White Glue Research Articles

Preparation of Activated Carbon- and Graphite-Coated Banana Fibers as Flame-Retardant Materials

In polymer studies, biocomposite now draws attention as an exciting material obtained from combining natural fiber and matrix, which is an environmentally friendly material with biodegradable properties. One of the natural fibers often used in polymer filler is banana stem fiber. This study aims to prepare carbon-coated waste-dried banana fiber. The waste of banana stems was used as raw material for preparing cellulose-rich banana stem fiber. The banana fiber was soaked in an alkaline solvent, 1% NaOH, to remove the lignin content. The dried banana fiber was then coated with activated carbon and graphite by immersion in the carbon dispersion in ethanol with PVA glue binder added. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra show different profiles on raw and carbon-coated banana fibers, indicating successful carbon coating. The burning test and thermal analysis results show that carbon-coated banana fibers have better thermal properties than raw banana fiber. This suggests that carbon covered on the fiber surface could enhance its thermal property due to intramolecular bonds between fibers and carbon particles. Graphite-coated banana fibers have the longest burning time and are concluded to have the best fire-retardant properties among all samples. The findings confirmed the potential use of carbon-coated banana fiber as filler material for reinforcing conventional composites.

Influence of The Type of Laying Joint on The Mechanical Behavior of Prisms Made With Ecological Bricks

Objective: This paper proposes the study of the influence of laying joints on the mechanical behavior of masonry prisms made with ecological bricks. Method: To this end, an experimental program was developed including prisms constructed with different types of joints: laying mortar, adhesive mortar and PVA glue (polyvinyl acetate). Results and Discussion: The adhesive mortar and the conventional mortar were characterized in terms of their compressive strength, obtaining a resistance approximately 1.36 times the compressive strength of the brick (6.92±0.51 MPa), while the settlement was close (0.99%). The average compressive strengths of the prisms were very different, demonstrating that the laying joint has a significant influence on cement-based masonry. It was found that the use of adhesive mortar made it possible to increase the resistance capacity of the prisms to compression by 75%, when compared to prisms made with joints that used PVA glue. However, the laying mortar showed a similar result, at 53%. The rupture mode observed in the prisms made with sticky and conventional mortar was due to traction cracking in the brick units. Research Implications: In this study, it can be concluded that when using ecological bricks with different types of joints, the thickness and type of mortar can have a significant influence on the final strength of the materials, however thin joints tend to maximize the effects defects and reduce the resistant capacity of these masonries.

Experimental Assessment of Hemp Shiv and Green Adhesives to Produce a Biocomposite Material.

This study investigated the utilization of innovative green composites made from hemp shiv, a waste by-product of hemp cultivation, with the aim of promoting sustainability within the construction industry. The manufacturing method involved the application of pressure in a mold to create the samples. These materials were produced using an environmentally friendly binder consisting of colophony, arabic gum, and corn starch. Moreover, white glue and bioepoxy were also used to compare with the green resins. Three different binder compositions were used for the specimens. The samples underwent mechanical testing through tensile and bending assessments, and their performance was compared to that of non-green binders to validate the effectiveness of the manufacturing processes. The study revealed that decreasing the moisture content during the curing process was crucial for improving the mechanical properties. The best results were achieved when using arabic gum as a binder, yielding a tensile strength of 2.16 MPa and a bending strength of 5.25 MPa, with a composition of 62.5% hemp shiv and a manufacturing process involving a pressure of 5 MPa.

Aging of a Poly(vinyl acetate)-Based White Glue and Its Durability in Contemporary Artworks.

While extensive research has focused on understanding the degradation mechanisms of Poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAC) paint under different environmental conditions, limited attention has been paid to the long-term stability of PVAC-based white glues, especially when used in artworks. This study investigates the accelerated degradation, under simulated photoaging, and isothermal treatment of a commercial PVAC-based white glue considered representative of this class of materials used in contemporary artworks to predict its durability and assess its behavior in art objects. Through accelerated aging experiments and comparison with natural aging observed in artworks, the study reveals the formation of chromophores and the release of plasticizers as key processes; in particular, the progressive darkening was considered an early indicator of degradation processes, before structural changes could be detected by FTIR or NMR spectroscopies. The plasticizer loss induces an increase in glass transition temperature, from 7 °C to temperatures higher than room temperature, affecting the adhesive's cohesive strength and contributing to the detachment of materials in artworks. The findings underscore the importance of preventive conservation measures to mitigate degradation issues in PVAC-based artworks.

52‐4: Micro LED Display Light Extraction Efficiency Improvement by Secondary Optics on Substrate

Micro LED displays are widely acknowledged as forthcoming display innovations. However, due to the micro LED device size reductions, the light extraction efficiency of micro LED devices will be compromised. This paper extends the EQE equation and implement a LEE secondary optics (the secondary optics of light extraction efficiency) factor. The paper also presents few directions to enhance the normal angle light intensity for micro LED displays. Our sample preparations have confirmed that a white glue layer can bring about an improvement of over 100%, and a lens with a protection layer can also boost the normal angle light intensity by 45%. Considering the overall display performance including surface reflection, we simulated a condition that can improve the normal angle light intensity by over 70% in micro LED displays.

