Qualitative Elemental Analysis Research Articles

Study of Students' Difficulties and Conceptual Understanding of the Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Organic Compound Elements

The study examines the learning difficulties and understanding of concepts faced by 28 chemistry students in organic compound element analysis courses using the RADEC learning model. The results showed a moderate increase in understanding. Still, several factors contributed to the low understanding, such as 28% of students reporting difficulty with Kjeldahl material, 24% with Dumas topics, 5% with Lassaigne destruction topics, 9% with Kjeldahl and Dumas topics, and 5% with digestion, distillation, and titration. Additionally, 24% of students did not understand the meaning of the questions, the lecture material's delivery, and the writing of reaction equations. Lack of preparation, such as reading before lectures, also contributed to low understanding.

Analytical Techniques for Elemental Analysis: LIBS, LA-TOF-MS, EDX, PIXE, and XRF: A Review

This contribution presents the applications of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis of several samples such as geological ores, cement, and industrial materials. A combination of LIBS with the laser ablation time‒of‒flight mass spectrometer (LA-TOF-MS) assists in elemental quantification and isotopic abundance analysis. Different elemental components such as aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), potassium (K), lithium (Li), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), rubidium (Rb), silicon (Si), strontium (Sr), and titanium (Ti) in cement varieties, as well as rare earth metals, lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), and neodymium (Nd) in geological ore samples, and cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), and molybdenum (Mo) in industrial standard material samples, have been precisely identified and their relative weight percentages estimated using CF-LIBS and LA-TOF-MS diagnostic techniques. To ensure the reliability of LIBS for the elemental analysis of industrial materials, a comparative study with other compatible techniques, including EDX, PIXE, and XRF, utilizing different excitation sources is presented. The results suggest that LIBS offers unique advantages, enabling rapid elemental analysis in circumstances where other techniques may face certain limitations.

Comparative Physicochemical Evaluation of In-House Manufactured and Commercial samples of Traditional Unani Organo-metallic preparation “Kushta-e-Baiza-e-Murgh”

Kushta is a form of herbal-mineral preparation used in traditional systems of medicine (Unani and Ayurveda) of the Indian subcontinent for the treatment of various diseases it is claimed to be very effective in a very small dose and with quick action because of its fast-absorbing capacity. Kushta-e-Baiza-e-Murgh (KBM)is one of the renowned formulations, used by Hakims to cure various ailments. Since there is a lack of scientific work on these products regarding the point of physicochemical standardization, Kushta-e-Baiza-e-Murgh was prepared in the laboratory, and a study was conducted to evaluate it by comparing physicochemical with testifying on classical parameters of laboratory-made Kushta-e-Baiza-e-MurghKBM (L) with its commercial samples KBM (C-1) and kbm(C-2). The study of modern scientific parameters includes bulk density, tapped density, Hausners’ ratio, Carr’s index, pH values, loss in weight on drying, total ash, acid insoluble ash, water-soluble ash, extractive values in water, and 1N hydrochloric acid while in classical parameters it was tested like Finger test, fineness test, floating test, etc. Besides, the qualitative elemental analysis and quantitative estimations of major mineral elements have also been carried out in the present study.

Evaluation of ED-XRF for the detection of inorganic adulterants in turmeric, paprika and oregano

Herbs and spices are known to be prone to food fraud and accurate analytical tools are needed to detect adulterants. Amongst the potential adulteration, dilution with bulking agents has regularly been reported, especially with inorganic materials such as talc or brick powder. Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF) spectrometry is a well-established non-destructive analytical technique for qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis of a wide variety of samples. ED-XRF was here evaluated for the detection of inorganic adulterants in turmeric, paprika and oregano, which were selected as representative for the herbs & spices food category. Magnesium, silicon, and calcium were identified as elements to detect talc, soapstone, brick/clay powder, and chalk inorganic adulterants. ED-XRF successfully detected adulterated samples when spiked down to 5% (w/w) in the selected herbs and spices. With its ease-of-use and speed, ED-XRF is well adapted for the monitoring of inorganic adulteration of herbs and spices along the supply chain.

