Pyrolytic Carbon Film Electrode Research Articles

Application of Nanocrystalline Graphite‐like Pyrolytic Carbon Film Electrode in the Electroanalytical Determination of Famotidine

AbstractDirect electro‐oxidation of famotidine at different graphitic carbon‐based electrode materials was evaluated. These materials included conventional electrodes of edge‐plane pyrolytic graphite, basal‐plane pyrolytic graphite, carbon paste, and glassy carbon as well as nano‐structured carbon‐based materials such as pyrolytic carbon film, carbon nanotube, and nano‐graphene. Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were employed to analyze their structural and morphological features. It was found that the pyrolytic carbon film electrode, after a simple and fast anodic activation, shows superior electroanalytical performance. The method was successfully applied for the electroanalytical determination of famotidine in tablet dosage forms and urine samples.

Electrochemical determination of guaifenesin in a pharmaceutical formulation and human urine based on an anodized nanocrystalline graphite-like pyrolytic carbon film electrode

A simple and sensitive electrochemical method was developed for the determination of guaifenesin based on a pyrolytic carbon film (PCF) electrode.

Electrochemical reactivity of pyrolytic carbon film electrodes in organic carbonate electrolytes

The electrochemical reactivity of polyimide-derived pyrolytic carbon film electrodes in a standard organic carbonate lithium-ion battery electrolyte was studied and quantified. An oxidative heat treatment at 900°C under CO2 atmosphere was found to lower the reactivity of disordered carbons towards electrolyte oxidation. Cyclic voltammetry and potentiostatic measurements of the carbon film electrodes demonstrate the beneficial effect of the CO2 heat treatment in the potential range between 4.2 and 4.8V vs. Li/Li+ i.e., at potentials where high-energy Li-ion positive composite electrodes operate.

Filamentous pyrolytic carbon film and its electroanalytical properties

Electrochemical properties of a filamentous pyrolytic carbon film (F-PCF), which was deposited on graphite substrates by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, were investigated as a new class of electrode material for use in electroanalytical applications. Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to analyze the structural and morphological features of the electrode material. Some fundamental electrochemical properties of the film were evaluated by studying such parameters as electron transfer rate, capacitance, and potential window using cyclic voltammetry (CV) method and the results were interpreted in relation to its structural analysis results. The results of these tests on F-PCF were compared parallel to traditional CVD-deposited planar pyrolytic carbon film (PCF) electrode. The results of this study showed that F-PCF may have promising potentials to be applied as a useful electrode material in electroanalytical applications, which need to be studied more extensively in the future.

Application of nanocrystalline graphite-like pyrolytic carbon film electrode for voltammetric sensing of lead

A nanocrystalline pyrolytic carbon film was employed as working electrode to detect micromolar-level concentrations of lead by anodic stripping voltammetery as an example of its potential applications in environmental analysis. The response was compared with conventional carbon-based electrodes such as glassy carbon, edge-plane pyrolytic graphite, and basal-plane pyrolytic graphite electrodes. The favorable properties of this carbon coating for Pb detection lie in its high degree of sensitivity, high response stability, low memory effect, and a good repeatability. The applicability of this sensor was tested on spiked tap water and river water samples.

Simultaneous electrochemical sensing of ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid at anodized nanocrystalline graphite-like pyrolytic carbon film electrode

Nanocrystalline graphite-like pyrolytic carbon film (PCF) electrode fabricated by a non-catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process was used for the simultaneous electrochemical sensing of ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA), and uric acid (UA). The electrode was studied with respect to changes in electrocatalytic activity caused by a simple and fast electrochemical pretreatment. The anodized electrode exhibited excellent performance compared to many chemically modified electrodes in terms of detection limit, linear dynamic range, and sensitivity. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used for the simultaneous determination of ternary mixtures of DA, AA, and UA. Under optimum conditions, the detection limits were 2.9μM for AA, 0.04μM for DA, and 0.03μM for UA with sensitivities of 0.078, 5.345, and 6.192AM−1, respectively. The peak separation was 219mV between AA and DA and 150mV between DA and UA. No electrode fouling was observed and good reproducibility was obtained in all the experiments. The sensor was successfully applied for the assay of DA in an injectable drug and UA in human urine by using standard addition method.

