Quadrant Sampling Research Articles

Riparian tree diversity and water quality of Teunbaun spring Kupang regency

Springs are water resources for human. One of the components that maintain the springs is the riparian tree. The study aims to identify the diversity of riparian tree species and water quality in Teunbaun (Sonaf) spring, Kupang district. Measurement of tree samples used the Quadrant Sampling Technique, while water quality measurements included physical, chemical, and microbiological (MPN) parameters. Collected tree and water quality data were analyzed to determine endemism status, species richness index (Dmg), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’), and gap analysis (conformity of water quality profile with water quality standards). The results showed that 16 species of riparian trees from 12 families were found. The species that are often found are from the Arecaceae family. The value of Dmg and H’ were classified as moderate. The results of the physical and chemical quality tests of water revealed that almost all parameters achieved the quality standards, except for COD, cadmium and nickel. Futhermore, the MPN value found did not achieve the quality standar..

Keragaman Makro Alga Berdasarkan Karakter Morfologis Di Pantai Ria Kecamatan Woja Kabupaten Dompu

sea. This study aims to find out the types of macroalgae found in Ria Beach, Woja District, Dompu Regency, to find out the Macro Diversity of algae in Ria Beach, Woja District, Dompu Regency. This study used an exploratory survey method, sampling using the Transect Line method with the Quadrant Sampling technique. Analysis of data types and utilization of research results using qualitative analysis techniques, while the level of diversity using quantitative analysis techniques, namely the index of diversity. The results of the study in the Ria Beach area, Woja District, Dompu Regency found 4 types of macroalgae, namely, Boergesenia forbesii, Ulva lactuta, Padina australis, Sargassum polycystum. The diversity of macroalgae species in the Ria Beach area, Woja District, Dompu Regency is moderate.

Analisis Vegetasi Gewang (Corypha gebanga) di Kecamatan Boking Kabupaten Timor Tengah Selatan, Nusa Tenggara Timur

This research explores the presence of the gebang population (Corypha gebanga) on Timor Island, specifically in the Boking District, Central Timor Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. Covering an area of approximately 24,382.04 Ha, the study projects that around 5-10% of this area serves as the habitat for gebang, playing a crucial role in the local community's life as a source of carbohydrates, vegetables, building materials, ropes, and woven crafts. The objective of this research is to assess the vegetation of gebang (Corypha gebanga) using the quadrant sampling method to analyze the identified vegetation composition and parameters such as density, relative density, frequency, relative frequency, dominance, and relative dominance. The research findings reveal that in the tree stratum, there is a density value of 0.02/0.01 ha, with a relative density of 100%, a frequency of 0.88 plots/9 plots, a relative frequency of 100%, dominance of 52.03 m2/900 m2, and a relative dominance of 100%. Similarly, in the Sapling Vegetation (Belta) stratum, the density value is 0.18/0.0025 ha, with a relative density of 100%, a frequency of 0.77 plots/9 plots, a relative frequency of 100%, dominance of 169.91 m2/225 m2, and a relative dominance of 100%. The understory vegetation stratum demonstrates diversity with 15 types of vegetation, where the highest density value is found in the gebang plant species at 0.97/0.0004 ha, with a relative density of 34.31%, a frequency of 0.55 plots/9 plots, and a relative frequency of 13.51%.
 Keywords: Gewang (Corypha gebanga); vegetation analysis; quadrant sampling

Cheiloscopy patterns in individuals with and without parafunctional oral habits: A cross-sectional observation pilot study.

Lip prints are unique and have potential for use as a human identifier. The purpose of this study was to observe possible cheiloscopy differences of individuals with and without parafunctional oral habits such as smoking, vaping, playing a wind instrument or using an asthma inhaler. This IRB approved blinded cross-sectional observation pilot study collected lip prints from 66 individuals, three of which were excluded. Participants cleansed their lips, then lipstick was applied to the vermillion zones of the upper and lower lips. Adhesive tape was applied to the lips and prints were transferred to white bond paper for viewing purposes. Each set of included lip prints was divided into quadrants and dichotomized into a group of those with an oral parafunctional habit or with no such habits. Each quadrant sample was then manually analysed and classed according to the gold standard Suzuki and Tsuchihashi system. A total of 252 dichotomized lip print quadrants (with habits n = 76, 30.2%, and without habits n = 176, 69.8%) were analysed. Type II patterns were the most common for examined quadrant samples; however, no statistically significant differences (Pearson's chi-squared test, p = 0.366) were observed between pattern classifications of samples with and without parafunctional oral habits. There is no statistically significant difference of lip print patterns between individuals with and without parafunctional oral habits. Further research on populational variations is needed for cheiloscopy to aid in human identifications.

