/v) and potassium metabisulphite 0.5% (w/v) were selected as the best pretreatment based on the experiments. The pretreated leaves were steam blanched (5 min), followed by dehydration at 60 ± 1°C for 12 hours. Protein (21.90 ± 1.01%db), fat (3.70 ± 0.02%db), fiber (5.90 ± 0.05%db), ash (11.30 ± 0.12%db) and carbohydrate (49.24 ± 0.08%db) were determined. Data was statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test at a 95% confidence level (p < 0.05). A qualitative phytochemical analysis was conducted. The total phenolic content, 5.89 ± 0.30 mg in Gallic acid equivalents per 1g was determined in pretreated, dehydrated powder. FRAP, DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferrous ion chelating activity of the methanolic extract were 20.22 ± 0.45 mg Trolox equivalents, 1.68 ± 0.07 mg in Trolox equivalents and 3.83 ± 0.06 mg EDTA equivalents per 1g of pretreated dehydrated leaf powder, respectively. Methanolic extract (500 μg/mL) showed inhibitory activity of 25.30 ± 0.60% on 5-lipoxygenase, 30.80 ± 0.50% on alpha-amylase and 25.60 ± 0.40% on alpha-glucosidase. Inhibitory activity was not detected against lipase, acetylcholine esterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes. In conclusion, pretreated, dehydrated, A. viridis leaves are recommended as a health beneficial food ingredient.

Assessment of Antibacterial Efficacy of Trychaspermum Ammi Plant Against Oral Flora and Formulation of Ajwain Based Mouthwash

The current study was carried out to evaluate the antimicribial efficiency of Trychaspermum ammi (Ajwain) leaf extract against oral flora and formulation of Ajwain based mouthwash. During the current study total 20 oral samples were collected from different dental clinics. The collected samples were further processed for isolation and identification. The predominent organism were found Streptococus mutans. The Extraction of bioactive components in Ajwain extract by performing Qualitative phytochemical analysis and studying antimicrobial activity of Ajwain extract in different organic solvents such as Aqueous, Ethanol, Methanol is checked against Streptococcus mutans. Ethanol extracts shows excellent activity where as moderate activity was shown by methanol and aqueous extract. Similarly during the study Ajwain based mouthwash also prepared. Further studied was done to check the antimicrobial activity of prepared mouthwash and the result found was excellent.

Hypoglycaemic Effects of an Aqueous Leaves Extract of Combretum micranthum in Normoglycaemic Rats

Background: In order to promote the Ivorian pharmacopoeia, we undertook the study of Combretum micranthum (Combretaceae), a plant commonly used in Ivory Coast for the treatment of diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hypoglycemic effects of an aqueous leaves extract of Combretum micranthum (EaqCM) in Wistar rats. Methods and Materials: A phytochemical screening study was performed. The pharmacological test on normoglycaemic rats was carried out in 4 groups of 5 rats per group. Rats in group 1 received 2 ml of distilled water, and rats in the test groups received doses ranging at 100 to 300 mg/kg B.W. of the EAqCM. Tests in pre-treated temporarily hyperglycemic rats were performed in 4 groups of 5 rats per group. The rats in groups 1 and 2 received 2ml of distilled water, the rats in test groups (3 and 4) received the dose of 10-2g/kg B.W. and 100 mg/kg B.W. respectively glibenclamide and EAqCM. Thirty minutes later, all rats except those in group 1 received anhydrous glucose. The protocol for testing post-treated hyperglycaemic rats is the same as that for pretreated rats, except that in this experiment glucose is administered to the animals before the test substances. Blood glucose is measured in the rats at regular intervals of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes after administration of the substances. Results: Qualitative phytochemical analysis of EAqCM revealed the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, catechic, tannins, quinonic compounds, alkaloids, sterols, and polyterpenes. Pharmacological tests on the glycemia of normoglycemic rats showed that EAqCM has hypoglycemic properties at a dose of 100 mg/kgB.W. with a percentage reduction of 30%. In hyperglycemic rats, EAqCM and glibenclamide exhibited anti-hyperglycemic activity with respective percentages reduction of 57.47 % and 58.82 %. Conclusion: Antihyperglycemic effect of EAqCM in post-treated rats would probably be due to the presence of polyphenols and flavonoids in this extract. These results support the use of this plant in traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes.

