Pyroclastic Research Articles

The dynamic of magmatic system and volcano hazard implications of the Damavand volcano (N. Iran) inferred from the textural data

The Damavand stratovolcano (N Iran) consists mainly of lavas with trachyandesite-trachyte composition, and subordinate pyroclastic deposits. The intensity of explosive eruptions and the volume of pyroclastic deposits have increased over time, which may be related to increasing viscosity due to the development of crystal-rich magmas. This research integrates microanalytical and quantitative textural measurements to understand the textural evolutions from the old to the young lavas and their relationships with the physical processes occurred in the plumbing system. Age-constrained samples from the lavas were analyzed using crystal size distribution (CSD), the newly proposed multifractal analysis, including the Number-Length of crystals (N-LoC) and the Number-Area of crystals (N-AoC), along with mineral chemistry. Three to five populations of feldspars can be identified, which have undergone evolution and coarsening over time. We propose a textural development sequence established at mid to shallow crustal levels, involving several physicochemical processes, such as cycles of polybaric differentiation and episodic magma recharge into the crystal-rich magma chambers. This, in turn, caused disaggregation of crystal mushes and textural coarsening due to crystal aggregation and temperature cycling. The increasing population of microphenocrysts in younger lavas may be linked to pulsating groundmass crystallization resulting from degassing at a newly formed shallow chamber (0.5–1 kbar) beneath the young cone. The final stages of crystallization occurred during multi-step decompression in the conduits. The comparison of age data from lava samples and their stratigraphic positions suggests that triggering groundmass crystallization might have caused shifts in eruptive behavior.

Determination of Organic Carbon Content of the Soils within the Greenhouses Built on Pyroclastic Deposits in Isparta Settlement Area

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important indication of soil health and helps to sustain soil fertility. As a result, determining its composition and the factors that influence it is critical for long-term soil nutrient management, especially in controlled conditions such as greenhouses. This study utilizes machine learning to classify SOC content in greenhouses built on pyroclastic deposits in the Isparta region. A dataset of 276 samples and eight variables—clay (%), silt (%), sand (%), soil electrical conductivity (EC), pH, elevation, slope, and aspect—were used to model SOC values. SOC content was classified into five classifications: very low (2.3%). In this study, five machine learning models—Logistic Regression (LR), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT), and Random Forest (RF)—were evaluated using cross-validation to determine their classification accuracy, precision, recall, F-score, and ROC area. Random Forest (RF) and Decision Tree (DT) outperformed the other models, with RF achieving the highest overall accuracy (76.4%), precision (77.3%), and AUC (0.904), followed by DT at 75.4% and AUC of 0.874. This study shows the practicality of machine learning models in categorizing SOC content, highlighting their importance for long-term soil health and fertility control in greenhouse conditions. To improve model efficacy, future studies should include more auxiliary variables, such as soil physical and chemical qualities and lithological data, as well as a wider range of soil types.

Genesis of an Inorganic CO2 Gas Reservoir in the Dehui–Wangfu Fault Depression, Songliao Basin, China

