Quadratic Orthogonal Rotation Combination Design Research Articles

Design and Experiment of an Electric Control Spiral-Pushing Feed Mechanism for Field Fertilizer Applicator

Due to the unique structural characteristics of the traditional spiral fertilizer applicator, the instantaneous filling coefficient cannot be determined, which is not conducive to achieving precise control of the fertilizer discharge rate. Therefore, a spiral-pushing fertilizer applicator has been designed. By using a structure of variable diameter and variable spiral pitch to squeeze fertilizer gradually, precise control of the fertilizer discharge is achieved. The study analyzes the effects of screw pitch, screw diameter, and rotational speed on the filling coefficient; it uses spiral pitch elongation percentage, spiral diameter elongation percentage, and rotational speed as experimental factors, and filling coefficient and particle axial velocity coefficient as experimental indicators. Through quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design experiments, the fertilizer discharge performance of the spiral-pushing fertilizer applicator was optimized. The experimental results indicate that for the filling coefficient, x1x2 has an extremely significant impact, while for the axial velocity coefficient of particles, x1 and x3 have an extremely significant impact. When the rotational speed x3 is 30 r/min, the optimized spiral pitch elongation percentage x1 is 189.82–200%, the spiral diameter elongation percentage x2 is 102.75–106.76, the filling coefficient is greater than 95%, and the particle axial velocity coefficient is less than 10%, achieving the best fertilizer discharge performance. An electrically controlled fertilizer discharge system was also designed, and bench tests were conducted on it. The results show that the average deviation between the fertilizer discharge performance of the spiral-pushing fertilizer applicator driven by the electrically controlled fertilizer discharge system and the preset value is 2.14%. This proves that, when the fertilizer demand changes, the fertilizer discharge flow can be adjusted through the electrically controlled fertilizer discharge system to achieve precise fertilization. This study provides a reference for the design of spiral fertilizer applicators.

Optimization and Experiment on Key Parameters of Harvester for Auricularia auricula

The Auricularia auricula harvester has low harvesting productivity, low qualification rate, and high breakage rate, and the lack of research on key operating parameters has become a bottleneck restricting the large-scale development industry. In view of the difficulty of industrialization and promotion of Auricularia auricula harvesting equipment, this paper combines the research on the physical properties of Auricularia auricula, adopts a quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design test and response surface analysis method to carry out the optimization and test of the key parameters of the harvesting equipment of Auricularia auricula, including the speed of the tray fungus stick (A), the frequency of the harvesting knife (B), and the distance of the harvesting knife (C). Design-Expert software was used to analyse the data and investigate the influence of each parameter and its interaction on the harvesting productivity, qualified rate, and breakage rate. The test results show that the factors affecting the harvesting productivity are in order: (A) > (B) > (C); the factors affecting the harvest qualification rate are in order: (C) > (B) > (A); and the factors affecting the harvesting damage rate are in order: (C) > (B) > (A). The multi-objective optimization results show that the optimal parameter combination of the key parameters of the Auricularia auricula harvesting equipment operation is that the tray speed is 308.17 r/min, the harvesting knife frequency is 10.78 Hz, the spacing between the harvesting knives is 84.67 mm, the productivity is 363 bags/h, the pass rate is 94.26%, and the breakage rate is 2.40%. The field production application under this optimized parameter combination shows that the productivity of the Auricularia auricula mechanized harvester is 346 bars/h, the qualified rate is 91.43%, and the breakage rate is 3.19%. This study can provide a reference for improving the quality of Auricularia auricula harvesting equipment.