Millipede Diversity and Distribution in the Sirumalai Hills (Eastern Ghats), Tamil Nadu, India

Millipedes are one of the significant terrestrial fauna in the forest ecosystem to decompose the plants' debris. Despite their environmental significance, records on millipede distribution are quite scarce and invalid in Tamil Nadu, India. The first investigation is an attempt to assess the population of millipedes at different elevation levels of Sirumallai Hills from July 2020 to June 2021. The number of millipedes was recorded using pitfall trapping and quadrant sampling. Millipede diversity and distribution in different elevations were evaluated with the help of Shannon’s and Simpson’s indexes and richness and evenness were estimated by standard methods. A total of 8 species of millipede belonging to the order Polydesmida, Sphaerotheriida and Spirobolida were recorded in lower, middle and higher elevations. Our results showed that Orthomorpha coarctata, Oxidus gracilis, Haphaphe haydeniana, Aulabolus newtoni and Trigoniulus corallinus species were in found all the elevations and most abundant in lower elevations. Arthosphaera magna, Arthosphaera dalyi and Arthosphaera distica species were abundant in middle elevations and scarce in upper and lower elevations. Diplopod species abundance and diversity were lesser in lower and higher elevations when compared to the middle elevation. Despite their richness similarities in all elevations, there were differences in the composition of the millipede species between the elevations.

Population Dynamics of Three Polyplacophora Species from the Aegean Sea (Eastern Mediterranean)

The present study is the first to examine spatio-temporal variations in the densities and morphometrics of three shallow water Polyplacophora species (Rhyssoplax olivacea, Acanthochitona fascicularis and Lepidopleurus cajetanus), native to the eastern Mediterranean, while also estimating several growth parameters. Two intertidal boulder fields located in the Pagasitigos gulf (central Aegean) were sampled monthly with SCUBA diving using quadrant sampling, to compare the spatial and temporal (month, season) effects on their size, population density and dispersion pattern. Region was the most significant factor influencing the abundance and size for all three species, while the temporal scales affected mostly Rhyssoplax olivacea. The effect of a boulder under the surface was only significant for the density of Lepidopleurus cajetanus. The standardized major axis method showed that the three species exhibited different allometric relationships between length, width and weight, while a slope comparison between regions yielded significant, in most cases, results. Using the standardized Morisita index for dispersion, a clustered pattern was observed for all species seasonally, with the exception of Acanthochitona fascicularis in Plakes in autumn and winter. To estimate the growth parameters, a bootstrapped Electronic Frequency Analysis (ELEFAN) utilizing a genetic algorithm was employed on pooled populations. L∞ and K varied among the three species with A. fascicularis exhibiting the highest L∞ and L. cajetanus the lowest K value.

Density of Macroalgae Species on Pasir Panjang Beach Kupang City

Density of Macroalgae Species on Pasir Panjang Beach, Kupang City Macroalgae have an important role for productivity and protection for other marine biota, namely as primary producers, carbon sinks, cosmetic ingredients and have economic value in the trade sector. Pasir Panjang Beach has a high aesthetic value, so it is used as a recreational space for the city community and as a destination for the development of tourist attractions. This study aims to determine the types and density of macroalgae in Pasir Panjang Beach, Kupang City. This study uses the line transect method with quadrant sampling technique with a size of 1m x 1m. The sample consisted of 100 plots of 10 transects at 2 stations. The samples were analyzed quantitatively descriptively to determine the morphological characteristics of the species and the density analysis of each species. The results found 15 types of macroalgae were divided into 3 divisions, namely the Chlorophyta division (7 species), Rhodophyta division (6 species, and Phaeophyta division (2 species). The highest species density at station 1 was Hypnea sp (33.38 ind/m2) and the lowest namely the species Acantopora spicifera (0.02 ind/m2), while at station 2, the highest density was Gracilaria salicornia (6.06 ind/m2) and the lowest density was Neomeris dumentosa (0.14 ind/m2). The conclusions are 1) There are 15 types of macroalgae from 3 divisions namely Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta and Phaeophyta, 2) The species density differs between stations.