This study systematically examines the origins and formation mechanisms of inorganic CO2 gas reservoirs located within the Dehui–Wangfu Fault in the southeastern uplift region of the Songliao Basin. The research aims to clarify the primary sources of inorganic CO2, along with its migration and accumulation processes. The identification of the Wanjinta gas reservoir within the Dehui–Wangfu Fault Zone, abundant in inorganic CO2, has sparked significant interest in the pivotal roles of volcanism and tectonic activity in gas generation and concentration. To analyze the release characteristics of CO2, this study conducted degassing experiments on volcanic and volcaniclastic rock samples from various boreholes within the fault trap. It evaluated CO2 release behaviors and controlling factors across varying temperatures (150 °C to 600 °C) and particle sizes (20, 40, and 100 µm). The findings indicated a negative correlation between CO2 release and particle size, with a notable transition at 300 °C—marking this temperature as critical for the release of adsorbed and lattice gases. Moreover, volcaniclastic rocks exhibited higher CO2 release compared to volcanic rocks, attributable to their larger specific surface area and higher porosity. At 600 °C, the decomposition of the rock crystal structure results in substantial gas escape. These observations suggest that the inorganic CO2 in this area derives not only from mantle sources but is also influenced by crustal components. Elevated temperatures prompted by tectonic activity and magmatic intrusion facilitated the degassing of the surrounding rocks, allowing released CO2 to migrate upwards through the fracture system and accumulate in the shallow crust, ultimately forming a gas reservoir. This study enhances the understanding of volcanic rock’s roles in inorganic CO2 gas generation and migration, highlighting the fracture system’s critical controlling influence on gas transport and aggregation. The findings indicate that inorganic CO2 gas reservoirs in the Dehui–Wangfu Fault Zone primarily originate from mantle sources with a mixture of crustal gases. This discovery offers new theoretical insights and practical guidance for the exploration and development of gas reservoirs in the Songliao Basin and similar regions.

Nucleation delay controlling the formation of mafic enclaves and banded pumice

The presence of mafic enclaves and banded pumice reveals key physical processes associated with volcanic eruptions. Here, through the textural and geochemical analyses of the 3550 B.P. Waimihia deposits in Taupō, New Zealand, we demonstrate how disequilibrium crystallization controls the way magmas mix. Andesitic enclaves in pyroclastic deposits from this predominantly rhyolitic eruption consist of microlites that crystallized rapidly during mafic injection into rhyolitic host magma. The variation of microlite textures depends on enclave size, implying that mafic enclaves crystallized as discrete blobs within a host rhyolitic magma. However, gray pumice and dark bands in banded pumice are characterized by a lack of or less plagioclase microlites that should be present if equilibrium crystallization occurred. Our textural and chemical data suggest that the lack of plagioclase in gray pumice and dark bands resulted from the nucleation delay arising from the mixing with rhyolitic magma. After mafic magma broke up in a magma chamber as discrete mafic blobs, the plagioclase-free rim of the blobs was disaggregated by shear flow. The eroded mafic blobs form a hybrid magma by mixing with rhyolitic magma, which further delays the plagioclase nucleation. This hybrid magma eventually erupted as gray pumice or banded pumice, depending on the intensity of magma mingling in the conduit. We use a plagioclase nucleation delay model to calculate residence times of hours to tens of hours prior to eruption. Our mixing model with nucleation delay enables small volumes of mafic magma to mix with large amounts of silicic magma.

Assessment of Borač-Kotlenik magmatic massif rock mass technical properties as potential source for optimal development of regional road infrastructure based on local stone materials

The Borač-Kotlenik magmatic massif in central Serbia is mainly made up of effusive and pyroclastic rocks, formed in three main phases of volcanic activity: 1. dacite and andesite, 2. quartz-latite and dacite, and 3. basaltoid rocks. Rock mass samples from this magmatic massif have been examined and mined in numerous localities during the XX century for purposes of building and reconstruction works of local and regional road networks. The examination process continues today for purposes of ‘Morava corridor’ highway building and its demand for the local stone material of the specified quality. The results of rock mass technical properties' tests have shown that its quality for road building purposes depends significantly on petrologic type, soundness, and hydrothermal alteration type. Oxidation alteration types can cause a significant decrease in compressive strength, an increase in porosity and water absorption, especially as oxidation chemical processes cause increased susceptibility to weathering, thus making the rock mass unusable in road construction profile layers above the embankment. Testing results demonstrate that effusive volcanic rocks of the Borač-Kotlenik magmatic massif generally can be used in the road building process. For this purpose, it is necessary to select the conformable rock mass zones at each locality, where hydrothermal alteration and weathering products are absent in order to obtain the best available stone material of volcanic origin.