Sustainable Soilless Cultivation Mode: Cultivation Study on Droplet Settlement of Plant Roots under Ultrasonic Aeroponic Cultivation

In order to solve the effects of environmental factors on the droplet settlement of a nutrient solution on plant roots when planting plants with ultrasonic aeroponic cultivation, this study aimed to obtain a suitable wind speed range and atomization time through a nutrient solution atomization experiment, to obtain the best control scheme through a multi-environmental parameter combination cultivation experiment. Taking an ultrasonic aeroponic cultivation device as the research object, and lettuce as the test material, experiments were carried out on two factors affecting the wind speed of an axial fan and the atomization time of the nutrient amount of ultrasonic aeroponic cultivation plants; the suitable wind speed range was 1.0–2.5 m/s. The temperatures of the lettuce root zones in the upper, middle, and lower layers of the ultrasonic aeroponic cultivation device at different time periods were obtained by atomizing the nutrient solution. When the optimum temperature for the root growth of lettuce was 15–20 °C and the wind speed was 1.0–2.5 m/s, the continuous atomization time of the nutrient solution was 66–184 min. Using a quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design method, three main factors, namely wind speed, ambient temperature, and atomization time, were selected to test droplet settlement in the lettuce roots. The droplet settlement in the lettuce root system was measured. The droplet settlement regression equation in the lettuce root system was established. The reliability of the regression model was tested according to the significance condition, and a simplified quadratic orthogonal regression equation was obtained. The main effect analysis, single factor analysis, and interaction effect analysis were used to analyze the model, and the model was further verified. The verification results showed that the relative error between the predicted value and the actual value of the average root droplet sedimentation was 5.8%. The optimum wind speed was 2.5 m/s, the ambient temperature was 16 °C, and the atomization time was 184 min when the ultrasonic aeroponic cultivation device designed in this study was used to cultivate lettuce. It could provide a theoretical reference and an experimental basis for the control of the related growth environment parameters of plants cultivated using ultrasonic aeroponic cultivation.

横轴流联合收获机脱分选装置创新设计与性能试验

Aiming at the problems of high grain entrainment loss rate and impurity rate of traditional horizontal axial-flow combine harvesters, a horizontal axial-flow threshing-separating device with coaxial differential threshing drum, conical cleaning fan, double-layer vibrating screen and spiral plate-tooth re-thresher is designed. Meanwhile, a test-bed with a feeding rate of 2 kg/s is designed to improve the device performance. The test through quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design method is used to inspect the effects of the differential drumspeed combination, conical fan blade taper, and length ratio of the high and low speed sections of the differential drum on the loss rate, crushing rate , impurity rate and threshing power consumption. The regression mathematical models of the loss rate, crushing rate, impurity content and threshing power consumption are established, and the multi-objective optimization calculation of the regression mathematical model is carried out by using MATLAB optimization toolbox. The results show that the order of the three factors affecting the loss rate and impurity content of the horizontal axial-flow threshing-separating device is the differential drumspeed combination, the conical fan bladetaper, and the length ratio of high and low speed sections of the differential drum. The field test results show that the performance index of the horizontal axial-flow separation device is better than the requirements of the national standard.

Optimizing irrigation and fertilization frequency for greenhouse cucumber grown at different air temperatures using a comprehensive evaluation model

The strategy for irrigation and application of fertilizer is essential for the intensive production of greenhouse cucumber. In order to determine the optimal irrigation amount (IA) and fertilization frequency (FF) to promote the integrated growth of cucumber under global climate change in the future, we explored the comprehensive effects of air temperature (AT), IA, and FF on the growth, yield, fruit quality, water and fertilizer use efficiency of cucumber. A five-level quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design with three experimental factors (AT, IA, and FF) was applied for 23 coupling treatments over three growing seasons during spring (2020S) and fall (2020F and 2021F). The technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution of combining weights based on game theory was applied to construct cucumber comprehensive growth evaluation model. Single and two experimental factors analysis showed that single factor and the coupling of AT−IA, AT−FF and IA−FF both had significant effects on the integrated growth of cucumber for three seasons. For the AT−IA−FF combination in 2020 S, levels of − 0.09 for AT (26.5/16.5, day/night, °C), − 0.21 for IA {97 % crop evapotranspiration (ETc)}, and − 0.13 for FF (time/6 days) were the optimal parameters for comprehensive cucumber growth. The corresponding combinations for 2020F and 2021F were determined as 0.15 and − 0.21 for AT (27.8/17.8 and 25.9/15.9, day/night, °C), − 0.09 and 0.05 for IA (99 % and 101 % ETc), and − 0.08 and − 0.07 for FF (both time/6 days). Furthermore, when the AT ranges were 18/8 − 21.7/11.7, 21.7/11.7 − 27/17, 27/17 − 32.4/22.4, and 32.4/22.4 − 36/26 (day/night, °C), the corresponding to IA and FF intervals that maximized cucumber integrated growth were: 87 %− 91 % ETc and time/6 − 7 days, 94 %99 % ETc and time/5 − 6 days, 99 %− 104 % ETc and time/4 − 5 days, 107 %− 114 % ETc and time/3 − 4 days, respectively. These results suggest for the future global climate change, comprehensively understanding the growth of cucumber could save resources and potentially enhance cucumber production.