Effectiveness of Calcined Calcium Carbide Waste (CCCW) in Mitigating the Leachability of Lead and Cadmium from Contaminated Soil from Evbareke Spare Parts Market Benin City Edo State Nigeria

Heavy metal contamination of soil can present dangers besides threats to humans as well as the ecosystem via uninterrupted intake or interaction with contaminated soil and the food chain. The purpose of this research is to examine the effectiveness of calcined calcium carbide waste (CCCW) in mitigating the leachability of lead and cadmium ions in contaminated soil from Evbareke spare parts market Benin City, Edo State Nigeria. Contaminated soil samples were collected using quadrant sampling method at the depth of 0-15cm with soil auger. The calcium carbide waste was obtained from a panel beating workshop dumpsite. The calcium carbide waste was dried to constant weight in an oven at 105oC. 50g of the dried calcium carbide waste (CCW) was crushed in a mortar to obtain a powdered form. The X-ray diffraction analysis for the CCCW revealed that it was made up of predominantly portlandite (47%), calcite fraction (23.0%), dolomite (12.7%), coesite (8.6%), muscovite (4.5%) and lime (4.0%), this was corroborated by FTIR analysis. SEM analysis revealed that CCCW possess a rough surface with pore of varied size and irregular shape. The contaminated soil from the Evbareke spare parts market was contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons, the soil was saline with low C.E.C. The soil texture was loamy-sand. As the amount of CCCW amended increase in the soil, the amount of cadmium and lead ions that was releasable in the soil reduced. The cadmium and lead ions in contaminated soil was stabilized hence reducing the cadmium and lead availability in the soil. The optimum amender amount in the contaminated soil to immobilize lead ion was 4% w/w and ≥2% w/w for cadmium ion. The CCCW effectively mitigated the leachability of lead and cadmium

Use of Surface Modified Calcium Oxide Nanoparticle in Immobilizing of Lead and Cadmium Contaminated Soil

Remediation is vital in advancing the agriculture yield and decreasing the hazard of food poisoning in contaminated soil. The aim of this study was to remediate lead and cadmium contaminated soil from Evbareke spare parts market using surface modified calcium oxide nanoparticle (SMCON). Soil samples were collected from Evbareke spare parts market, Benin City, Edo state Nigeria, using quadrant sampling method at the depth of 0-15cm using soil auger. The soil samples obtained were physicochemically and geochemically characterized. The SMCON was synthesized and characterized using Fourier Transform-Infra Red, Scanning electron spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction. A leaching experiment was carried out to authenticate the immobilization efficiency and capacity of SMCON on the lead and cadmium in the contaminated soil. The SMCON efficiency for lead and cadmium immobilization in the contaminated soil increased with increase in immobilizer up to the optimum 4% of SMCON in contaminated soil for lead and ≤1% of SMCON for cadmium. Likewise, the immobilization capacity of SMCON in the contaminated soil also revealed that more of lead and cadmium were immobilized as SMCON content in the contaminated soil mixture increased, thereby disallowing leaching of lead and cadmium from the contaminated soil. The SMCON effectively decreased the lead and cadmium in the soil by in situ adsorption, ion exchange and complexation mechanism thus reducing its accessibility for uptake by plants and its transmission to man and animals.

Phenotypic Characterization and Antibiogram of Non-Oral Bacteria Isolates from Patients Attending Dental Clinic at Federal College of Dental Technology and Therapy Medical Center Enugu