Volcanic tuff as a World Heritage Georesource, a Case Study of Tokaj Wine Region UNESCO Cultural Landscape

Volcanic tephra and pyroclastic rocks are common georesources worldwide. Volcanic eruptions produce these materials, and the freshly deposited volcaniclastic sediments undergo variable diagenesis and possible hydrothermal alteration. The rhyolitic pyroclastic rocks of the Carpathian Basin were formed as a result of major silicic volcanism during the Miocene and are exposed in several volcanic regions. The use of these stones depends on their physical properties, such as hardness, colour, and transportability, especially in masonry and ornamental design. The study site, the Tokaj Wine Region (TWR) Historic Cultural Landscape is a UNESCO site located in NE Hungary, which was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2002. The silicic pyroclastic rocks, here we also referred to them as rhyolite tuffs, are significant geological resources in the UNESCO cultural heritage designation. The pyroclastic formations cover an area of about 100 km2 and were deposited by three major explosive eruptions (13.1–11.5 Ma). The local varieties are defined by primary volcanological features and secondary (diagenetic, hydrothermal) effects. The stone was extracted from more than 40 open pit quarries dating from the Middle Ages. The wine cellars and dry-built terrace walls are important cultural features of the volcanic tuff use. The geoconservation value of the rhyolite tuff is well illustrated by the exposed special geological features, which represent important sites of volcanic formations. However, only one site has been declared a nature conservation area. Several historic quarries are currently abandoned, and there are many problems due to the lack of their restoration. The most common problems are the instability of quarry walls, illegal dumping, pollution, and dense vegetation covering the geological values. The volcanic tuff has a great potential as a georesource (quarries, cellars, and terrace walls) adding value to World Heritage Site, but special efforts are needed to demonstrate its potential for geoconservation, geotourism, and geo-education.

Unravelling 6000 years of interplay among environmental changes, anthropogenic activities, and Vesuvius eruptions in the upper Sarno Plain (Campania, Italy)

Abstract Pollen analysis was carried out on the infilling succession of the Fossa San Vito sinkhole, at the NE foothills of the Sarno Plain (Italy). Four 14C dates and six tephra layers constrain the pollen sequence between ca. 6000 and 500 cal yr BP. A forested environment, with a few signs of human activities, characterizes the pre-protohistoric period (ca. 6000–2750 yr BP). Stability of the arboreal pollen grains to non-arboreal pollen grains (AP/NAP) curve is due to climate-related opposite oscillations of deciduous and evergreen forest. In this period, the pyroclastic products from Neapolitan volcanoes that reached the upper Sarno Plain seem to have affected neither vegetation nor human activities. In the archaic and classic periods (ca. 2750–1500 yr BP), intensive deforestation and increase in anthropogenic indicators indicate the occurrence of grazing and crop activities managed by the main urban centers located in the plain: Pompeii, Stabiae, and Nuceria. After the Pompeii eruption in CE 79, a rapid re-afforestation and decline in all anthropogenic indicators testify to the temporary abandonment of the area, linked to the disastrous demise of the main economic centers. The upper plain was repopulated and exploited in the Late Ancient and Middle Ages (ca. 1700–500 yr BP), as indicated by the increase in all crop and grazing indicators.

Insight into the 2021 Semeru volcano eruption from rapid monitoring of its pyroclastic deposits using Google Earth Engine and multi-sensor data