Stability characteristics and experiment of hydraulic drive four-wheel chassis

PurposeThis study aims to improve the maneuverability and stability of four-wheel chassis in a small paddy field; a front axle swing steering four-wheel chassis with optimal steering is designed.Design/methodology/approachWhen turning, the front inner wheel stops and the rear inner wheel is in the following state. The hydraulic drive system of the walking wheel adopts a driving mode in which two front-wheel motors are connected in series and two rear wheel motors in parallel. The chassis uses a combination of a gasoline engine with a water cooling system, a CVT continuously variable transmission and a hydraulic drive system to increase the control capability. The front axle rotary chassis adopts a step-less variable speed engine and a hydraulic control system to solve the hydraulic stability of the chassis in uphill and downhill conditions so as to effectively control the over-speed of the wheel-side drive motors. Through the quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design test, the mathematical models of uphill and downhill front-wheel pressures and test factors are established.FindingsThe results show that the chassis stability is optimal when the back pressure is 0.5 MPa, and the rotating slope is 4°. The uphill and downhill pressures of the front wheels are 2.38 MPa and 1.5 MPa, respectively.Originality/valueThe influence of external changes on the pressure of hydraulic motors is studied through experiments, which lays the foundation for further research.

Optimal irrigation and fertilizer amounts based on multi-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of yield, growth and fruit quality on cherry tomato

The accurate and efficient management of irrigation and fertilizer is essential for the effective intensive production of greenhouse cherry tomato. In this study, we evaluated the effects of irrigation and fertilizer combinations on yield, growth, and nutritional and taste quality of cherry tomato. More specifically, we applied a quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design with four experimental factors at five levels (-1.68, -1, 0, 1, 1.68) for a total of 23 treatments over two consecutive growing seasons in 2018. A multi-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (MFCE) was constructed, including four factors and 14 subfactors, as well as a water and fertilizer multi-factor regulation model for the integrated growth of cherry tomato. Single experimental factor effects included irrigation in the spring season (2018S), with the other experimental factors following a downward opening parabola with integrated cherry tomato growth for both seasons. The integrated growth increased with irrigation, and exhibited a rise and subsequent fall with phosphate (P2O5) and potash (K2O) in 2018S, as well as with irrigation and nitrogen (N) levels in the fall season (2018 F). The experimental factor interaction values of 1.68 for irrigation (1978.0 m3/ha), 0.94 for N (482.2 kg/ha), -0.69 for P2O5 (104.4 kg/ha) and -0.65 for K2O (181.3 kg/ha) were observed to be optimal for the integrated growth of cherry tomato in 2018S. The corresponding combination for 2018 F was determined as 0.70 for irrigation (1082.9 m3/ha), 0.51 for N (287.9 kg/ha), 0 for P2O5 (126.5 kg/ha) and -0.41 for K2O (159.7 kg/ha). Furthermore, the irrigation, N, P2O5, and K2O intervals that maximized cherry tomato growth over the two seasons were as follows: i) 1780.2–1978.0 m3/ha, 434.0–482.2 kg/ha, 94.0–104.4 kg/ha, and 163.2–181.3 kg/ha for 2018S; and 974.6–1082.9 m3/ha, 259.1–287.9 kg/ha, 113.9–126.5 kg/ha and 143.7–159.7 kg/ha for 2018 F, respectively. Comprehensively understanding the growth of cherry tomato can potentially enhance cherry tomato production in the arid regions of northwestern China.