Fruit of the Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Plant: Nutrients, Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Fresh and Dried Fruits

Since the beginning of time, medicinal plants have been considered nature's undiscovered but precious resources, or nature's pharmacy. Almost 35,000 different species have been used as a safe and effective source of medicine in nearly every human culture on the planet (representing over 75% of the global population). The body uses plant-based materials known as nutrients to aid in tissue development and repair. A natural defense mechanism against disease, phytochemicals are bioactive compounds that are present in fruits, vegetables and aromatic plants. Phytochemicals are a broad class of chemical substances present in natural goods. These include polyphenols, flavonoids, steroidal saponins, organo-sulfur compounds etc. Numerous biological advantages of natural antioxidants include their ability to reduce inflammation, prevent atherosclerosis and fight cancer. Pomegranate have also been investigated in recent years to determine the presence of certain phytoconstituents. Pomegranate has a wide range of pharmacological properties, including anti- inflammatory, wound-healing, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-mutagenic, anti-microbial properties. Hence the objectives of this present study is to analyse the nutrient composition, to identify the phytochemicals, to estimate the antioxidant activity of the fresh and dried pomegranate fruits. Nutrients such as carbohydrate, protein, fibre, iron, vitamin-c, calcium were done by AOAC method. Preliminary qualitative phytochemical analysis was carried out by the standard methodology with extraction through maceration process to identify the secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, quinones and etc in various solvents like aqueous, ethanol, methanol, acetone, petroleumether and chloroform. Antioxidant activity were done by DPPH method. Hence dried fruit have better profile of phytochemicals and antioxidants so it can be used for therapeutic purposes mainly digestive problems and pharmaceutical industries.

Impact of Ethanol Extract of Lasianthera Africana Leaf on Kidney Function Biomarkers of Testosterone Propionate-Induced Prostatitis in Male Wistar Rats

The impact of the ethanol extract of the plant on kidney function markers of Testosterone propionate induced prostatitis were studied and the PSA level of the male wistar rats used was also studied. Thirty male wistar rats were grouped into six groups (group1-6) of five rats each. Normal water and the rat feeds were given to rats in group 1 ad libitum and they were not treated. Prostatitis was induced to the rats in groups 2 to 6 for four days after which treatment commenced for 28 days. The reference drug (Contiflo XL (400μg)) was administered to Group 3, the rats in groups 4 and 5 received 100mg and 200mg of the plant extract respectively while group 6 were administered a combined dose of 100mg of plant extract and contiflo XL. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the plant leaf revealed the presence of polyphenols (+++), alkaloids (+++), saponins (++), tannins (++) and flavonoids (+). The PSA Level that was observed to be increased after induction of prostatitis in group2 was significantly decreased when 200mg of the leaf ethanol extract of the plant was administered to group 4. The other groups (3, 5 and 6) were also decreased when compared to group 2. For all the kidney function biomarkers analyzed, a significant increase was observed in group2 when compared with group 1. After the period of treatment, urea, creatinine and the electrolytes (Na+ , Cl- , K+ and HCO3 - ) were observed to be significantly decreased when 100mg of the extract was administered showing the much potency it has in the disease management except for bicarbonate where 200mg of the extract had more potency. This study has revealed that the plant leaf ethanol extract is suitable for the management of prostatitis and has ameliorative effect on the kidney function biomarkers of male wistar rats induced with prostatitis.

GCMS-based phytochemical profiling and in vitro pharmacological activities of plant Alangium salviifolium (L.f) Wang

BackgroundThere is an urge for traditional herbal remedies as an alternative to modern medicine in treating several diseases. A significant number of modern pharmaceutical drugs are based on or derived from medicinal plants or their extracts. These drugs derived from the plant origin have various antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory activities. Alangium salviifolium belongs to Cornaceae family and is well known for its medicinal properties. The present study was carried out to evaluate the antibacterial, antioxidant effect and possible bioactive components present in the chloroform, acetone, ethanol, methanol and aqueous extract of Alangium salviifolium leaves.MethodologyDried leaves of Alangium salviifolium were subjected to serial solvent extraction using increasing polarity of solvents, i.e., chloroform, acetone, methanol, ethanol, and distilled water. Crude extracts were further tested for qualitative analysis of phytochemicals using standard procedure, while GCMS analysis was performed to identify the probable phytocompounds. Antibacterial activity was performed against bacterial pathogens using agar well method, whereas antioxidant activity was performed using in vitro PM, DPPH and FRAP assays.ResultsPhytochemical analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of key phytochemical classes. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, several high and low molecular weight chemical compound kinds were discovered. These chemical substances are regarded as having significant biological and pharmacological effects. All crude extracts had considerable and comparable in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial properties.ConclusionsAccording to the findings of this study, Alangium salviifolium leaves are a rich source of phytoconstituents that are crucial in stopping the advancement of numerous disorders.

