Pyrolytic Carbon Black Research Articles

Acoustical, vibrational, and thermal investigations of pyrolytic carbon black reinforced natural rubber composites

The present study aims to utilize the carbonaceous filler (pyrolytic carbon black (PCB)) obtained from tire waste to fabricate composites for thermal, vibrational, and acoustical applications. Four composites were fabricated by increasing the PCB content (0, 10, 20, and 30 parts per hundred rubber (phr)) in the natural rubber (NR) matrix following ASTM D3182-21a standard. The optimum curing time was determined using a Moving Die Rheometer based on the ASTM D2084-19 standard. The physical, functional, microstructural, wettability, thermal, and mechanical properties of fabricated NR/PCB composites were comprehensively examined. Further, from an application standpoint, the study influence of increasing PCB content in a polymer matrix on thermal conductivity (TC), vibration damping, and sound transmission loss (STL) of the fabricated NR/PCB composites was investigated following ASTM E1530-19, ASTM E756-05, and ASTM E2611-17 standards, respectively. The study results indicate significant enhancement in the properties of the composites with increased PCB content. Specifically, the reinforcement of 30 phr of PCB in the polymer matrix led to a notable increase in TC (at 40 °C) by approximately 21.16% compared to NR/PCB0 composite. Also, the configuration mild steel (MS) + NR/PCB30 achieved the highest damping ratio, measuring 6.56 at the third vibration mode. Moreover, the average STL value of the NR/PCB30 composite showed a notable improvement of approximately 17.19% when compared to the NR/PCB0 composite, underscoring the effectiveness of PCB in enhancing the desired properties of the NR-based composites.

Addressing the issue of microparticle size Pyrolysis Carbon Black(PCB) by adding to the concrete mixture

MAX 250 words Tire waste is one of the world's major environmental solid waste problems. Used tires cannot be handled in landfills or burned because they create noxious vapors that are harmful. Therefore, a variety of methods for the treatment of used tires have been proposed. The most advantageous method for disposing of garbage is thought to be tire pyrolysis. By pyrolyzing waste tires, carbon black (PCB) is produced as a byproduct as well as gases, fuel oil, steel, and other materials. Another problem with solid waste is caused by PCB, which accounts for 30-35 weight percent of waste tire materials. In this experimental investigation, PCB inclusion in construction-grade concrete was attempted. The effect of black carbon particle size on concrete was examined in the current research. The compression test, which was performed in the testing, used six different PCB particle sizes. The results showed that the strength in the 28-day compression test could be organized in an increasing fashion, with the smallest particle size (75 m) yielding the highest compressive strength. The seven-day exam is also devoid of the usual arrangement.

Optimization and characterization of composite modified asphalt with pyrolytic carbon black and chicken feather fiber

Abstract Asphalt is a vital construction material for roads, and its properties can be enhanced by modification. In this study, a composite modified asphalt was developed using pyrolytic carbon black (PCB) and chicken feather fiber (CFF). Box–Behnken design of response surface methodology was employed to optimize the preparation parameters, and the optimal parameters were determined to be a PCB dosage of 15% (weight ratio), a CFF dosage of 0.3% (weight ratio), and a chicken feather (CF) shear time of 8.2 min. A Dynamic Shear Rheometer (MCR302) was used to analyze the high-temperature rheological properties of the modified asphalt samples, and the results showed that the addition of PCB and CFF enhanced the high temperature performance and anti-aging performance of the asphalt. The rheological properties at high temperature increased progressively with the increase in CFF dosage. The Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) test was conducted to evaluate the low-temperature rheological property of PCB/CFF composite modified asphalt, which was observed to decrease with the increase in CFF dosage. The microscopic properties and the chemical group of 15% PCB + 0.3% CFF with 8.2 min CF shear time composite modified asphalt (0.3%PC-MA) were analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer and Fluorescence Microscopy, and the results indicated that PCB and CFF were physically blended with asphalt without undergoing a chemical reaction, and they were well compatible with and evenly distributed in asphalt. Finally, the high- and low-temperature performances, as well as water stability, of the base asphalt (BA), 15% PCB dosage modified asphalt (P-MA), and 15% PCB dosage modified asphalt with x% CFF dosage with a shear time of 8.2 min (PC-MA) were compared. The addition of CFF significantly enhanced the high-temperature and low-temperature performances, as well as water stability of P-MA mixtures. The aim of this study is to provide a laboratory test basis for the application of PCB/CFF composite modified asphalt.