Quantitative analysis of heavy metals in soil by X-ray fluorescence: Fusion, intelligentization and Nonstandard-sample calculation

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of heavy metal elements in soil by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) has received widespread attention and research from scholars as an important method for assessing environmental pollution. As a detection sample for multi-component systems, the study of matrix correction has always been the key to XRF data analysis for geological samples. In this study, we reviewed the calculation and analysis methods of XRF data used for geological samples since the Sherman equation was proposed, and divided the development of XRF data processing for soil samples into three stages based on the changes in the matrix correction methods used. By reviewing the processing ideas from past research, this paper summarizes the process of quantitative analysis of geological samples into seven stages and reviews the commonly used methods for each stage. Due to limitations in instrument and standard sample costs, as well as methodological constraints, geological samples currently face three challenges: a shortage of standard samples, insufficient generalization ability of established models, and large measurement errors in low-content element determination. With the further cross-penetration of multiple fields and disciplines and the summary of past research trends, we propose three research trends that may break through these limitations: fusion, intelligentization, and nonstandard-sample calculation. We also discuss the technical solutions related to these three research trends. We extensively discussed the feasibility and advantages of using spectral co-use, knowledge engineering, and adversarial data augmentation techniques to address problems. Our review provides insights into the XRF spectral data processing methods and frameworks for evaluating geological samples, and provides technical solutions to address the current challenges faced by XRF analysis of geological samples.

Evaluating the Feasibility and Reproducibility of a Novel Insertion Method for Modular Acetabular Ceramic Liners.

Modern hip implants have a modular design. In case of wear or other damage it allows surgeons to change the tribological partners, i.e., the acetabular liner and femoral ball. In both revision and primary surgery, the secure joining of the implant components is important for the success of the operation. The two components, namely the ceramic liner and hip cup, are connected via a conical press connection and should be concentrically aligned to avoid chipping. Malseated liners can reduce the life span in situ. The amount of the joining force, which is usually applied via a hammer, depends on the surgeon. In this study, an alternative joining method for acetabular ceramic liners in hip cups was investigated, which intends to make the process more reproducible and thus safer. For this purpose, a handpiece was used to apply a defined force impulse of 4 kN. For the concentric alignment of a ceramic liner in the hip cup, an adapter was developed based on findings via a qualitative finite element (FE) analysis. Insertion and pushout tests of the acetabular cup-liner connection were performed in the laboratory with the new instrument (handpiece with the connected adapter) to evaluate the functionality of the instrument and the reproducibility of the new insertion method. For comparison, liners and acetabular cups were joined using a testing machine according to the standard. The presented results demonstrate the technical proof-of-concept of the new joining method under laboratory conditions. They meet the acceptance criteria of established manufacturers, which proves the equivalency to proven methods for joining modular implant components. To verify the improvement of the new joining method compared to the conventionally used joining method, an application-oriented study with different surgeons and the new joining instrument under clinical conditions is necessary.

Bismuth, by high-sensitivity low energy ion scattering

Low energy ion scattering is an analytical technique with extreme surface sensitivity. It enables qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis of the outermost atomic layer. Straightforward quantification is possible by using well-defined reference samples, as the measured signal is related to known surface atomic concentration. Bi, like Pb, exhibits strong oscillatory behavior of backscattered ion yield when primary ion beam energy is varied. Here, we present the spectra of bismuth obtained by scattering of 4He+ ions in a wide range of energies (0.5–6.0 keV). These should cover a regularly used range of energies for He analysis and serve as standards or reference spectra for analysis of bismuth if the scattering angle is 145° or similar. For this purpose, high-purity foil cleaned by ion sputtering was used. The sensitivity of the instrument in use (high-sensitivity low energy ion scattering spectrometer) is defined by the 3 keV 4He+ spectrum of copper. The related atomic sensitivity and relative sensitivity factors are determined.

Phytochemical studies of Xanthium Strumarium L leaves from Tisgaon (PIN Code 431002) of Taluka and District Aurangabad, India