The objective of this study is to map the pyroclastic deposits resulting from the Semeru eruption in 2021 and to analyse the process of pyroclastic deposit formation, including the tephra and lithification phases, using multi-sensor data. The distribution of pyroclastic deposits was mapped using machine learning algorithms, Sentinel 2 and Sentinel 1 imagery on Google Earth Engine. Data acquisition in the Semeru volcano area was conducted both prior to and following the 2021 eruption. Additionally, field investigations were conducted to analyse the distribution of pyroclastic deposits, including the characteristics of individual layers, the lithification process of pyroclastic layers, and their relationship with the characteristics of the eruption. The results demonstrate that pyroclastic deposits in the proximal facies are composed of lithic, lapilli tuff, lava and tuff. The mapping results also indicate the presence of volcanic ash deposits in the central facies or summit area of Semeru, exhibiting distinctive characteristics associated with volcanic ash. The 2021 eruption has also resulted in rapid changes to river morphometry, as evidenced by notable shifts in a significant decrease in pixel values for NDVI (−0.0781-0.0625), a significant increase in pixel frequency of EVI (1800–6000), and MNDWI (1700–3000), respectively. The change of pyroclastic fall into consolidated tephra occurred from December 2021 to May 2023, where in May 2023 volcanic ash had changed into tuff and lapilli had changed into lapilli tuff. Furthermore, data from Sentinel-1 indicated that pyroclastic flows could be identified using both vertical and horizontal polarization. It can therefore be concluded that the 2021 eruption of Semeru exhibited distinctive characteristics of pyroclastic deposits, where some of the characteristics of the pyroclastic distribution can be monitored rapidly with Google Earth Engine. Therefore, the use of Google Earth Engine with integration of radar and optical data can be recommended to mapping pyroclastic deposits rapidly.

Early Paleogene alkaline magmatism in the Subandean Ranges of Jujuy Province

The Zapla Range (Jujuy province) represents the southern edge of the central Andean Subandean Ranges in Argentina. In the northernmost area of the Zapla Range, basaltic rocks are interbedded in the Mealla Formation. These volcanic units form part of the post-rift magmatism of the Salta rift basin, which mainly focused on the Lomas de Olmedo sub-basin to the east. In this paper, six of these basaltic occurrences are characterized on the basis of new geological, petrographic and geochemical data, in order to explore their emplacement, petrogenesis and possible tectonic setting during rift evolution. Peperites in the upper contact of sills evidence the interaction between basalts and unconsolidated or poorly consolidated wet sediments. This implies that there was concomitance between sedimentation and subsurface magma emplacement, suggesting a Paleocene age for the magmatic event according to zircon U-Pb data available for Mealla Formation rocks. Other basaltic units show hipocrystalline textures and lack peperites at the top, which points to their extrusive nature. Additionally, some of these lava flows are spatially associated with pyroclastic deposits that reveal the occurrence of explosive hydrovolcanic eruptions. The study rocks are classified as alkaline basalts and basanites with high Mg# and Ni- and Cr-rich compositions, close to primitive magmas. They show affinity with continental intraplate settings. The analyses of Ba/Nb, Nb/La, (La/Yb)N, (La/Sm)N, (Gd/Yb)N and (Dy/Yb)N ratios, as well as normalized trace and rare earth element patterns, suggests a genesis by low degrees of partial melting of a residual garnet-bearing mantle source. Therefore, basalts from this part of the Subandean Ranges evidence a magmatic episode probably linked to an extensional reactivation stage of the Salta Group rift system in the Lomas de Olmedo depocenter during the Paleocene (∼60 Ma).

The tectonostratigraphic evolution of a Miocene half-graben, Kerio Valley Basin, East African Rift of Kenya: analysis of a 3 km thick volcano-sedimentary succession

The Kerio Valley Basin is a classic half-graben within the Eastern Branch of the East African Rift System, though to date its tectonostratigraphic evolution has only been interpreted through an incomplete stratigraphic record exposed along structural highs. This study examines a 3 km thick, volcano-sedimentary succession recorded within a hydrocarbon exploration well, Cheptuket-1, located within the hanging wall of the Kerio Valley Basin. A suite of silicic extrusive volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks are also recorded, calibrated by a dense collection of thin-sections from 84 side-wall cores. These volcanic rocks include phonolite lava flows. Through documentation of the well stratigraphy and integrating newly acquired 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age dates from outcrop, we detail a substantially revised, simpler tectonostratigraphic evolution of this basin. Cheptuket-1 penetrated a Middle Miocene to recent stratigraphic succession, bottoming in metamorphic basement, likely through a fault plane. Several phases of lake development are elucidated, including both pre- and syn-mechanical rifting, with the latter phase containing beds exhibiting high organic matter content. This study ultimately represents a rare insight into a near complete rift-basin hanging-wall succession, as well as detailing a workflow for characterising mixed volcanic and sedimentary successions.