Experimental Research on the Bending Characteristics of Glycyrrhiza glabra Stems

HighlightsA quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design was used to test the influences of four factors.The significant influence of each factor was obtained using the analysis of variance method.Interactions of the factors were analyzed using the response surface method.Abstract. To provide a theoretical basis for the design of harvesting and processing machinery for Glycyrrhiza glabra stems and for energy conservation during processing, the bending characteristics of G. glabra stems were studied. The comprehensive influences of four factors (loading position diameter, loading speed, span, and moisture content) on the bending characteristics of G. glabra stems were tested using a quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design. The results indicated that the single factors loading position diameter and span had a significant influence on the bending characteristics of G. glabra stems. In addition, as the loading position diameter increased, the maximum bending force and bending energy of G. glabra stems tended to increase, while the bending stress tended to decrease. As the span increased, the maximum bending force and bending energy of G. glabra stems tended to decrease, while the bending stress tended to increase. As the moisture content increased, the maximum bending force and bending stress of G. glabra stems tended to decrease, while the influence on bending energy was not significant. The loading speed had no influence on the bending characteristics of G. glabra stems. The interaction between loading position diameter and span had a significant influence on the maximum bending force and bending energy, and the interactions between loading position diameter and moisture content and between loading speed and span had a significant influence on the maximum bending stress. This study on the bending characteristics of G. glabra stems can provide a theoretical basis for the design of harvesting and processing equipment and for the pretreatment of G. glabra stems. Keywords: Bending characteristics, Licorice, Loading position, Loading speed, Moisture content, Span.

Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilization to achieve expected yield and improve yield components of mung bean.

Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) is an important edible bean in the human diet worldwide. However, its growth, development, and yield may be restricted or limited by insufficient or unbalanced nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilization. Despite this, there are few long-term studies of the effects of varying levels of N, P, and K combined fertilizers and the optimal fertilization for improving mung bean yield and quality. This study was conducted to optimize the fertilization strategies for high yield and to improve yield components (pods per plant, seeds per pod, and 100-seed weight) in the Bailv9 mung bean cultivar, 23 treatments were tested in 2013–2015, using a three-factor (N, P, and K fertilizers), five-level quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design. Our studies showed that, the N, P, and K fertilizers significantly influenced the pods per plant and yield, which increased and then decreased with the increasing N, P, and K fertilizers. The 100-seed weight was significantly affected by the N and P fertilization, and it was increased consistently with the increasing N fertilizer, and decreased significantly with the increasing P fertilizer. Whereas, the seeds per pod significantly decreased with the increasing N and K fertilizers, and the P fertilizer had no significant effect on it. The NP interaction had a significant effect on yield and pods per plant at high N levels, while the NK interaction had a significant but opposite effect on yield at low N levels. The optimal fertilization conditions to obtain yield >2,141.69 kg ha-1 were 34.38–42.62 kg ha-1 N, 17.55–21.70 kg ha-1 P2O5, and 53.23–67.29 kg ha-1 K2O. Moreover, the optimal N, P, and K fertilization interval to achieve pods per plant > 23.41 and the optimal N fertilization to achieve a 100-seed weight > 6.58 g intersected with the interval for yield, but the seeds per pod did not. The fertilizer ratio for the maximum yield was N:P2O5:K2O = 1:0.5:1.59. Following three years experimentation, the optimal fertilization measures were validated in 2016–2017, the results indicated that yield increased by 19.6% than that obtained using conventional fertilization. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis and technical guidance for high-yield mung bean cultivation using the optimal fertilization measures.