Background and Objectives: Antibiotic-resistance among microbiota found within the oral cavity is a growing concern due to extensive use of antibiotics in dental practice both for therapeutic and prophylactic reasons, but has so far received little attention in recent time. The aim of this study was to determine the antibiogram of non-oral bacteria isolates from patients attending dental clinic at Federal College of Dental Technology and Therapy Medical Center Enugu (FEDCODTTEN) Methodology: A total of two hundred (200) oral swab samples were collected from patients with dental disease, placed in sterilized Brain Heart Infusion broth and immediately transported to the Microbiology Laboratory Unit of Federal College of Dental Technology and Therapy Enugu, for bacteriological analysis using standard microbiological methods for isolation and characterization. Antibiogram studies of non-oral bacteria was performed using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method and the results were interpreted using the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) zone diameter breakpoints. Multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) was determined for Multidrug Resistant (MDR) non-oral bacteria.
 Results: Phenotypic characterization of non-oral bacteria revealed an occurrence rate of S. aureus
 35(17.5%) followed by E. coli 18(9.0%), Salmonella typhi 16(8.0 %) and K. oxytoca 4(2.0%) as the least predominant bacteria species. Among the oral site, lower right quadrant showed increase isolation rate of 30(15.0%) bacteria followed by lower left quadrant 23(11.5%) while upper right quadrant accounted 15(7.5 %) with the least isolation rate. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of non-oral bacteria in right quadrant and left quadrant samples from dental disease patients (P < 0.05). Non-oral bacteria isolate exhibited 57.1-100% resistant to Ertapenem, colisitn, amoxillicin, azetronam, colistin, ampicillin and clindamycin with Multiple Antibiotic Resistant Index (MARI) ranged from 0.4-0.7, indicating high level of multi-drug resistance but were susceptible to ciprofloxacin 77.8%, gentamicin 100% and imipenem 100%.
 Conclusion: The high antibiotic resistant and increase multi-drug resistance outcome reported among non-oral bacteria in this study calls for strengthened efforts in antibiotic stewardship and infection prevention and control measures in dental practices with the need to implement regular awareness programs at time interval to control and manage multi-drug resistance bacteria through judicious use of antibiotic to re-establish dominance over multi-drug resistance non-oral bacteria implicated in dental diseases.

Assessment of Physical Characteristics of Bugang River Watershed in Pandan, Antique, Philippines

Sustainable and appropriate watershed management strategies require the determination of biophysical information which includes the floral characteristics of the watershed. This study was conducted to characterize the floral composition of the Bugang River watershed. Data gathering was done by conducting an inventory for trees, palms, and bamboos with Quadrant Sampling using a stratified random sampling method in the forested area of the watershed with 50 m × 20 m sampling plots. Floral species were identified and classified through local experts, published books, journals, the internet, and available references. A total of 60 species belonging to 31 families and 52 genera were found using this method. Gogo (Entada phaseoloides) had the highest number of species with 222 or 14% of the total species. Trees with dbh 10 cm and above have a total estimated volume of 102.31 m3. The average diameter and average height of species decrease as the elevation increases. The result showed that the Bugang River watershed has a diverse floral composition, with vertical stratification and a dense canopy. The advocacy and awareness campaign should be done and strengthen the protection and conservation efforts of concerned agencies for the sustainability of the watershed.

Microplastic contamination extent on Strombus sp. in North Bintan Waters

Microplastics, which are crumbled plastic waste measuring less than 5 mm, are known to have contaminated the conch snail species Strombus sp. and sediments in the waters of North Bintan. This study aims to provide a basic report on the number of stranded plastic crumbs (micro) and the contamination level in conch Snails (Strombus sp.) In North Bintan waters. The methods used in this research are survey and quantitative methods. Determination of the location point by purposive sampling. The procedure is divided into two stages: quadrant sampling in the field and analysis of microplastic particles in the laboratory with H2O2 liquid as an oxidizing agent and ZnCl2 solution as a microplastic determinant with a floating system. 16.4 ± 31.6 particles/individuals. Meanwhile, the level of contamination that occurs in Strombus sp. experienced in Pengudang Village by 88%, which means that on average each individual at the Pengudang station has the potential to be contaminated with 22 microplastic particles. The high level of contamination is a threat to the safety of seafood because there is the contamination of microplastic particle pollutants in one of the marine biota consumed by Strombus sp.

SURVEY, IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL OF WEEDS ASSOCIATED WITH MULBERRY (Morus spp.) IN THE PROVINCES OF AURORA, LA UNION, ILOCOS SUR AND ILOCOS NORTE, PHILIPPINES

Surveys, collections and identification of weeds were done in the sericulture projects of Sta. Maria, Ilocos Sur; Marcos, Ilocos Norte; Aurora, Aurora; and aat the SRDI, Bacnotan, La Union, in both wet and dry seasons. A total of 75 species of weeds were collected and identified. Survey, collection and identification of weeds in the sericulture projects of Sta Maria, Ilocos Sur;Marcos, Ilocos Norte; Ma. Aurora, Aurora; and at the Sericulture Research Development Institute in Bacnotan, La Union were done through quadrant sampling. Dominant weeds during the wet season in Sta Maria, Aurora, and Bacnotan were Digitaria sp., Fimbristylis littoralis, Ageratum conyzoides and Cyperus rotundus while during dry season, Diqitaria sp., Chloris sp., Centrosema pubescens and Dactyloctenium aeqyptium were the dominant weed species, respectively.
 On a per hectare basis, results showed mulching was found to be the most economical and beneficial weed control method. Total cost of weed control was P5,080.00 as against herbicide application with P7,224.00 and hand-weeding at P7,620.00.