Phytochemicals analysis and aflatoxin B1 detoxification potential of leaves extract of Moringa oleifera and Calotropis procera

The present study aimed to identify the presence of certain classes of phytochemicals in the leaf extract of medicinal herbs viz. Moringa oleifera and Calotropis procera, using qualitative detection tests and explored the potential of aqueous and ethanolic extract to inhibit aflatoxin production by thin layer chromatography at 25 °C and pH (7) of different incubation times i.e. 0-, 1-, 3-, 6- and 24-h. Qualitative phytochemical analysis reported that the aqueous leave extracts of M. oleifera and C. procera contained tannins, phlobatannins, quinones, steroids, sugar, betacyanins, fatty acids, phenols, and volatile oils. Aflatoxin analysis reported that the ethanolic extract of M. oleifera was found more effective than detoxifying 100% of AFB1 after 24 h of incubation. In the case of C. procera, the aqueous extract reduced 96.5% of AFB1 and ethanolic extract reduced 96% of AFB1 after 24-h of incubation. The results revealed that natural plant products have a high potential to reduce AFB1 and could contribute to mitigation plans for AFB1. There is a need for further characterisation using techniques such as GC-MS, LC-MS, or NMR which would provide valuable information on the chemical composition of the extracts.

Preparation of Chitosan Nanoparticle from Crab Shells and Evaluation of ‎Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Chitosan-loaded ‎Haematostaphisbarteri Hook. f. Stembark Extract

Haematostaphis barteri Hook. f. is a tree belonging to the Family Anacardiaceae whose morphological parts have been used for decades for treating various diseases in Northern Nigeria. This study aimed to prepare chitosan nanoparticles from crab shells and evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of chitosan loaded with stembark extract from H. barteri. Phytochemical screening of extract, preparation of chitosan, and evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities were carried out following standard procedures. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of the extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, and cardiac glycosides while steroids, triterpenes and anthracenes were absent. The LD50 of the crude methanol extract in Wistar albino rats was determined to be greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight and after 14 days of single dose oral administration. No signs of toxicity were recorded. Prepared chitosan nanoparticle loaded with extract has a yield of 26.54 %, particle size of 210 ± 1.01 nm, zeta potential of 25.4 ± 1.02 V, drug entrapment efficiency of 68.4 %, cumulative drug release of 88.24 % and swelling index of 58.14 %. The extract produced a dose-dependent analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. The chitosan-loaded extract produced the highest inhibition of writhing and paw oedema diameter in the rats, which was significant (p < 0.05) when compared with the normal controls and standards. In conclusion, the study showed that chitosan-loaded stembark extract from H. barteri possessed more potential analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities than those delivered without chitosan nanoparticles. The study further affirms the potential usefulness use of the stembark extract for the treatment of pain and inflammation.

Quantitative, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity Screening of Various Phytoconstituents in Bombax ceiba Floral Extracts

The present study aims at investigations of quantitative, antibacterial and antioxidant activity of Bombax ceiba floral extracts. Preliminary qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed by following standard protocols. Total phenol and flavonoid content were evaluated by colorimetric method, using Folin- Ciocalteau Reagent and Aluminium Chloride, respectively. Antibacterial activity was evaluated by disc- diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus and Aeromonas spp. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH scavenging assay. All the extracts of B. ceiba displayed presence of majority of phytochemicals. TPC and TFC was maximum in methanol (182.14- 439.23µg of GAE/mg) and ethyl acetate (285.25- 820.24µg of QE/mg) extract respectively. Maximum antibacterial activity was displayed by chloroform and ethyl acetate extract against S. aureus and Aeromonas spp., respectively. Antioxidant activity was maximum in aqueous extract and minimum in petroleum ether extract. The results suggests that B. ceiba is a rich source of phytochemicals. It has significant amount of phenols and flavonoids. It exhibits good antibacterial and antioxidant potential. Further studies can be carried out to find the components responsible for its various pharmacological activities. The extract of such beneficial plant can be a good source for the development of new drugs.

Microscopic investigation and pharmacognostic evaluation of leaves of Anemone rupicola Camb.