Optimization of the preparation process of biodegradable masterbatches and characterization of their rheological and application properties

Using glycerin as a plasticizer, polylactic acid (PLA) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) were blended and granulated using a twin-screw extruder to obtain a biodegradable white color masterbatch. The rheological properties of the masterbatch were characterized by a torque rheometer and a melt flow rate (MFR) tester. The dyeing force of the sample was characterized by measuring its whiteness index, lightness index, and yellowness index using a color meter, while the opacifying ability of the sample was characterized by measuring its light transmittance with a haze meter. Temperature sensors were set up in each zone of the extruder screws to measure their temperatures in real time. By using quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design, and in conjunction with a response surface methodology (RSM), the effects of processing conditions, such as screw shear speed, processing temperature, and glycerin content, on the opacifying ability of white PLA masterbatch were studied. In addition, Design-Expert software was used to simulate the relationship between various processing conditions and the opacifying ability of white PLA masterbatch. The experimental results showed that, when the glycerin content was 1%, the whiteness index of the masterbatch was highest and its color was brightest. When the glycerin content was 3.22%, the light transmittance of the masterbatch was lowest and its opacifying ability was strongest. This paper was the first to use response surface methodology to study optimization of the preparation process for biodegradable masterbatches.

Evaluation of optimal straw incorporation characteristics based on quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design

AbstractFor straw incorporation, three crucial factors affect the soil microbial community and various enzyme activities: straw length, amount and burial depth. To analyse the individual and interactive effects of these three factors on the soil microbial community and various enzyme activities, 23 treatments with five levels of the three variables (straw length, amount and burial depth) were applied in a quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design. A comprehensive indicator was constructed that could represent soil microbial functional diversity and enzyme activity by determining the weights of measured indicators and using Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The results indicated that the soil microbiological indicators have a higher criteria weight than soil enzyme activity indicators. The final weight orders of indicators were as follows: Shannon–Weaver > invertase > Shannon evenness > urease > catalase > McIntosh index > Simpson diversity > phosphatase. The soil comprehensive values constructed by the TOPSIS method are reliable. The optimal combination for the improvement of soil microbial functional diversity and enzyme activity was a straw length of 13–24 cm, burial depth of 10–17 cm and straw amount of 370–650 g/m2.

Optimal fertilization for high yield and good quality of waxy sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)

Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) are three crucial factors that affect the yield and quality of waxy sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), which is used in liquor production. To optimize the fertilization measures for high yield and high amylopectin/total starch ratio in the Hongliangfeng 1 waxy sorghum cultivar, 23 treatments with five levels of three variables (N, P, and K fertilizers) were arranged in a quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design. Results showed that N fertilizer had significant effects on both the yield and amylopectin/total starch ratio, whereas P fertilizer significantly affected only the yield. K fertilizer and the interactions of the three studied factors showed no significant effects on the yield or amylopectin/total starch ratio. The effects of the three studied factors on yield and the amylopectin/total starch ratio were ranked as N fertilizer>P fertilizer>K fertilizer and N fertilizer>K fertilizer>P fertilizer, respectively. Both yield and amylopectin/total starch ratio increased and then decreased with increasing application of N, P, and K fertilizer. The optimal fertilization combination for a yield greater than 5800kgha−1 and an amylopectin/total starch ratio greater than 91% was 262.29–324.30kgha−1 N, 114.07–139.26kgha−1 P2O5, and 230.22–369.28kgha−1 K2O.

Experimental Study on Quadruped Wheel Robot for Wheat Precision Seeding

The wheat precision seeding technology provided an advanced agricultural protection for the high yield of wheat. But the lack of an effective agricultural machine made this technology difficult to apply widely. In this paper a quadruped wheel robot to achieve the wheat precision seeding technology was designed. And experimental study was taken under different operating conditions. Because of multiple effort factors, a quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design method was applied in the experiments, and identifying the main factors by analysis. Then the field test was carried out according to the main factors. The experiment results showed that the qualified rates of seeding exceed 93% in different sowing speed. That reached the agronomic requirements of wheat precision seeding.