Heterogeneity in signaling pathway activity within primary breast cancer and between primary and metastases.

589 Background: Treatment with targeted drugs aims to block tumor driving signaling pathway(s). Drug choice is often based on a single preoperative primary breast cancer biopsy. It is important that biopsied cancer tissue is representative for the primary tumor (PT) or metastases to treat. Little is known about pathway heterogeneity within the PT, and between PT and metastatic tumors. A novel analysis method was developed to identify and quantify activity of signal transduction pathways in cancer tissue, based on Bayesian models that infer a pathway activity score from transcription factor target gene mRNA levels (Cancer Res 2014;74:2936-45). Methods: Pathway analysis, originally developed for AffymetrixU133Plus2.0, was adapted to RT-qPCR for use on formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue. Estrogen (ER) and androgen (AR) receptor, PI3K, Hedgehog (HH), TGFβ and Wnt pathway activities were analyzed. Samples were from multiple locations (“quadrants”) in 15 luminal A, 9 luminal B, and 8 ER-negative primary breast cancers; from subdivided quadrant samples (4 “subquadrants”) of respectively 9, 4, and 4 PTs; and from 13 distant and 24 lymph node (LN) metastases of respectively 9 and 7 matched luminal PTs. Analysis of pathway activity score (PAS) variance was performed with linear mixed models with subgroup-dependent standard deviations. Results: In primary breast cancer intra-tumor PAS variance was not larger at macroscale (“quadrant”) than at microscale (“subquadrant”). For ER, AR, HH, and Wnt pathways, PAS variation was higher between distant metastases and PT than within the PT (p < 0.0002). For HH and Wnt pathways, PAS variation was higher between LN metastases than within the PT (p < 0.002). Correlation between primary and metastatic pathway activities ranged from -0.34 for ER to 0.47/0.50 for TGFβ/HH pathways. Conclusions: A single location tissue sample was representative for the whole primary tumor with respect to signaling pathway activity, suggesting one biopsy as generally sufficient for (neo)adjuvant therapy choice. Pathway activities varied between primary cancer and metastases, indicating the necessity of metastatic sample analysis (biopsies or liquid biopsy) to improve therapy choice.

Occurrence and growth inhibitory activity of <i>Striga hermonthica</i> (delile) benth on <i>Sorghum</i> bicolor (L.) moench in Lafia, Nigeria

Incidence of Striga hermonthica was investigated on some Sorghum bicolor farms in Lafia, Nigeria. Quadrant sampling technique was used and a total of six plots of size 10m x 10m each were sampled randomly in three locations, namely; Shabu, Shendam Road and Makurdi Road in Lafia North, East and Central respectively. Incidence parameters such as the number of Striga and Sorghum, the height of Striga, distance of Striga to infected Sorghum and height of Sorghum were documented. A total of 572 stands of Striga were counted in all sampled locations. Sorghum farms in Shabu had the highest mean population of Striga (261), followed by both Shendam and Makurdi Road with mean populations of 13 Striga each. Negative correlations were observed between height of Striga and height of infected Sorghum (-0.371), as well as between number of Striga and number of Sorghum plants (-0.818). Distance of Striga to infected Sorghum correlated positively with height of infected Sorghum (0.153). Positive correlation was also observed between number of Striga and height of infected Sorghum (0.584). It was thus concluded that Striga had a significant negative effect on growth of Sorghum in the study area. Therefore this activity of Striga require integrated management approaches for sustainable Sorghum production and yield improvement.Keywords: Incidence, Lafia, Parasitic activity, Striga, Sorghum

A study of structural reliability analysis based on the directional simulation using a quadrant sampling method

A study of structural reliability analysis based on the directional simulation using a quadrant sampling method