Application of nanocrystalline graphite-like pyrolytic carbon film electrode for determination of thiols

The quantification of some biologically important amino acids, namely cysteine, homocysteine, and N-acetylcysteine, was reported using pyrolytic carbon film (PCF) electrodes. Optimum responses were observed for the carbon films fabricated at a deposition temperature of 1100 °C (PCF1100) by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Electro-oxidation of these sulfur-containing compounds at the PCF1100 showed well-defined signals and no electrode fouling was observed during a set of experiments. The PCF1100 electrode exhibited good resistance against interference by ascorbic acid with distinct separation from cysteine in voltammetric signals. The performance of this electrode was comparable to and in some cases even better than those observed at other unmodified carbon-based electrodes and many chemically modified electrodes in terms of detection limit, linear dynamic range, and sensitivity. Moreover, the electrode was successfully applied for the determination of cysteine in a tissue growth medium and the results proved that the sensitivity is not affected by presence of a large variety of potential interferences in this medium.

Nanocrystalline graphite-like pyrolytic carbon film electrode for electrochemical sensing of hydrazine

Pyrolytic carbon film (PCF) electrode fabricated by a non-catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process was used as an electrochemical sensor for the detection of hydrazine. The electrode response was found to be electrocatalytic producing a reduction in the overpotential compared to other unmodified carbon-based electrodes such as glassy carbon (GC), basal-plane pyrolytic graphite (BPPG), and edge-plane pyrolytic graphite (EPPG) electrodes. The overall number of electrons involved in the electro-oxidation of hydrazine, the number of electrons involved in the rate-determining step, and diffusion coefficient of hydrazine at PCF electrode were estimated using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The performance of PCF electrode was comparable to and in some cases even better than many chemically modified electrodes in terms of detection limit, linear dynamic range, and sensitivity. Moreover, the sensor exhibited fast response time (within 2 s), high response stability, and reproducibility. All the results indicated this sensor is suitable for hydrazine analysis.

Direct Electrooxidation of Ascorbic Acid at the Nanocrystaline Graphite‐like Pyrolytic Carbon Film Electrode

AbstractPyrolytic carbon films (PCFs) were prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) at different deposition temperatures. As an example of using PCF electrode in electroanalysis, the direct electrooxidation of ascorbic acid (AA) at the PCF electrode was investigated and compared with common carbon‐based electrodes such as glassy carbon (GC), edge plane pyrolytic graphite (EPPG), and basal plane pyrolytic graphite (BPPG) electrodes. It was found that the PCF electrodes prepared under deposition temperatures higher than 1050 °C showed a higher sensitivity and lower overpotential compared to the other carbon electrodes. The electrode was successfully applied for determination of AA in real samples.

Cyclic Voltammetric Studies of a Pyrolytic Carbon Film Electrode and the Effect of Laser Irradiation

AbstractThe effects of laser irradiation with a small N2 laser on the reactivation of a pyrolytic carbon (PC) film electrode were investigated. Cyclic voltammetry, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the electrode. The electrode response decayed during the solution exposure but could be restored to a good performance via this reactivation method. It was found that the effect of laser to promote electron transfer was desorption the physisorbed impurities to exposure more active sites on the surface. Also, the electrochemical results were compared to the results of organic solvent washing and anodization.

Electrochemical Characterization of a Pyrolytic Carbon Film Electrode and the Effect of Anodization

AbstractA pyrolytic carbon (PC) film electrode was fabricated by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. This report deals with the preparation, characterization and electrochemical behavior of this carbon film. Cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were employed to characterize the electrode. Low background current and capacitance were observed and the rate of charge transfer for Fe(CN)$\rm{ {_{6}^{3-/4-}}}$ redox couple was determined via cyclic voltammetry. Also the effect of the anodic activation on the electrochemical activity was evaluated and characterized with respect to the sequence of voltage applied to the electrode. The excellent electrochemical activity and low background current are the reasons why this electrode is attractive for electroanalysis measurements with lower detection limit.

Pyrolytic carbon film electrodesPart 2. Voltammetric propertie.

Home-made pyrolytic carbon film electrodes (PCFE) were tested in voltammetric experiments. Different drugs were analyzed by differential pulse voltammetry. In many cases the reproducibility of the signals is as satisfactory as by using glassy carbon electrodes (GCE). The cleaning procedure is very easy to accomplish by wiping off the electrode surface with a paper tissue dipped into methanol. The peak- to residual current rate is much better at the PCFE than at the GCE. Therefore the detection limit is lowered at the former.