The optimization of spray drying process of Lactobacillus reuteri

Abstract This study optimized spray drying process of Lactobacillus reuteri ( L. reuteri ) and increased the survival rate of bacteria using the optimized method. Experiments were designed with quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design. Effects of independent variables on response value were analyzed by response surface methodology. The results showed that the spray drying process was optimized as follows: outlet temperature was 90 °C, inlet temperature was 140 °C, skim milk concentration was 20% (w/v), feeding speed was 1200 mL/h. The effect of optimized process was verified by showing that the mean survival rate was 72.50%, which was basically consistent with the predicted value (74.91%). This study showed that quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design and response surface methodology were useful tools for optimizing the spray drying process for L. reuteri DYF5. In addition, L. reuteri preparations produced by optimized spray drying process yielded higher numbers of viable bacteria. Thus, our finding provided a technical reference for industrial production.

Optimization of the contour ridge system for controlling nitrogen and phosphorus losses under seepage condition

AbstractContour ridging can enhance the occurrence of deep seepage because more rainwater concentrates in the low areas along furrows when soil is saturated. Greater seepage could significantly increase nonpoint source pollution. To optimize the contour ridge system to effectively control nutrient losses under seepage condition, 23 treatments with three variables (row grade, field slope and ridge height) in five levels were arranged in a quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design. Results showed that field slope and interactions between the three factors did not significantly influence NO3‐N and PO4‐P losses. The dominant factor that controlled NO3‐N loss was ridge height, followed by row grade. The smallest NO3‐N loss was obtained at a ridge height of 8.72 cm and a row grade of 7.05°. The dominant factor that controlled PO4‐P loss was ridge height. The optimal ridge height for efficiently controlling PO4‐P loss was 9.79 cm. For simultaneously maximally controlling NO3‐N and PO4‐P losses, a ridge height of 9.26 cm, a row grade of 7.05° and a field slope of 5° were optimum. This study provides guidance for implementing the contour ridge system.

Study and Experiment on a Wheat Precision Seeding Robot

The wheat precision seeding technology provided an advanced agricultural support for the high yield of wheat. But the lack of effective agricultural machine made this technique difficult to apply widely. In this paper a wheel mobile robot to achieve the wheat precision seeding technology was designed. The kinematic model of the robot was built and simulated. And experimental study was taken under different operating conditions. Because of multiple effort factors, a quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design method was applied in the experiments, identifying the main factors by analysis. Then the field test was carried out according to the main factors. The experiment results showed that the qualified rates of seeding exceed 93% in different sowing speed. That reached the agronomic requirements of wheat precision seeding.

Effect of optimized fertilization on spicas biomass and yield of Prunella vulgaris

To study the effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P2O5), potassium (K2O) and organic compound fertilizer (OF) on spicas biomass and yield of Prunella vulgaris in order to provide a theoretical basis for good agriculture practice (GAP). Field plot experiments with a 4-variable quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design were adopted, and a function model of spicas yield in P. vulgaris was established. The model analysis showed that spicas yields of P. vulgaris were significantly influenced under the N, P2O5 and K2O applications, among there factors, N had the greatest effects on spicas yield of P. vulgaris, the next was P2O5 and K2O, OF had the smallest effects on spicas yield. At the lower fertility levels, the spicas yields of P. vulgaris were improved along with the increasing of N, P2O5, K2O and OF applications, but the spicas yields decreased when N, P2O5, K2O and OF were applied too much. In this experiment condition, the spicas yields of P. vulgaris could reach to 722 kg x hm(-2) when the fertilizer rates were N 303. 9-335.1 kg x hm(-2), P2O5 432.5-500.6 kg x hm(-2), K2O 206.6-240.2 kg x hm(-2), OF 2 312.5-2 687.5 kg x hm(-2).