Surface Activated Pyrolytic Carbon Black: A Dual Functional Sustainable Filler for Natural Rubber Composites.

The significant rise in end-of-life tires (ELTs) globally poses immediate environmental and human health risks. Therefore, to promote ELTs recycling and to reduce tire industry carbon emissions, herein we present a facile approach for fine-tuning the interfacial interactions between pyrolytic carbon black (P-CB) obtained from ELTs and natural rubber (NR) matrix using phosphonium-based ionic liquid (PIL). The reinforcing effect of PIL-activated P-CB was studied by replacing the furnace-grade carbon black (N330-CB) with varying PIL and P-CB loadings. Adding PIL improved the filler dispersion and the cross-linking kinetics with a substantially reduced zinc oxide (ZnO) loading. Considering the cross-linking and viscoelastic properties, it was concluded that the composite, P-CB/N330-CB-PIL (1.5)+ZnO (1) with half substitution of N330-CB with P-CB synergistically works with 1.5 phr PIL and 1 phr of ZnO resulting in improved dynamic-mechanical properties with a minimal loss tangent value at 60 °C (tanδ=0.0689) and improved glass transition temperature (Tg =-38 °C) compared to control composite. The significant drop (~29 % lower) in tanδ could reduce fuel consumption and related CO2 emissions. We envisage that this strategy opens an essential avenue for "Green Tire Technology" towards the substantial pollution abatement from ELTs and reduces the toxic ZnO.

Low temperature cracking behavior of modified asphalt mixture under modes I and III

The study of the short- and long-term cracking behavior of asphalt pavement under tensile and tear deformations, and the production of sustainable mixtures using recycled additives, were the two main goals of this study. For this purpose, two types of additives, namely pyrolysis carbon black (PCB) and pyrolysis hydrocarbon (PHC), which were made from hospital waste recycling as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, were used to study the fracture behaviour of asphalt mixture under modes I and III (at −15 °C). For simulating the actual pavement conditions with the Edge Notched Disc Bend (ENDB) samples, 0 and 3 freeze–thaw damage (FTD) cycles were applied to mixtures. Laboratory findings indicated that the addition of 6, 12, and 18 % PCB, 1.25, 2, and 2.75 % PHC, and 18 % PCB + 2.75 % PHC into the asphalt mixtures resulted in an increase in the total fracture energy of mixtures at −15 °C by increasing the GIfpre-peak and GIIIfpre-peak as well as increasing the fracture toughness, for both FTD cycles. Also, the results of brittleness indices revealed that using 18 % PCB + 2.75 % PHC in the asphalt mixture had more flexible behaviour than the mixture containing PCB (due to a higher average brittleness index) and more brittle behaviour than the mixture containing PHC (due to a lower average brittleness index) under mode I. While the mixtures containing PCB, PHC, and 18 %PCB + 2.75 %PHC were more flexible under mode III. Finally, the mixture containing 18 % PCB + 2.75 % PHC had the best fracture performance under mode I. It increased the asphalt mixture's fracture energy and toughness respectively under 3 FTD cycles by 62 and 54 %, in comparison with the unmodified mixture and without applying FTD cycles. Also, it was indicated that the modified mixture with 18 %PCB + 2.75 %PHC can compensate for 97 % of the fracture energy decrease due to the influence of FTD cycle (under mode III), while in terms of the fracture toughness index, a 12 % increase was obtained.