There is almost no scientific literature available on the phytochemistry and pharmacognosy of this plant so the basic aim of the study is to analyze pharmacognostic features of dried leaves of Anemone rupicola Camb. Morphology was studied by using the features like margins, shape, length, width, surface and so forth. For anatomical examination leaves were preserved in formalin acetic alcohol (FAA) and cutting the thin section of leaves and petiole with razor blade. Macroscopic characters of powdered drug were evaluated through organoleptic method. Qualitative phytochemical analysis was done by adopting the standard procedures. The antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract of Anemone rupicola Camb. was performed by Agar well diffusion method. The powder microscopic study showed epidermal cells, trichomes, various type of tracheids, pitted vessels, and sclerenchymatous fibers. Transverse cutting of leaves and petiole revealed the presence of different cells such as epidermis, palisade parenchyma, spongy parenchyma cells, aerenchyma, collenchyma, trichomes, and vascular bundles. The investigation of phytochemicals in distilled water, methanol and in ethanol solvent indicated the presence of various secondary compounds such as phenols, saponins, glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, coumarins, and flavonoids. The methanolic extract of Anemone rupicola Camb. has potential as an antimicrobial agent. However, further studies are needed to confirm its efficacy and safety. This study can be used as powerful tool for the identification and authentication of this plant. For the purity and quality control these results will be helpful tool. This will also shed light into new areas where researchers can intervene in developing new drugs for future use. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Morphological Features of the Anemone rupicola Anatomical examination of leaves of Anemeone rupicola Microscopic features of powdered drug of leaves of Anemone rupicola Qualitative Phytochemical analysis of the leaves of Anemone rupicola.

Antioxidant activity and phytochemical analysis of aqua-ethanol extract of Bauhinia racemosa Lam. leaves

The objectives of this study were to evaluate antioxidant activity, qualitative phytochemical analysis and LC-MS/MS analyses of aqua-ethanol extract of Bauhinia racemosa Lam. plant leaves. The extract afforded the rich content of different phytochemicals reported in qualitative phytochemical analysis, LC-MS/MS spectral analysis the leaves and antioxidant activity pharmacological activity. The extract was subjected to assess their antioxidant potential using DPPH in vitro system. Using DPPH (2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay, the aqua-ethanol extract was found to have significant antioxidant activity with an IC50 value 42.17 ± 0.03 mg/mL. A qualitative phytochemical analysis shows that the plant leaves contains carbohydrate, protein, amino acids, glycoside, tannins, saponin, flavonoids and phenolic compounds. It is concluded that the aqua-ethanol extract of Bauhinia racemosa Lam. leaves have been strong antioxidant potential. Further study is needs for isolate and characterizes the active antioxidants, which may serve as a potential source of natural bioactive antioxidants.

Exploration of Various Extracts of Adhatoda vasica for Use in Orthodontics

Fixed appliances used in orthodontics can alter the oral microbiota, leading to an increase in aggressive gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial species. These bacteria are strongly associated with enamel and dentin caries and periodontal disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used for pain control during orthodontic treatment which can affect tooth movement and lengthen treatment time. The study evaluated the use of Adhatoda vasica in various aspects of orthodontics. The study involved the extraction of plant material, qualitative phytochemical analysis, GC-MS analysis, antibacterial activity testing, and in vitro toxicity testing on bone cell lines. The results showed that Adhatoda vasica extracts had antimicrobial activity against various pathogens and demonstrated cytocompatibility with bone cell lines. The hydroalcoholic and pet ether extracts showed the most promising results. The study highlights the impact of fixed appliances on oral microbiota, the potential role of Adhatoda vasica in orthodontics, and the need for further research in this area.

Phytochemical Analysis of Selected Medicinal Pslants from Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh

The objective of the present investigation is to appraise the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis, DPPH and Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity along with a total antioxidant capacity of water extract obtained from six medicinal plants, i.e., Acalypha alnifolia, Caesalpinia bonduc, Carissa spinarum, Commiphora caudata, Moringa concanensis and Terminalia tomentosa. The phytochemical analysis of the six medicinal plants water extracts revealed total phenolic content (TPC) in the range of 27.77 to 3.35 GAE mg/g dwt. The highest TPC is present in A. alnifolia and the lowest is noticed in T. tomentosa. The total flavonoid content is present in between 1.68 to 1.48 QE mg/g dry weight and a higher amount of flavonoid content was observed in A. alnifolia and lowest present in C. bonduc. Antioxidant activity results of the six medicinal plants showed that the highest total antioxidant capacity was observed in Carissa spinarum and lowest in T. tomentosa. DPPH method was used to know the antioxidant capacity of aqueous extract of the six medicinal plants. Among the tested plants A. alnifolia, Carissa spinarum and Moringa concanensis strongly reduced DPPH purple color by expressing ~80% as maximum inhibition. DPPH was strongly inhibited by T. tomentosa (IC50 value 25 μg/ml). Hydroxyl radical was strongly (~96%) inhibited by T. tomentosa and lowest IC50 value was expressed by A. alnifolia (36.4 μg/ml). The study results indicate that all six medicinal plants are rich sources of natural antioxidant components.