Xanthium Strumarium L. (Family: Compositae) is a cocklebur or burweed oftentimes located as a weed in roadsides, rice fields, and hedges all through the tropical components of India. The phrase “xanthium” is derived from an ancient Greek word “Xanthos” which means yellow and “Strumarium” capability “cushion like swelling,” regarding the seedpods which flip from inexperienced to yellow as they ripen (later they come to be deep yellow to brown). It is regularly known as Chota gokhru due to the shape of its fruit which looks like the cow's toe. In many components of India, it is acknowledged as adhasisi, as this weed is used for the remedy of the common disease hemicrania. The genus Xanthium consists of 25 species, all American origin. Xanthium Spinosum Linn. and X. Strumarium Linn. are used medicinally in Europe, North America, and Brazil, Xanthium Canadiens Mill. is used in North America and Brazil and X. Strumarium Linn. in China, India, and Malaysia. Xanthium Strumarium L. showed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer activities as well as various medicinal significances hence it created sufficient interest to investigate phytochemical studies of leaves of Xanthium Strumarium L. of Tisgaon (PIN Code 431002) of Taluka and District Aurangabad, India which is hither to unknown from this region. Recently phytochemical studies of leaves of Xanthium Strumarium L of Tisgaon were successfully carried out and the present work deals with the qualitative analysis and identification of elements, trace elements and organic moieties present in Xanthium Strumarium L. During this study it is investigated that the leaves of Xanthium Strumarium L contain sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, fluoride, bicarbonate along with terpenoids, coumarins, steroids, glycosides, flavonoids, thiazides, anthraquinones, naphthoquinones, polyphenols and alkaloids.

Single-Slice XRF Mapping of Light Elements in Frozen-Hydrated Allium schoenoprasum via a Self-Absorption-Corrected Hyperspectral Tomographic Reconstruction Approach.

3D and 2D-cross-sectional X-ray fluorescence analysis of biological material is a powerful tool to image the distribution of elements and to understand and quantify metal homeostasis and the distribution of anthropogenic metals and nanoparticles with minimal preparation artifacts. Using tomograms recorded on cryogenically prepared leaves of Allium schoenoprasum, the cross-sectional distribution of physiologically relevant elements like calcium, potassium, manganese, and zinc could be tomographically reconstructed by peak fitting followed by a conventional maximum-likelihood algorithm with self-absorption correction to reveal the quantitative cross-sectional element distribution. If light elements such as S and P are located deep in the sample compared to the escape depth of their characteristic X-ray fluorescence lines, the quantitative reconstruction becomes inaccurate. As a consequence, noise is amplified to a magnitude where it might be misinterpreted as actual concentration. We show that a tomographic MCA hyperspectral reconstruction in combination with a self-absorption correction allows for fitting of the XRF spectra directly in real space, which significantly improves the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the light elements compared to the conventional method as noise and artifacts in the tomographic reconstruction are reduced. This reconstruction approach can substantially improve the quantitative analysis of trace elements as it allows the fitting of summed voxel spectra in anatomical regions of interest. The presented method can be applied to XRF 2D single-slice tomography data and 3D tomograms and is particularly relevant for, but not limited to, biological material in order to help retrieve self-absorption corrected quantitative reconstructions of the spatial distribution of light elements and ultra-trace-elements.

Analysis of Rare Earth Ores Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Laser Ablation Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Rare earth elements are gaining significant importance in the scientific and technological fields for their exciting physical properties and characteristics. The aim of the present study was to determine rare earth elements (REEs) in geological ores found in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. We present the application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and laser ablation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LA-TOF-MS) for the elemental analysis of geological ore samples containing REEs. The laser-induced plasma plume exhibits a wide array of emission lines, including those of rare earth elements such as Ce, La, and Nd. Furthermore, the spectral range, from 220 nm to 970 nm, encompasses emission lines from C, Fe, Ti, Na, Mg, Si, and Ca. The qualitative analysis of the constituent elements in the samples was performed by comparing the LIBS spectrum of the unknown sample with that of the spectroscopically pure rare earth elements (La2O3, CeO2, and Nd2O3, with 99.9% metals basis) recorded under the same experimental conditions. The quantitative analysis was performed using the calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF-LIBS), LA-TOF-MS, and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques. The results obtained by CF-LIBS were found to be in good agreement with those obtained using the LA-TOF-MS and EDX analytical techniques. LIBS is demonstrated to yield a quick and reliable qualitative and quantitative analysis, of any unknown geological sample, comparable to that of the other analytical techniques.