Optimizing the formulation design and investigating the composite modification mechanism of pyrolysis carbon Black/Polyethylene/Synthetic plant ester composite modified asphalt

Pyrolysis carbon black (PCB) is the surplus product of waste tires after pyrolysis. Polyethylene (PE) is the main component of disposable plastic bags, and synthetic plant ester (SPE) is an environmentally friendly plasticizer that has recently emerged. In this study, the aforementioned three materials were used to prepare an environmentally friendly composite-modified asphalt (CM-A). The optimization of the formulation design of the PCB/PE/SPE additive with asphalt was performed using the response surface mixture-design method, with conventional asphalt performance as the control index. The compound modification mechanism was investigated using modern microscopic testing techniques. The recommended formulations for the additives were BA:PCB:PE:SPE = 0.881:0.081:0.022:0.016 by mass. The resulting CM-A exhibited comparable penetration, ductility, and fatigue properties to base asphalt (BA), with higher high-temperature rutting resistance and softening point values. Microscopic test results revealed that the PCB/PE/SPE was physically blended with asphalt. The plasticizing effect of SPE enhanced the plasticity of PE molecules and significantly improved the compatibility properties of PE and BA. The thermal behavior of CM-A was similar to that of BA but with a slightly higher ash content due to the presence of PCB. The results provide a reference for the industrial production of asphalt modifiers, modification mechanism studies, and a new solution to alleviate environmental pollution and resource waste problems from solid waste accumulation.

Influence of Pyrolytic Carbon Black Derived from Waste Tires at Varied Temperatures within an Industrial Continuous Rotating Moving Bed System.

Nowadays, waste tires have emerged as one of the most significant sources of environmental pollution. To address this issue, pyrolysis has become a widely adopted method. The continuous rotary kiln reactor has particularly gained popularity in industrial production for pyrolysis due to its suitability. In order to guide the development of new industrial continuous rotary kiln reactors and achieve high-performance pyrolytic carbon black (CBp), this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the physical and chemical characteristics of CBp and pyrolysis temperature. The elevated-temperature procedure led to a reduction in DBP values from 90 to 70 mL/100 mg, accompanied by a rise in the specific surface area from 63 to 77 m2/g. The augmentation of pyrolysis temperature was noted to induce the agglomeration of CBp particles, thereby negatively impacting their dispersion within polymer matrices. CBp particles at 550 °C exhibited greater structural order, as determined by Raman spectroscopy, which can be attributed to the elevated temperature proximate to the cylinder wall surface. Furthermore, the potential of CBp for reinforcement in natural rubber (NR) was taken into consideration. The pronounced propensity of high-temperature CBps to agglomerate led to uneven dispersion within the polymer, consequently causing heightened heat accumulation and the emergence of the Payne effect. Based on a thorough analysis of the outcomes, the optimal pyrolysis temperature for CBp synthesis within the continuous reactor was ascertained.

Enhanced wear resistance of sustainable tire materials with plasma modified pyrolysis carbon black

In this study, pyrolysis carbon black (CBp) was pre-treated by the combination of air jet milling and Ar plasma technology to obtain the reinforcing filler, MP-CBp. The modification effect was verified by XPS, Raman spectroscopy and TEM images. The increment of introduced activation groups and the augmentation of surface area conferred MP-CBp an impressive reinforcement to natural rubber (NR) matrix. The excellent reinforcement of MP-CBp was attributed to the formation of strong filler network according to the mechanical properties. Besides, the tribological studies conducted under various load conditions revealed that the NR component filled with MP-CBp presented intensively improvement on the ground traction and the wear resistance. The addition of 60 phr MP-CBp intensified 20% dry traction, 33.3% wet traction and decreased 27.7% specific wear rate of NR vulcanizates. This strategy to modify CBp with cleanliness Ar plasma technique provides novel insights into not only the surface treatment of CBp, but also the manufacture of sustainable wear-resistant tire materials, which can tremendously promote the recycled utilization of waste tires.