Phytochemical screening, HPLC analysis, antimicrobial and antioxidant effect of Euphorbia parviflora L. (Euphorbiaceae Juss.)

Plant extracts are actively being used worldwide due to the presence of biologically active constituents helping in the preservation of food, and to aid against various diseases owing to their antimicrobial and antioxidant potential. The present research work was carried out to investigate the phytochemical constituents, antimicrobial activity, and antioxidant activity of different extracted samples of Euphorbia parviflora. Anti-microbial studies were carried out by Agar well diffusion while the DPPH method was employed for investigating anti-oxidant activity. Three samples from methanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extract were tested against five different bacterial strains comprising two species from Gram-negative bacteria i.e., Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis and three species from Gram-positive bacteria i.e. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia along two fungal strains i.e. Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The results of the qualitative phytochemical analysis showed that methanolic, chloroformic, and ethylacetate extract of Euphorbia parviflora consist of alkaloids, reducing sugars, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, and saponins. The total phenol and flavonoid content of E. parviflora showed that the methanolic extract of E. parviflora had a significantly higher total phenolic content (53.73 ± 0.30 mg of GAE/g) and flavonoid content (44.62 ± 0.38 mg of than other extracts. The content of total phenolic and flavonoids was more in methanolic extract as compared to other extracts of E. prolifera. The HPLC analysis showed that in the chloroform extract of E. parviflora Cinnamic acid (4.32 ± 2.89 mg/g) was dominant, in methanol extract quercetin (3.42 ± 2.89 mg/g) was dominant and in ethyl acetate extract of E. parviflora catechin (4.44 ± 2.89 mg/g) was found dominant. The antimicrobial activity revealed that amongst all the extracts the highest antibacterial activity was shown by methanolic extract against B. subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus as compared to the other extracts. The antioxidant activity revealed that methanolic extract of E. parviflora demonstrated higher antioxidant activity (82.42 ± 0.02) followed by chloroform extract (76.48 ± 0.08) at 150 µg/mL. The aim of this study was primarily to evaluate the potential of this plant as a reliable source of antimicrobials and antioxidants that may be used for the treatment of various infectious diseases in the future. The study provides evidence that this plant can act as a reliable source of antimicrobial and antioxidant agents and might be used against several infectious diseases.

Antibacterial Profiling of Zanthoxylum armatum Extracts: A Comprehensive Computational and Experimental Study

Objectives The current study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial potential of leaf and fruit extracts of Zanthoxylum armatum against two pathogenic bacterial isolates, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Methods Twelve commercially available antibiotics were tested S. aureus and S. epidermidis by antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST). Qualitative analysis of phytochemicals was performed to evaluate the presence of certain secondary metabolites. The activity of Z. armatum extracts against S. aureus and S. epidermidis was measured as a maximum zone of inhibition exhibited by each leaf and fruit extract. An in-silico study was conducted on flavonoids and alkaloids to show their binding affinity with the PBP2a receptor protein of S. aureus and TcaR of S. epidermidis. Results The AST revealed that S. aureus was resistant to Penicillin, Ampicillin, Clindamycin, Vancomycin, Rifampicin, Novobiocin, and Oxacillin, whereas S. epidermidis was resistant to Streptomycin, Oxacillin, Tetracycline, and Novobiocin. Qualitative analysis of phytochemicals resulted in the presence of Saponins, fixed oils, flavonoids, alkaloids, starch, and fatty acids in both leaf and fruit extracts. The maximum zone of inhibition against S. aureus was produced by methanolic leaf extracts of Z. armatum and chloroform fruit extracts. For S. epidermidis, the best activity was exhibited by benzene leaf extracts and methanolic fruit extracts. An in-silico study showed that flavonoids Nitidine and Nevadensin exhibited binding affinity with the PBP2a receptor protein higher than selected antibiotics, ie, Penicillin, Chloramphenicol, and Oxacillin. TcaR of S. epidermidis interacted with Tambuletin, followed by Nitidine and Kaempferol. Conclusion After in vitro testing, in silico analysis advised extracting and purifying the bioactive components from Z. armatum extracts that showed significant interaction with bacterial virulence proteins for use as natural antibiotics against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.