A study of structural reliability analysis based on an important quadrant sampling directional simulation

A study of structural reliability analysis based on an important quadrant sampling directional simulation

The Diversity of Birds and Frogs Species at Perdana Botanical Lake Garden, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Unbalance urban development would affect the ecosystem and environment of the people and living things. Declining and loss of flora and fauna species occurs because of landscapes and living habitat changes. Urban biodiversity is a part of ecological elements and ecosystems services of the urban environments. Thus, it is important to be maintained or preserved in urban planning and design. The lack numbers of study focusing on the field of urban wildlife such as birds and frogs around the globe. Thus, the aim of the study is to understand the scientific data on urban wildlife mainly focus on birds and amphibian. This study will provide significant information pertaining to urban biodiversity issues. Birds is chosen as the best example that will act as an indicator for the inland environment while frogs as the amphibian for the urban lake garden. Birds can be the best indicator for inland environment while frogs can be indicator for the aquatic environment of the urban lake garden.The study was conducted at Perdana Botanical Lake Garden in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The observation survey includes in details of the name of the species, number of species, habitat, data observation on time and dates, remarks and reference notes. The survey method on birds used the transect lines in order to observe the bird species within a measured line. The observation includes calculations and records of all the birds species, while walking along the transect route at average speed of 15 m/min within 30 m distance. The survey usually conducted either early in the morning and late evening. Meanwhile, the amphibian observation on frogs survey based on ‘Quadrant Sampling’ which is the standard quadrant being set in metre (m), in which 5×5 m and 10×10 m. The amphibian observation begin during the night time for 3 days duration started from 7.00 pm to 9.00 pm. Based on the observation at Botanical Perdana Garden, 8 species of birds has been identified. The most common is Acridotheres Tritis/Common Myna (n = 19) and the least is Geopelia Strata/Zebra Dove shows (n = 1) During the observation, a total of 6 species of frogs were found. The highest species of frogs recorded were Hylarana erythraea/Green Paddy Frog with (n =80), while Fejervarya limnocharis/Indian Rice Frog (n = 1). The result concludes that the park need to have more species of birds that share the same eating diet such as frugivorous and nectarous. The lake garden should restructured especially the pond with ecological approach to attract more types of frogs.

The Effects of Physical Landscape Variables on Burrow-Site Selection in the Kuwaiti Desert by Lesser Egyptian Jerboa (Jaculus jaculus)

ABSTRACTKnowledge of the habitat affinities and associations of a species is important for understanding its ecology and spatial distribution. This study investigates the effects of environmental and spatial variables including location (north–south), proximity to the sea (coastal–inland), and physical soil properties (soil moisture, particle size, and soil cohesion) on the burrowing locations of the lesser Egyptian jerboa (Jaculus jaculus). Quadrant sampling was used to collect field data on the location and number of burrows in a study area in Kuwait. The chi-square test illustrated a statistical relationship between the number of burrows and the physical soil properties, and the Mann–Whitney test illustrated a statistical relationship between the number of burrows and location (north–south) as well as proximity to the coast. The results showed that jerboa burrows are primarily located in soil with medium soil moisture, soil cohesion, and medium to coarse particle size, which we attribute to the ease of hopping and burrow construction in areas with medium soil moisture, soil cohesion, and particle size. The results also showed that jerboa burrows were located farther from rather than close to the coast, possibly because higher soil salinity in coastal areas might negatively affect the availability of food resources.

Weed flora of cassava in west Nile zones of Uganda

Information on weeds of cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz) in eastern Africa is limited. The objective of this study was to establish the status of weed flora in selected cassava growing regions of Uganda. This study was conducted in 2013 at Abi Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute; (AbiZARDI) in Arua, Ngetta Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute (NgeZARDI) in Lira, and Bulindi Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute (Bulindi ZARDI) in Hoima, all in Uganda. Weed densities were estimated from twelve quadrant samples taken systematically along diagonal transects, in 27 cassava fields. Grass weed species were the most frequent, averaging 55.01% of the entire weed species. Five weed species namely, Digitaria abyssinica (African couch grass), Imperata cylindrica (Spear gras), Commelina benghalensis (Wandering Jew), Panicum maximum (Guinea grass) and Ageratum conyzoides (Goat weed or White weed or Chick weed), predominated the study areas. Key Words : Digitaria, Imperata, Manihot esculenta