A Review Conversation of Waste Plastics into Fuel

Due to the current continued use of fossil fuels such as crude oil, natural gas and coal, the current economic growth rate is unstable. Therefore, renewable energy sources are being exploited, but some resources, such as plastic waste, need to be developed into a full- fledged economic activity. Pyrolysis is a process which involves thermochemical decomposition of organic matter at high temperature (>370◦C) in the absence of oxygen. Products of this process are Pyrolysis Oil, Carbon Black, and Hydrocarbons. This review paper is focusing the most efficient and widely used method of converting plastics to fuels: ‘Pyrolysis’ and its effectiveness on resolving the both issues of waste plastic management and the requirement of a good alternative fuel for use. Key Words: Plastic wastes, Decomposition, pyrolysis, fuel

Ecofriendly Synthesis of Waste-Tire-Derived Graphite Nanoflakes by a Low-Temperature Electrochemical Graphitization Process toward a Silicon-Based Anode with a High-Performance Lithium-Ion Battery.

Here, the successful transformation of graphitic carbon with a high degree of graphitization and a nanoflake structure from pyrolytic tire carbon black was demonstrated. First, amorphous carbon black with a porous structure was obtained after pyrolysis and simple preacid treatments. Subsequently, the carbon black was converted into a highly graphitic structure at a relatively low temperature (850 °C) through a facile electrochemical route using molten salt, which is ecofriendly and has high potential for large-scale graphitization compared to conventional incineration techniques. Moreover, we further improved the crystallinity and uniformity of the product simultaneously by directly mixing the metal oxide catalyst Fe2O3 with a carbon precursor. The mechanism of this metal-catalyzed electrochemical graphitization has been discussed in detail. To confirm their potential in practical applications, the as-prepared graphitized nanoflakes were used as conductive additives for silicon anodes in lithium-ion batteries, which showed a performance comparable to those utilizing commercial Super-P additives, exhibiting an initial Coulombic efficiency of approximately 79.7% and a high capacity retention of approximately 45.8% after 100 cycles with a reversible capacity of 1220 mAh g-1 at a current rate of 400 mA g-1. Hence, successfully recovered waste-tire-derived carbon black utilizing a low-temperature Fe2O3-catalyzed electrochemical process opens a pathway in low-temperature graphitization toward a sustainable value-added application in the field of energy storage.

Controlled Air Oxidation for Surface Functionalization of Pyrolytic Carbon Black

Controlled Air Oxidation for Surface Functionalization of Pyrolytic Carbon Black

Microwave heating mechanism and Self-healing performance of scrap tire pyrolysis carbon black modified bitumen

Conventional asphalt mixture has poor microwave absorbing performance and microwave heating efficiency. Based on the characteristics of dielectric loss of scrap tire pyrolysis carbon black (PCB), it is proposed to improve the microwave absorbing performance and self-healing rate of bitumen. The phase composition and electromagnetic parameters of PCB were tested to reveal its microwave heating mechanism. The preparation parameters, heating characteristics and self-healing properties of PCB modified bitumen were studied through the dispersion uniformity test, microwave heating test and SCB test. The main phases of PCB are microwave absorbing carbon and silicon, indicating that PCB is a good electric loss microwave absorbing material. 40 min is the recommended mixing time of 15% PCB modified bitumen. PCB's dosage, microwave frequency and microwave heating time have significant effects on the microwave heating characteristics of PCB modified bitumen. PCB can improve high-temperature stability, thermal conductance, heat storage capacity and self-healing rate of bitumen.