Variable preservation of the 1991 Hudson tephra in small lakes and on land

Volcanic ash (tephra) preserved in terrestrial environments and lake sediments contains information about volcanic processes and can be used to infer eruptive parameters and frequency of past eruptions, contributing to the understanding of volcanic hazards. However, tephra deposits can undergo transformation from their initial fallout sedimentation to being preserved as a tephra layer in the sedimentary record. The process is likely to be different in lakes and in terrestrial (soil) sequences. Here we compare the thickness, mass loading and grain size of tephra layers from the 1991 eruption of Cerro Hudson, Chile, from small lakes and adjacent terrestrial settings to measurements of the tephra made shortly after the eruption. We analysed samples from 35 cores in total from six small lakes (<0.25 km2), located 76 and 109 km from the volcano in two contrasting climatic areas (cool and humid northern site, and warm and dry southern site), and made 73 measurements of tephra thickness and 11 measurements of grain size in adjacent terrestrial areas. The major element geochemistry of our samples confirmed they were from the 1991 Hudson eruption. We found that some of the measured characteristics of the preserved tephra layers were comparable to those recorded in 1991 shortly after initial deposition, but that there was considerable variability within and between locations. This variability was not predictable and lake sediments did not preserve a notably more accurate record of the fallout than terrestrial sites. However, in aggregate the characteristics of the preserved tephra was similar to those recorded at the time of deposition, suggesting that, for palaeotephra research, a sampling strategy involving a wide range of environments is more robust than one that relies on a single sedimentary record or a single type of sedimentary environment.

New bulk rock and age data on the changes in magma evolution during the Miocene, Galatean volcanic area, central Anatolia, Turkey: A review

The Galatean Volcanic Province (GVP) lies within the Sakarya tectonic belt in the northwest of central Anatolia, Turkey, south of the North Anatolian Fault, cropping out over 12,000 km2. It consists of Early Miocene intermediate to acid lavas, pyroclastic rocks, volcaniclastic deposits, and Late Miocene OIB-like basalts. Our study is based on new bulk geochemistry, SrNd isotopes, and 40Ar/39Ar dating of the volcanic rocks from the south-western part of GVP, but integrates all the available previous data to understand how magmas evolved in the post-collisional geodynamic condition in the GVP. The initial eruptions were rhyolitic, as domes or pyroclastic deposits (Group 1) and basaltic lavas (Group 2) during the Early Miocene. Group 2 is also represented by large volumes of basaltic-andesitic, trachyandesite-dacite/trachydacite lava flows, small intrusions, and pyroclastic deposits as generated between 21 and 14 Ma. Relatively low 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.705–0.706) of the early rhyolites (Group 1), similar to all the rocks from Group (2), suggest the generation of hybrid melts with variable contributions of mantle-derived and crustal material. The volcanic activity ends with OIB-like basalts (11–7 Ma) showing the lowest 87Sr/86Sr (∼0.703) suggesting an asthenospheric origin.The geodynamic model, based on post-Cyprian slab rollback, results in long-term (22–13 Ma) post-collisional delamination/drip processes that support magmatism. This magmatism is generated in the lithospheric mantle, with the formation of basaltic melts and acid hybrid melts showing variable contributions of mantle-derived and crustal materials in a complex trans-crustal magma plumbing system. Complex mixing of various intra-crustal magmas and fractional crystallization processes generated a huge volume of volcanic rocks. The Late Miocene small-volume OIB basalts were asthenospheric melts that during the late stage recorded localized decompression melting processes.