Evaluation of Contrived Wear Methodology in End Milling of Inconel 718

Abstract Tool wear plays a decisive role in achieving the required surface quality and dimensional accuracy during the machining of Inconel 718-based products. The highly stochastic phenomenon of tool wear, particularly in later stages, results in difficulty in predicting the failure point of the tool. The present research work aims to study this late-stage wear of the tool by generating consistent wear conditions and thereby decoupling the late-stage wear from the wear history. To do so, a multi-axis grinding operation is employed to create artificial tool wear that replicates the topology of natural wear occurring in the process. In order to evaluate the imitating ability of the proposed methodology, microscopic images in different wear states of naturally and contrived worn tools were analyzed. The methodology was validated by comparing the resulting process forces measured during end milling with the natural and contrived worn tool for different path strategies. Finally, a qualitative finite element (FE) analysis was conducted, and specific force coefficients for worn tool segments were determined through simulation.

Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Anxiolytic activity of Alcoholic Extract of Withania somnifera (L) Dunal Roots

The roots of Withania somnifera (L) Dunal (W. somnifera) are used extensively in Ayurveda, the classical Indian system of medicine, and W. somnifera is categorized as a rasayana, which are used to promote physical and mental health, to provide defense against disease and adverse environmental factors and to arrest the aging process. W. somnifera has been used to stabilize mood in patients with behavioural disturbances. The objective of this study was to investigate pharmacognostical, phytochemical features and anxiolytic activity of alcoholic extracts of W. somnifera roots. The various pharmacognostical variables were assessed using generally accepted techniques with certain variations. An established test technique that is documented in the literature was used to determine the qualitative analysis of different phytochemical elements. The anxiolytic efficacy of the alcoholic extract of W. somnifera roots in mice was evaluated using the elevated plus maze test (EPMT), light and dark test (L and DT), and open field test (OFT). Extract dosages of 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg were compared to the recommended dosage of diazepam (1 mg/kg) to determine its efficacy. Alcoholic extract underwent phytochemical examination, which identified the presence of fixed oils, lipids, proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, tannins, and phenolics. The percentage of time spent and the number of entries in the open arm in EPMT were both considerably enhanced by the alcoholic extract of W. somnifera roots (250, 500, 750mg/kg, p.o.). The extract significantly increased time spent, the frequency of crossings, and decreased the length of immobility in the light box in L and DT. The extract in OFT significantly increased the number of rearings, increased ambulation, and decreased self-grooming and faecal dropping all signs of exploratory behaviour. The findings of the current investigation provide scientific support for the traditional use of W. somnifera by indicating that an alcoholic extract of its roots may have anxiolytic properties.
 Keywords: Anxiolytic, Withania somnifera (L) Dunal, Elevated plus maze, Open field test, Light and dark test

Effect of NdCoGa alloy addition to waste wind turbine magnets to enhance the characteristics of recycled sintered NdFeB permanent magnets

Neodymium (NdFeB) permanent magnets play a key role in motors and other devices, and are important to both defense and civilian industrial uses; however, due to the limited rare earth resources, the issue of recycling waste NdFeB magnets to achieve sustainable development has attracted much attention. An innovative and valid method for the recycling of waste NdFeB magnets is demonstrated in this study. Recycled sintered NdFeB permanent magnets were prepared on a large scale up to 100 kg per batch by adding NdCoGa ternary rare earth alloy to waste wind turbine NdFeB magnets, and their magnetic properties, corrosion resistance and high temperature aging characteristics were evaluated. The recycled magnets were manufactured by mixing waste magnets A, B, and NdCoGa alloy according to weight percentage ratio of 90:7:3 respectively. Through BH Curve measurement and FE-EPMA qualitative element analysis, the differences in the magnetic properties and microstructure before and after adding the NdCoGa elements were observed. The results show that the magnetic properties of waste magnet A are Br = 12.60 kG, iHc = 18.92 kOe and (BH)max = 39.19 MGOe; the magnetic properties of waste magnet B are Br = 12.77 kG, iHc = 18.15 kOe and (BH)max = 40.25 MGOe. In contrast, the magnetic properties of the recycled magnets prepared in this study are Br = 12.63 kG, iHc = 18.72 kOe, and (BH)max = 39.95 MGOe, indicating that the proposed process restores the magnetic properties of the recycled magnets to the level of the original waste magnet. Also, a brand new commercial N40H magnet is further used as a control group, where the corrosion resistance and high temperature aging characteristics of bare materials were evaluated by Pressure Cooker Test (PCT), and oven/flux meter respectively. The results show that the average corrosion weights per unit area are 0.89 mg/cm2 and 1.23 mg/cm2, as well as the demagnetization rate of the high temperature aging is less than 0.4%. Compared with the new magnet, the recycled magnet has the same level of high temperature aging resistance, and 28% higher corrosion resistance. As a result, adding only 3% NdCoGa alloy to the waste magnet is beneficial to restore the magnetic properties and high temperature aging resistance, up to the level of new magnets, and also greatly enhances its corrosion resistance and reduces the cost of magnet remanufacturing. This result indicates that the recycled NdFeB permanent magnets developed in this research are more suitable for offshore wind turbine generators and electric vehicle motors operating at high temperatures and high humidity for a long period of time.

