Pyrolysis Of Soybean Oil Research Articles

Effect of temperature on the chemical activation of carbon nanospheres and their efficiency in supercapacitors

We report the synthesis of carbon spheres (CSs) by pyrolysis of soybean oil and their chemical activation employing acid baths at different temperatures. This allows to study the effect of these experimental parameters on the efficiency of these materials for their use as supercapacitor electrodes. The CSs were characterized by SEM, Raman, XRD, FT-IR, BET, and TEM to reveal the relationship between the electrochemical properties and the structure. Using nitric acid as the activating agent causes the formation of micropores and a high density of oxygenated functional groups in the CSs. In contrast, the mixture of sulfuric and nitric acids destroys the CSs, producing coalescence. The capacitance of the CSs was ~103 F g−1 at 5 mV s−1, and the contribution of electrical double-layer capacitance and pseudocapacitance was determined using cyclic voltammograms. Moreover, it is observed that after 1000 galvanostatic charge-discharge cycles at 2 A g−1, the CSs with the larger electrochemical capacitance increase their capacitive performance up to 38 %, maintaining the electrical double-layer capacitance contribution constant. Therefore, we show that controlling the density of oxygenated functional groups anchored through an increase in temperature during acid treatment and generating high surface areas are key parameters to obtain high capacitance.

Soybean oil pyrolysis in a continuous bench-scale reactor for light olefin production

Soybean oil pyrolysis in a continuous bench-scale reactor for light olefin production

Acidity Reduction of Bio-Oil by Methylic Esterification Reactions

An alternative to fossil fuels is the use of triglyceride biomass for conversion to biofuel by the thermal cracking process, also known as pyrolysis. The liquid phase, called bio-oil, has physicochemical properties like petroleum-derived fuels. One of the undesirable characteristics of bio-oil is the high acidity index, due to the presence of short-chain carboxylic acids in its composition. This feature makes refining and use inviable. The objective of this work was to perform esterification reactions using bio-oil, produced from soybean oil pyrolysis already characterized, in order to reduce its acidity index. Besides that, the esterified bio-oil was submitted to different washing experiments to decrease even more the final acidity. For the esterification reaction 25 g of bio-oil was used at a temperature of 64 °C, using from 0.8 to 2.2% sulfuric acid and 0.5 to 99.5% mass ratio of methyl alcohol and bio-oil. The highest acidity index reduction after 20 min was 81.2%, the esterified bio-oil reduced from 129 to 32.4 mg KOH g-1. Esterification reaction followed by washing and neutralization can decrease even more those values and, the acidity index can reach zero.

Acidity Reduction of Bio-Oil by Methylic Esterification Reactions

An alternative to fossil fuels is the use of triglyceride biomass for conversion to biofuel by the thermal cracking process, also known as pyrolysis. The liquid phase, called bio-oil, has physicochemical properties like petroleum-derived fuels. One of the undesirable characteristics of bio-oil is the high acidity index, due to the presence of short-chain carboxylic acids in its composition. This feature makes refining and use inviable. The objective of this work was to perform esterification reactions using bio-oil, produced from soybean oil pyrolysis already characterized, in order to reduce its acidity index. Besides that, the esterified bio-oil was submitted to different washing experiments to decrease even more the final acidity. For the esterification reaction 25 g of bio-oil was used at a temperature of 64 °C, using from 0.8 to 2.2% sulfuric acid and 0.5 to 99.5% mass ratio of methyl alcohol and bio-oil. The highest acidity index reduction after 20 min was 81.2%, the esterified bio-oil reduced from 129 to 32.4 mg KOH g-1. Esterification reaction followed by washing and neutralization can decrease even more those values and, the acidity index can reach zero.

Co-production of phenolic oil and CaO/char deoxidation catalyst via catalytic fast pyrolysis of phenol-formaldehyde resin with Ca(OH)2

Phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin was widely used in industry, it would cause an adverse effect on the environment if without applicable treatments of resin wastes. Triglycrides (e.g., soybean oil) were abundant in the nature, but cannot be used directly as engine fuel. The deoxygenation of triglycrides was necessary for producing liquid fuel similar to that derived from petroleum. Herein, PF resin was used to co-produce phenolic-rich oil and CaO/char deoxygenation catalyst by catalytic fast pyrolysis with Ca(OH)2. The CaO/char was used as catalyst to catalytic deoxygenation of soybean oil via catalytic fast pyrolysis process. It was found that Ca(OH)2 changed the thermal decomposition behaviours of PF resin dramatically and promoted the cracking reactions to form more monophenol compounds. The optimal conditions for producing phenol-rich oil (containing 9.1% aromatic hydrocarbons and 82.8% phenols, GC–MS area fraction) with 37.3% yield were 650 °C and 5.0% Ca(OH)2 catalyst. Meanwhile, the total carbon yield of targeted phenols reached 33.7%. Solid residue (char) was further pyrolyzed at 800 °C for producing CaO/char catalyst that helped to reduce the bio-oil oxygen content from 14.4% to 2.4% in the pyrolysis of soybean oil. The peak area % of aromatic hydrocarbons in the oil was 86.8%, and indicated it could be used as gasoline. Phenolic oil from PF resin and aromatic hydrocarbons-rich oil from vegetable oil are easily produced by fast pyrolysis with calcium catalyst.