The characteristics of volcanic lithofacies and volcanic reservoirs in the Permian Jiamuhe Formation, Southern Zhongguai Rise, Junggar Basin, NW China

The southern Zhongguai Rise has gained wide attentions due to its commercial hydrocarbon discoveries from volcanic deposits in Jinlong Oilfield. The integrated analysis of geological and geophysical data assist in determination and depiction of volcanic lithology and volcanic facie, characterization of volcanic reservoirs as well as discussion of constrains on volcanic lithology/lithofacies. The conclusions suggest that two types of volcanic lithology, including volcaniclastic rocks and silicic moltenlava, can be identified based on cores. In addition, two types of volcanic lithofacies can be delineated according to cores and wireline responses. The explosive facies are mainly developed in early depositional period while the effusive facies are developed through depositional period. Furthermore, the reservoir space predominantly consists of pores and fractures according to thin sections. The physical property varies from time to time. That is, porosity distribution varies slightly. In contrast, permeability distribution varies significantly. The volcanic reservoirs can be generally attributed to high-porosity and low-permeability reservoirs no matter in volcaniclastic rocks or silicic molten lava. The volcanic lithofacies, facies distribution, diagenism and paleogeomorphology exserts controls on physical property and reservoir performance of volcanic reservoirs together.

The pre-Campi Flegrei caldera (>40 ka) explosive volcanic record in the Neapolitan Volcanic Area: New insights from a scientific drilling north of Naples, southern Italy

The oldest volcanism documented in near-vent sections around the Campi Flegrei (CF, southern Italy) caldera does not exceed ~78 ka, even though the mid- to ultra-distal tephrostratigraphic record would suggest that activity in this area started well before that. Reconstructing the activity preceding the large caldera-forming Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) eruption of ~40 ka, via surface geological surveys in proximal areas, is challenging because of the poor accessibility and paucity of sections recording the older chronostratigraphic interval. In order to fill the gap in knowledge of the activity preceding the CI eruption, a 113.2 m deep scientific drillhole was emplaced in the Ponti Rossi area, in the northern part of the city of Naples. The Ponti Rossi area was selected as representative of the stratigraphic setting prior to the CF caldera formation because it is close, although external, to any proposed caldera rim or downthrown area. The cored succession, consisting of pyroclastic deposits separated by paleosols, reworked humified deposits or subaerial erosional surfaces, has been logged and sampled for sedimentological, mineralogical, and geochronological analyses. Thirty-one Pyroclastic Units (PU) were identified. Based on the structural/textural features of the recovered sediments, the first relevant result is the possible absence of the CI, while the deposits of the ~15 ka Neapolitan Yellow Tuff eruption, the second largest caldera-forming event of CF, represent the shallowest sediments. 40Ar/39Ar age determinations on alkali feldspars, extracted from juvenile fragments collected at 45.8–45.9 (PU-29) and 99.5–99.6 (PU-1) metres of depth, yielded ages of 59.03 ± 0.50 ka and 110.00 ± 0.35 ka, respectively. The age obtained for the deepest cored unit, having sedimentological characteristics compatible with proximal deposition, represents the oldest age obtained for a pyroclastic deposit in the sequences near the CF caldera boundaries and extends by 30 ky the explosive history of this area. Furthermore, based on 40Ar/39Ar age constraints, at least 29 eruptions, spanning the ~59–110 ka interval, can be added to the volcanic history of the Neapolitan Volcanic Area. These eruptions can be largely attributed to the CF area, prior to the CI caldera formation, and testify to hitherto unknown, intense explosive activity.