Research progress on the analysis of active ingredients and elements in Fritillaria ussuriensis Bulbus

Fritillaria ussuriensis Bulbus, a genuine medicinal material of Northeast China, is the dry bulb of Fritillaria ussuriensis Maxim. It contains various active ingredients, such as alkaloids, alkaloids glycosides, adenosines, polysaccharides, trace elements and so forth. It has antitussive, eliminating phlegm, antiasthmatic, antiulcer, antiplatelet aggregation, and anti-inflammatory. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of alkaloids, polysaccharides, nucleosides, and trace elements in Fritillaria ussuriensis Bulbus were reviewed, which is helpful for its cultivation and accurate application, and would provide a new choice for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Stability and accuracy improvement of element analysis in steel alloys using polarization-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

The existence of the background signal is one of the factors leading to the uncertainty of spectral intensity, which dramatically affects the stability, repeatability, and quantitative accuracy of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) measurements. In this work, the polarization-resolved LIBS (PR-LIBS) and partial least squares (PLS) regression models were proposed to improve the stability and accuracy of qualitative and quantitative analysis of steel alloy elements. The obtained spectra were pre-processed to select an appropriate number of variables, and the relationship between the spectral intensity and the certified concentration information of steel alloy samples was modeled using PLS. Compared to LIBS measurements, the relative standard deviation (RSD) and root-mean-square error (RMSE) of PR-LIBS decreased, while the signal-to-background ratio (SBR) and coefficient of determination (R2) increased. Finally, the quantitative results of LIBS and PR-LIBS of Si, Mn, Cr, and Ni in steel alloy samples using PLS were displayed and discussed. For the PR-LIBS dataset, the R2 has increased by at least 3.4%, and the root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) have improved by at least 6.3% and 19.0%, respectively. These findings coupled with the simplicity of the experimental process indicate that PR-LIBS is a simple and low-cost solution that can increase the stability and accuracy of LIBS measurements.

Wavelength Calibration for the LIBS Spectra of the Zhurong Mars Rover

China’s first Mars rover, Zhurong, landed on the southern region of Utopia Planitia, Mars, on 14 May 2021 (UTC). Zhurong is equipped with the Mars Surface Composition Detection Package (MarSCoDe), which analyzes the Martian surface’s material composition. Composed of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), short-wave infrared spectroscopy (SWIR), and a microimaging camera, MarsCoDe can work at a distance of 1.6–7 m to analyze element abundance and the mineralogy of targets on the Martian surface. Analysis shows that the wavelengths of MarSCoDe onboard LIBS spectra acquired within the same probe period will have different degrees of drift, leading to deviation in qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis. This paper finds that the spectrum drift follows a quadratic function relationship with the CCD temperature of the MarSCoDe spectrometer, based on which a wavelength calibration method is established. According to the function, the drift of a certain channel is calculated by the corresponding CCD temperature, and then the wavelength of the spectrum is calibrated by the drift. The accuracy of this calibration method for the position of peak wavelength in the LIBS spectrum can reach about 1/5 of the apparatus spectral width, and the cross-validation analysis using a norite standard sample shows that it is comparable to the wavelength calibration accuracy of the ChemCam onboard data product.

Symbolism of Compass Roses on Early Modern Nautical Charts of the Adriatic Sea

This qualitative analysis of symbolic elements in nautical cartography aims to provide an interdisciplinary insight into some aspects of early modern cartographic representations of the Adriatic Sea. The nautical charts were supplemented with compass roses, a graphic structure that facilitates orientation and correlates with rhumb lines. The research objective focusses primarily on the variety of signs for the cardinal directions north and east, additionally considering some rare but innovative and avant-garde pragmatic uses of compass roses to indicate magnetic declination. On the majority of the selected nautical charts, most of which were created in Mediterranean and Western European cultural centres, decorative elements such as the fleur-de-lis and the cross were used in compass roses to determine the cardinal points. The compass roses of these nautical charts often served as symbolic evidence of the social and economic belonging of the Adriatic to the European part of the Mediterranean geographical system, as well as to the Christian sphere of tradition and influence. The study has thus proved the existence of significant symbolic communication capacity of a compass rose, which was not only a utilitarian but also an artistic element.