Evaluation of the stability during storage of a diesel-like fuel obtained by the pyrolysis of soybean oil

Abstract In this work, we investigated the stability of a diesel-like fuel (DLF) produced by the pyrolysis of soybean oil. The soybean DLF was stored at room temperature over a period of six months in three different tanks. The tanks were made of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and stainless steel 304, with and without an epoxy resin protection. Samples were collected at various times, and their physical–chemical parameters (viscosity, density, distillation curve, etc.) were obtained according to ASTM methods, as recommended for diesel fuel evaluation. Increases in the viscosity and density during storage were attributed to polymerisation reactions, which often lead to the formation of more viscous and dense materials. Additionally, gas chromatographic analyses showed a decrease in the content of light fractions during storage. The Rancimat method could not be applied to evaluate the oxidation stabilities for the samples. Instead, oxidation stabilities were evaluated by the consumption of O2 at high pressures at 100 °C in comparison to a soybean biodiesel sample. Although changes in the physical–chemical parameters occurred during storage, the majority of the results remained within the limits specified by the Agencia Nacional do Petroleo, Gas Natural e Biocombustiveis (ANP) for diesel fuel. Overall, the results showed that the differences in the materials for the tanks used for DLF storage did not interfere with the biofuel parameters.

Heat of combustion of biofuels mixed with fossil diesel oil

Abstract The Brazilian government has presented a biofuel program, which aims the addition of 2% of biofuel in fossil diesel in 2008 and 5% up to 2013. Thus, the knowledge of heat of combustion of biofuel/diesel blends is necessary. The biodiesel was produced by transesterification of soybean oil with a yield of 87%. The diesel-like was obtained by pyrolysis of soybean oil. This biofuel presented all parameters according to ANP. The obtained heats of combustion were 41.36 ± 0.17; 38.70 ± 0.16; and 36.71 ± 0.17 MJ/kg for diesel, diesel-like and biodiesel, respectively. The results show that the heats of combustion of biofuels are approximately 17% smaller than fossil diesel. The obtained data also show that the heats of combustion depend on the methodology used for the biofuel production. Addition of biofuels to traditional diesel fuel results in a linear decreasing of the heat of combustion with the amount of the alternative fuel added to the diesel.

Pyrolysis of soybean oil with H-ZSM5 (Proton-exchange of Zeolite Socony Mobil #5) and MCM41 (Mobil Composition of Matter No. 41) catalysts in a fixed-bed reactor

Abstract Soybean oil was pyrolyzed with various catalysts in a fixed-bed reactor under nitrogen flow at 420 and 450 °C. The H-ZSM5 catalysts (molar ratio SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 = 28, 40, and 180) and 2 wt% (Ga, Al or Cu) impregnated MCM41 catalysts were used in order to investigate the effect of catalysts during the pyrolysis process. The gas products in all experiments were mainly methane, ethane and propylene. The liquid products in the presence of H-ZSM5 catalysts were mainly aromatic components while those with metal/MCM41 catalysts were a mixture of alkanes, alkenes, alkadienes, aromatic and carboxylic acids. The highest coke yield of 4.4 wt% was obtained with Ga/MCM41 catalyst at the pyrolysis temperature of 420 °C. The effect of catalysts on product yield and composition was systematically investigated.

Comparing the lubricity of biofuels obtained from pyrolysis and alcoholysis of soybean oil and their blends with petroleum diesel

A diesel-like fuel, pyrodiesel (PD), was synthesized by a pyrolysis method using soybean oil as starting material. Some physical properties of the material were studied, both neat and in blends with high-sulfur (HSD) and low-sulfur (LSD) diesel fuels, and compared with blends of biodiesel (BD) in fossil fuels. It was observed using different methods that the lubricity of biobased fuels obtained after the transesterification or pyrolysis of soybean oil is superior to LSD and HSD and also that the lubricity of diesel fuels are enhanced when either BD or PD are added. Based on the results reported herein, PD is a viable alternative to BD for use in compression-ignition engines.

04/02263 Production of fuel distillates: Kanataev, Y. A. et al. Russ. RU 2,198,199 (Cl. C10G9/00), 10 Feb 2003, Appl. 2,001,125,737.(In Russian)

A diesel-like fuel, pyrodiesel (PD), was synthesized by a pyrolysis method using soybean oil as starting material. Some physical properties of the material were studied, both neat and in blends with high-sulfur (HSD) and low-sulfur (LSD) diesel fuels, and compared with blends of biodiesel (BD) in fossil fuels. It was observed using different methods that the lubricity of biobased fuels obtained after the transesterification or pyrolysis of soybean oil is superior to LSD and HSD and also that the lubricity of diesel fuels are enhanced when either BD or PD are added. Based on the results reported herein, PD is a viable alternative to BD for use in compression-ignition engines.

00/02256 Distribution of trace elements in selected pulverized coals as a function of particle size and density

A diesel-like fuel, pyrodiesel (PD), was synthesized by a pyrolysis method using soybean oil as starting material. Some physical properties of the material were studied, both neat and in blends with high-sulfur (HSD) and low-sulfur (LSD) diesel fuels, and compared with blends of biodiesel (BD) in fossil fuels. It was observed using different methods that the lubricity of biobased fuels obtained after the transesterification or pyrolysis of soybean oil is superior to LSD and HSD and also that the lubricity of diesel fuels are enhanced when either BD or PD are added. Based on the results reported herein, PD is a viable alternative to BD for use in compression-ignition engines.