Upgrading the Pyrolysis Carbon Black from Waste Tire by Hybridization with Cellulose

Upgrading the Pyrolysis Carbon Black from Waste Tire by Hybridization with Cellulose

Effect of Pyrolysis Carbon Black from Waste Tire on the Mechanical Properties of SSBR/BR Blend

AbstractPyrolysis carbon black (PCB) is a main product during the pyrolysis of waste tires. Using PCB to partially replace carbon black has drawn great attention. Herein, PCB is used to replace commercial carbon black N234 in a solution‐polymerized styrene‐butadiene rubber (SSBR)/butadiene rubber (BR)/silica compound used for tire treads. The influence of liquid polyisoprene (LIR) on the SSBR/BR/silica compound is studied. The scorch time of the compound is prolonged and the curing rate increases when N234 is partially replaced by PCB, and the processing performance of the compound is improved after the addition of LIR. As N234 is partially replaced by PCB, the addition of LIR can increase the tensile strength and elongation at break of SSBR/BR/silica vulcanizates, and improve their ageing resistance. When 50% N234 is replaced by PCB in the presence of LIR, the rolling resistance and wet grip of SSBR/BR/silica vulcanizate are improved, while the abrasion resistance slightly decreased. In the presence of liquid polyisoprene, PCB can be successfully used to partially replace common carbon black in tire rubber compounds without compromising properties.

Effect of Adding Pyrolysis Carbon Black (CBp) on Soft Friction and Metal Wear during Mixing.

In the cracking process of waste tires, pyrolysis carbon black (CBp), as a solid product, accounts for about 35% of the total tire rubber content. Here, the treated CBp has been gradually applied to the tire formula to improve the recycling efficiency of waste tires. This study elucidated the influence of adding CBp during the tire mixing process on soft friction and metal wear. Compared with industrial carbon black (I-CB), the friction coefficient of CBp was smaller at different mixing stages, and the ripple caused by adhesion friction was not evident. After the modified CBp (M-CBp) was obtained by implementing the surface activation of common CBp (C-CBp), the friction coefficient between M-CBp and metal increased by 10%, while the filler dispersion and comprehensive mechanical properties showed an upward trend. The wear rate of metal was higher than that observed after adding I-CB during the same mixing mode; thus, it was necessary to strengthen the wear resistance of the inner-wall surface of the mixing chamber. The –OH group on the M-CBp surface can also participate in the silane coupling reaction and aggravate the metal wear of the mixer chamber wall. Through a comparison of results, the mixing friction coefficient can reflect the strength of filler–rubber interaction, which in turn can preliminarily represent the dispersion effect and comprehensive properties, reveal the reason behind the poor performance of CBp, and highlight the need for modification from the perspective of tribology.

Synthesis, Purification, and Characterization of Carbon Dots from Non-Activated and Activated Pyrolytic Carbon Black.

In this work, carbon dots were created from activated and non-activated pyrolytic carbon black obtained from waste tires, which were then chemically oxidized with HNO3. The effects caused to the carbon dot properties were analyzed in detail through characterization techniques such as ion chromatography; UV–visible, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy; ζ potential; transmission electron microscopy (TEM); and spectrofluorometry. The presence of functional groups on the surface of all carbon dots was revealed by UV–visible, FTIR, XPS, and Raman spectra. The higher oxidation degrees of carbon dots from activated precursors compared to those from nonactivated precursors resulted in differences in photoluminescence (PL) properties such as bathochromic shift, lower intensity, and excitation-dependent behavior. The results demonstrate that the use of an activating agent in the recovery of pyrolytic carbon black resulted in carbon dots with different PL properties. In addition, a dialysis methodology is proposed to overcome purification obstacles, finding that 360 h were required to obtain pure carbon dots synthesized by a chemical oxidation method.