Phosphorus dynamics in volcanic soils of Weizhou Island, China: implications for environmental and agricultural applications

The dynamics of phosphorus are intricately governed by geological and ecological processes. Examining phosphorus dynamics in volcanic islands can enhance our comprehension of its behavior within such unique geological systems. However, research on phosphorus dynamics in volcanic islands remains limited. We investigated the phosphorus content of volcaniclastic rocks and basalt soils from Weizhou Island, China, to understand the influencing factors on phosphorus dynamics. The results indicate that in the volcaniclastic profile, phosphorus concentrates at 20–40 cm (17 mg/kg), decreases at 40–60 cm (11.9 mg/kg), and increases at 80–200 cm up to 46.4 mg/kg proximate to the bedrock, for the basalt profile, phosphorus content increases from the surface (80.2 mg/kg) towards the bedrock (83.9 mg/kg). The differences in phosphorus distribution between volcaniclastic rocks and basalts reflect the influence of parent material, rock weathering degree, carbonate content, topographic elevation, sea level changes, and geological activities. A strong positive correlation (R = 0.96907) between total and available phosphorus has been observed, suggesting that total phosphorus content effectively predicts available phosphorus content. Volcaniclastic rocks in wharves and high-elevation areas show low total phosphorus, while forest land with dense vegetation and neutral to alkaline soil supports higher total phosphorus due to enhanced bioavailability for plant absorption and utilization. Overall, the basalt soil of the volcanic island Weizhou Island demonstrates superior long-term fertility compared to the volcaniclastic soil. Despite its low total phosphorus content, it mainly exists in a highly bioavailable form, facilitating plant absorption, which is crucial for enhancing agricultural yields and ecosystem restoration on volcanic islands.

The Content Of Heavy Metal In Turmeric (Curcuma Domestica Val.) In The Volcanic Rocks Oligocene-Miocene Volcano, Biting Wonogiri, Central Java, Indonesia

The Biting Wonogiri area is an area composed of Oligocene-Miocene volcanic deposits and volcanic deposits from Lawu Volcano. The rocks in this area consist of pyroclastic rocks, volcanic breccia, and dacite intrusions. Residents in this area more commonly grow herbal plants such as turmeric. Turmeric plants are mostly planted on old volcanic rocks, namely the Oligocene-Miocene age. By studying the planting patterns of residents, an analysis was carried out regarding the heavy metal chemical elements contained in turmeric. The research methodology was carried out using geological mapping to determine the distribution of the rocks that make up the research area and AAS analysis (Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy). This AAS method is used to determine heavy metal content. The heavy metal elements analyzed in turmeric were Hg, Pb, As, Fe, Al, and Mn. From the analysis results it was found that the heavy metal elements Hg, Pb, and As had very low levels, namely around 0.005-0.400 mg/Kg. Meanwhile, the elements Al, Fe, and Mg have high contents. Turmeric grown on dacite and volcanic breccia has higher Al (622.3-1362.76 mg/Kg) and Fe (271.32-806.27 mg/Kg) content compared to turmeric planted on sedimentary rock. Meanwhile, the metal element Mn varies around 6.85-122.01 mg/Kg. By knowing the content of these Western metal elements, it is hoped that turmeric, which contains heavy metal elements, can be used as a superior herbal herbal medicine. These metal elements, which are very important nutrients, come from old volcanic rocks.

Mildly explosive eruptions at Martian low-shield volcanoes

AbstractOngoing acquisition of Martian surface imagery constantly provides new opportunities to reveal previously undiscovered small-scale volcanic landforms, yielding critical insights into volcanic processes, and challenging existing inferences. Here, using the most recent, high-resolution topographical data, we mapped the accumulation of pyroclastic deposits occurring along the margins of several volcanic vents. They share morphological similarities with terrestrial volcanic deposits attributed to low-intensity lava fountaining occurring during mild explosive activity. Our identified, explosive volcanic deposits are associated with late Amazonian volcanic activity in Tharsis. The identification of these very recent (<100 Ma) deposits across the entire Tharsis volcanic province needs reconciling with our current view of the evolution of explosive volcanism on Mars. We contend that these small volume landforms, produced by mildly explosive volcanic activity, need to be considered in models surrounding planet-scale magmatic evolution and atmospheric volatile budgets.