Ion Transport and Ferrocene Incorporation in Electroactive Fullerene Films

Thick (10 μm) C60 films are prepared by sublimation at 575 °C for 5 min on a pyrolytic carbon film electrode. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the fullerene film consists of crystallites of ...

Reactivation and Stability of Pyrolytic Carbon Film Electrodes on Macor Substrates

The stability of pyrolytic carbon film electrodes based on Macor substrates was evaluated. Electrode activity, estimated via cyclic voltammetry of ferricyanide, was virtually unchanged after 120 min in solution (k o =0.018 cm/s). The response decayed by less than 40% after 20 h in solution. Electrodes were deactivated by air exposure but could be restored to good levels of performance via electrode anodization (to k o =0.005 cm/s). Other reactivation methods were evaluated. Heat treatment in an Ar atmosphere and an acetone wash were nearly as effective as anodization but were less reliable. Polishing was relatively ineffective

Pyrolytic carbon film electrodes

The preparation is described of pyrolytic carbon film electrodes (PCFE) with outstanding properties. The physical and chemical resistance is remarkable as is the low residual current in various aqueous electrolytes when operating in the direct current and the differential pulse mode. The potential window available for amperometry is also unusually large. These features make PCFE of interest for amperometric detection

Surface structural and electrochemical investigations of pyrolytic carbon film electrodes prepared by chemical vapour deposition using ethene as carbon source

Pyrolytic carbon film electrodes (PCFEs) prepared from ethene by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) have been characterized electrochemically. The residual currents and potential limits of the electrodes were determined in various aqueous solutions, and the kinetics of the electron transfer reaction of K 4Fe(CN) 6 in 1 M KCl were studied by cyclic voltammetry. The apparent heterogeneous rate constant for the ferro/ferricyanide system was determined to be about 5 × 10 −3 cm s −1 and the electrode capacitances were of the order of 5–10 μF cm −2. The useful potential window in neutral phosphate buffer was determined to be +1.2 to −1.5 V vs. SCE. The surface composition was examined, both before and after the electrochemical experiments, using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning Auger microscopy (SAM), while the electrode surface topography was monitored ex situ with a scanning tunnelling microscope (STM). The surface topography was shown to be dependent on the deposition temperature used. There was also some evidence that prolonged electrochemical experiments resulted in a surface reorganization. Such a process might explain the observed decrease in the rate constant for the ferro/ferricyanide system and the structural changes observed with STM.

Fabrication of pyrolytic carbon film electrodes by pyrolysis of methane on a machinable glass ceramic

Pyrolytic carbon film electrodes were fabricated by low-temperature (850 o C) pyrolysis of methane onto a machinable glass ceramic material called Macor. As determined by cyclic voltammetry, good charge transfer characteristics were displayed by the electrodes without pretreatment. For the ferro/ferricyanide redox couple, heterogeneous rate constants on the order of 2×10 −3 cm/s were obtained

A pyrolytic carbon film electrode for voltammetry: Part V. characterization and comparison with the glassy carbon electrode by electrochemical pretreatment in basic solution

The pyrolytic carbon film electrode prepared by the thermal decomposition of methane has been characterized and compared with the glassy carbon electrode after electrochemical pretreatment of the electrodes in 1 M NaOH. Differential pulse voltammetry in pH 2 phosphate + KCl buffer, double layer capacitance measurements, and cyclic voltammetry of the ferrocyanide/ferricyanide system in 1 M KCl, have been used to determine the effects of the electrochemical pretreatment. The low residual signal and the good activity for electron transfer of the pyrolytic carbon film electrode have been reconfirmed. From the reported results and the published results of many workers a generalized picture of carbon electrode activation has been developed.

Evaluation of a pyrolytic carbon film electrode for differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry

Evaluation of a pyrolytic carbon film electrode for differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry

A pyrolytic carbon film electrode for voltammetry—III: Application to anodic-stripping voltammetry

The potential applicability of a pyrolytic carbon film electrode in the differential-pulse anodic-stripping voltammetric determination of cadmium and lead in sea-water is demonstrated. The performance at the 10 −10 M level is compared with that of a satisfactory glassy-carbon electrode. The two types of electrode display comparable behaviour in anodic-stripping voltammetry, but the pyrolytic carbon film electrode needs less pretreatment.