Structure Optimization of Pyrolysis Carbon Black from Waste Tire and its Application in Natural Rubber Composites

Structure Optimization of Pyrolysis Carbon Black from Waste Tire and its Application in Natural Rubber Composites

Preparation and properties of bitumen modified with waste rubber pyrolytic carbon black

Two types of waste rubber pyrolytic carbon black (WRPCB) were used to prepare the WRPCB modified bitumen. The microstructure and chemical composition of the WRPCB were characterized via scanning electron microscope and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, respectively. The conventional physical properties were applied to study the effect of the preparation technology on properties of the modified bitumen. The dynamic shear rheometer and bending beam rheometer were used to study the high- and low-temperature rheological properties of the WRPCB modified bitumen. The results show that the recommended preparation technology of the WRPCB modified bitumen is as follows: the content of the WRPCB is 10%, the shear time is 1 h, and the preparation temperature is 150 °C. The resistance to high-temperature deformation of bitumen can be improved, while the low-temperature cracking resistance of bitumen decreases to some extent with the addition of the WRPCB. The pelletized waste rubber pyrolytic carbon black shows more significant influence on bitumen performance than the normal waste rubber pyrolytic carbon black since the particle size of the pelletized waste rubber pyrolytic carbon black is larger, and the surface of the pelletized waste rubber pyrolytic carbon black is smoother than those of the normal waste rubber pyrolytic carbon black.

Characterization of Chemically Activated Pyrolytic Carbon Black Derived from Waste Tires as a Candidate for Nanomaterial Precursor.

Pyrolysis is a feasible solution for environmental problems related to the inadequate disposal of waste tires, as it leads to the recovery of pyrolytic products such as carbon black, liquid fuels and gases. The characteristics of pyrolytic carbon black can be enhanced through chemical activation in order to produce the required properties for its application. In the search to make the waste tire pyrolysis process profitable, new applications of the pyrolytic solid products have been explored, such as for the fabrication of energy-storage devices and precursor in the synthesis of nanomaterials. In this study, waste tires powder was chemically activated using acid (H2SO4) and/or alkali (KOH) to recover pyrolytic carbon black with different characteristics. H2SO4 removed surface impurities more thoroughly, improving the carbon black’s surface area, while KOH increased its oxygen content, which improved the carbon black’s stability in water suspension. Pyrolytic carbon black was fully characterized by elemental analysis, inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption/desorption, scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and ζ potential measurement. In addition, the pyrolytic carbon black was used to explore its feasibility as a precursor for the synthesis of carbon dots; synthesized carbon dots were analyzed preliminarily by SEM and with a fluorescence microplate reader, revealing differences in their morphology and fluorescence intensity. The results presented in this study demonstrate the effect of the activating agent on pyrolytic carbon black from waste tires and provide evidence of the feasibility of using waste tires for the synthesis of nanomaterials such as carbon dots.

A Case Study of Waste Scrap Tyre-Derived Carbon Black Tested for Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and Cyclohexane Adsorption.

Waste scrap tyres were thermally decomposed at the temperature of 600 °C and heating rate of 10 °C·min−1. Decomposition was followed by the TG analysis. The resulting pyrolytic carbon black was chemically activated by a KOH solution at 800 °C. Activated and non-activated carbon black were investigated using high pressure thermogravimetry, where adsorption isotherms of N2, CO2, and cyclohexane were determined. Isotherms were determined over a wide range of pressure, 0.03–4.5 MPa for N2 and 0.03–2 MPa for CO2. In non-activated carbon black, for the same pressure and temperature, a five times greater gas uptake of CO2 than N2 was determined. Contrary to non-activated carbon black, activated carbon black showed improved textural properties with a well-developed irregular mesoporous-macroporous structure with a significant amount of micropores. The sorption capacity of pyrolytic carbon black was also increased by activation. The uptake of CO2 was three times and for cyclohexane ten times higher in activated carbon black than in the non-activated one. Specific surface areas evaluated from linearized forms of Langmuir isotherm and the BET isotherm revealed that for both methods, the values are comparable for non-activated carbon black measured by CO2 and for activated carbon black measured by cyclohexane. It was found out that the N2 sorption capacity of carbon black depends only on its specific surface area size, contrary to CO2 sorption capacity, which is affected by both the size of specific surface area and the nature of carbon black.