Secondary Metabolites and Mineral Elements of Manotes expansa and Aframomum alboviolaceum Leaves Collected in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Background and Aims: Manotes expansa Sol. ex Planch. and Aframomum alboviolaceum (Ridl.) Schum. are two plants belonging respectively to the family Connaraceae R.Br. and Zingiberaceae Martino widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of eye diseases, fever, headaches, gastritis as well as asthma. The aim of the present study is the valorization of these two plants collected in the Democratic Republic of Congo by a quantitative and qualitative analysis of secondary metabolites and mineral elements in their leaves.
 Materials and Methods: The determination of secondary metabolites in the leaves of Manotes expansa and Aframomum alboviolaceum was carried out by UV-Visible spectrophotometry and X-ray fluorescence spectrophotometry for the identification and quantitative analysis of mineral elements.
 Results: The results showed that the leaves of these two plants are rich in phenolic compounds, i.e. 442.2 mgEqAG/g for the leaves of A. alboviolaceum, 370.64 mgEqAG/g for the red leaves and 282.64 mgEqAG/g green leaves of M. expansa. Although being part of the same plant, the red and green leaves of M. expansa presented a totally different phytochemical profile. The contents of condensed tannins, anthocyanins and flavonoids are respectively 0.3%, 0.68% and 3.29% for the leaves of A. alboviolaceum; 0.58%, 0.36% and 6.89% for the red leaves, and 0.65%, 0.26% and 7.55% for the green leaves of M. expansa. The mineral content in the leaves of both plants remains dominated by the high concentration of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Manganese (Mn) and Iron (Fe).
 Conclusion: The high content of phenolic compounds and essential trace elements makes the leaves of M. expansa and A. alboviolaceum potential candidates to alleviate several health problems in Africa in general and particularly in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Extraction, isolation and identification of bioactive compound from extract of Euphorbia thymifolia Linn

Natural products are stored in plants, animals, and microorganisms, which are referred to as "natural sources generating compounds." Strong therapeutic substances are developed with the help of medicinal plants. As a source of several beneficial secondary metabolites that work as a plant's defensive system against predators including microorganisms, insects, and herbivores and have been shown to be potentially active chemicals, plant-based medicines provide a significant addition to current treatments. Common names for Euphorbia Thymifolia Linn (E. Thymifolia) include "duddi" and "Laghu didhika" and "Raktavindaka," respectively, in Sanskrit. It is a member of the Euphorbiceae family. This plant is used as a diuretic, laxative, and thermogenic. It is bitter, acrid, and sweet. This plant is commonly used in ayurveda to treat a variety of illnesses, including leprosy, helminthiasis, and ringworm skin infections. The current study's objective is to analyze the entire E. thymifolia Linn plant in order to isolate and identify bioactive components and determine its phytochemical profile. An established test technique that is documented in the literature was used to determine the qualitative analysis of different phytochemical elements. From a methanolic extract of E. thymifolia, a bioactive component was isolated and characterized.

Qualitative Phytochemical screening and elemental analysis of Thai basil leaves using SEM-EDS, XRD

Thai basil leaf (Ocimum bailicum var. thyrsiflorum) contains various compounds such as flavonoid, alkaloid, phenol and essential oil, so it needs to be fractionated to find out the chemical substances that have a definite physiological action on the living system. The qualitative analysis is very essential to identify the phytochemical constituents present in medicinal plants. In present study deals with the preliminary phytochemical screening of petroleum ether extract of Thai basil leaves followed by qualitative analysis. Morphological structure and elemental composition was done by using SEM-EDS. X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique used to determine the crystallographic structure of a Thai basil leaves. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of several bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, steroids, tannins and saponin. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image indicate the morphology of Thai basil leaves. EDS characterization indicates that they have good purity with fewer amounts of impurities. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) data indicates the Carbon content was 39.70 % and Oxygen content was 49.03 %. XRD indicates the amorphous structure of Thai basil leaves. Keywords: Phytochemical screening, SEM, EDS, XRD, Thai basil leaves.