First U-Pb (CA-ID-TIMS) Dating of the Uppermost Permian Coal Interval in the Minusinsk Coal Basin (Siberia, Russia) Using Zircon Grains from Volcanic Ashfalls

This study presents the first U-Pb (CA-ID-TIMS) radioisotopic dating of zircon grains extracted from tonsteins within the uppermost Permian coal interval of the Minusinsk Coal Basin (Siberia, Russia). Petrographic, structural, and mineralogical analyses confirm the volcanic ash origin of the tonsteins. The parent pyroclastic materials are identified as rhyolite–pantellerite for tonstein I-22 and dacite–rhyodacite for tonstein I-12. Morphological analysis of zircon crystals, along with cathodoluminescence and melt inclusion studies, confirms their volcanic origin and crystallisation temperatures of 700–900 °C. New radioisotopic dates of 261.4 ± 0.7 Ma and 261.3 ± 0.4 Ma clarify the age of the Izykh Formation, enabling its direct correlation with the Capitanian Stage of the International Chronostratigraphic Chart. The results emphasise the possible discontinuity of the coal-bearing succession of Siberian palaeocontinent and highlight the potential for further stratigraphic refinement through continued radioisotopic dating of tonsteins.

КАЛЬДЕРА КРАШЕНИННИКОВА (ВОСТОЧНАЯ КАМЧАТКА): ВОЗРАСТ И МАГНИТУДА ИЗВЕРЖЕНИЯ

New data on the composition of the pyroclastic deposits of the Krasheninnikov caldera allowed us to correlate it to the previously studied tephra horizon Geys30, which until recently was erroneously attributed to an eruption within the Geysernaya caldera. Pyroclastic flow deposits from the eruption that led to the formation of the Krasheninnikov caldera were found on the southern shore of Kronotsky Lake, and its distal tephra was found in the sediments of the Central Kamchatka Depression (CKD) at a distance of up to 200 km from the source (from Milkovo to Kliuchi villages). The age of this tephra was previously estimated at ~30 ka, which now allows us to accept this estimate for the Krasheninnikov caldera. The identification of the tephra of the caldera-forming eruption in distal sections allows a minimum estimate of the erupted pyroclastic volume of ~13 km3 and the eruption magnitude of 6.1.

40Ar/39Ar geochronologic and paleoenvironmental constraints to glacial termination III and MIS 7e, 7c, and 7a sea level fluctuations on the Tyrrhenian Sea coast of Italy

We provide detailed sedimentological, paleontological, and tephrochronological data on a complex sedimentary succession cropping out in the Tyrrhenian coastal area of central Italy, which was deposited in response to sea-level rise during MIS 7, coeval with the Latera phase of activity in the Vulsini Volcanic District. Diffuse intercalations of primary volcanic layers erupted during this phase and their geochronologic and chemostratigraphical characterization based on 40Ar/39Ar dating and EMP analyses, allowed for the identification of three stacked aggradational successions separated by erosive phases and their correlation with the Oxygen isotope record and phases in the relative sea-level curve. The ages of the tephra layers strictly frame the sedimentation in the interval of 253–206 ka, providing independent dating to glacial Termination III and to the three sea-level oscillations during MIS 7e, 7c, and 7a.Moreover, micro- and macrofaunal-based analyses provide information on the paleoenvironments and bathymetry during the highstands, which complement the geomorphological analysis reconstructing the inner edges of the corresponding marine terraces, allowing us to assess precise maximum sea level reached during MIS 7e and MIS 7a.The results of this multidisciplinary study enable us to establish in great detail the chronology, dynamics, relative amplitude, and effects of the sea-level fluctuations in the Tyrrhenian Sea during the whole MIS 7, providing independent, precise geochronological constraints for this period.