Experimental assessment of yarns and coatings for mesh production to strengthen earthen elements

Earthen construction has gained attention during the last decade because of its sustainability. Nevertheless, increasing its strength properties is still a challenge that is faced herein by including vegetal meshes with different coatings as internal reinforcement. An experimental campaign oriented to characterise the bending response of little scale earth beams in simply supported configuration was carried out including three different mesh materials (jute, hemp and cotton) and three different coatings (arabic gum, colophony and white glue). The results as failure mode, maximum load/stress and absorbed energy are presented and discussed. Results indicated that it is feasible to strengthen earthen materials with vegetal meshes. Colophony was too stiff to be combined with the chosen vegetal meshes with the goal of strengthening deformable earth. In addition, greater yarn thickness and smaller yarn separation were associated to premature debonding failure. Using cotton meshes with arabic gum coating brought the more promising results. In this case, the strength was slightly increased by 6 % but the absorbed energy was increased by 25 times respect to the control case.

Polymer-modified mortar flexibility of the masonry-concrete structure interface

High crack occurrences at the masonry-infilled wall partition-reinforced concrete structure interface is a problem that challenges the Brazilian construction process. Improving the mortar’s flexibility is suggested as a potential solution, but it's still not widely known. This paper evaluates industrialized mortar properties modified with four polymers and one plasticizer additive. The research methodology consisted of an experimental investigation related to the mortar properties using styrene-acrylic copolymer (SAE), polyvinyl acetate copolymer (PVAc), styrene-butadiene copolymer (SBR), white glue PVA (polyvinyl acetate), and a sulfated ethoxylated fatty alcohol salt plasticizer additive. The polymers were used in addition to (4%, 5% and 8%) and instead of (4% and 5%) the amount of water established by the manufacturer of the reference mortar, while the amount of additive used was 0.08%. The investigation characterization considered the fresh and hardened conditions, especially, the flexibility evaluation, and tests of elasticity modulus and transverse deformation were carried out, in addition to scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that there was an elasticity modulus reduction of all mixtures compared with the reference mortar without modification. The transverse deformation results range from a minimum of 0.23 mm (SBR) to a maximum of 0.94 mm (SAE). Regarding SEM, the tests with polymers have smoother and less porous surfaces. The mortar flexibility performance with different additive contents is the main contribution of this research.

Studi Deskriptif Pemanfaatan Sampah Anorganik Dalam Membuat Karya Benda Konstruksi

This study aims to describe the process of utilizing inorganic waste in making construction work and the results of using inorganic waste in making construction work in class IV B SDN 45 Bengkulu City. This type of research is qualitative research, with participant observation techniques, and qualitative descriptive methods. The subjects in this study were all students of class IV B SDN 45 Bengkulu City, totaling 26 students. The research instrument used was a human instrument (the researcher himself), using observation guidelines and interview guidelines. Data collection techniques in the form of observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis was carried out during the process of making the work and after the work was finished by referring to the fine arts elements and the principles of fine arts. The results of the study are (1) The process of making construction art objects begins with preparing the materials and tools used, namely colorful straws, white glue, pedestals / scissors, and scissors / cutter, followed by the implementation of making works from preparing several slabs of straws , making the size of each slatted straw, gluing plates together, and developing variations in shape. (2) The results of construction works made using the art elements guidelines as well as visual art principles, namely point, line, shape, shape, color, texture, dark light. Then, the principle of unity, balance, rhythm, emphasis, proportion, and harmony / harmony. Keywords: Fine Art Work, Utilization of Inorganic Waste, Construction Objects

The effect of thinner SDS-coated Ag NPs and organic carrier PVAc on properties of low-temperature silver paste

Low-temperature silver paste (LT-SP) is a critical conductive material for its use in flexible electronic devices. The high-purity thinner-coated Ag NPs with a size of about 100–200 nm are important for their oxidation resistance. Here, by adjusting mixed reduction of ascorbic acid (Vc), glucose (Clu), and sodium citrate (Na(3)Cit), with n(AgNO3): n(SDS) at 3:1, the size of obtained Ag NPs can be decreased to 158.1 nm. A simple natural precipitation purification was performed to obtain large-scale, thinner SDS-coated Ag NPs with lower energy consumption. With the increase of purification times from 1 to 3 and 5, the purification time was longer and longer, the surface coating layer decreased from 3.716 to 1.429 and 1.093 wt.%, and the size of the initial soft agglomerated Ag NPs gradually dispersed from 481.4 to 153.5 and 97.6 nm, indicating that the surface coating layer gradually became thinner. Considering the properties requirement/time-cost, 3 times purification was chosen. To improve the properties of LT-SP, a single green–white glue (PVAc) with excellent adhesion was used as the organic carrier, which was added to the obtained Ag NPs to produce a series of LT-SP samples. When Ag-4.8 wt.% PVAc, a low resistance of 6.2 × 10−8 Ω cm could be obtained by sintering at 140 °C for 25 min, and excellent electrical conductivity was still maintained after 50,000 times bending. Its adhesion could reach the 4B standard confirmed by the Burger test. In summary, an excellent LT-SP can be large-scale produced with high-purity thinner SDS-coated Ag NPs and PVAc organic carriers.

Dielectric characterization of Mg–Zn ferrite-based high permittivity flexible substrate for SNG metamaterial

This article reports the preparation of MgxZn(1-x)Fe2O4 ferrite-based flexible substrate using the sol–gel synthesis method. A stove-shaped metamaterial unit cell is designed and fabricated on a flexible substrate, and the microwave performance of the structure is investigated. The developed flexible composite substrate is built using PVA glue and a micro-scale of Mg–Zn ferrite nanoparticle powder, while this powder is used as filler. The structural (XRD) and morphological (FESEM) investigation allows for being used as a flexible substrate. The dielectric and loss tangent properties of the substrate are manipulated using different weight ratios of filler, while PVA keeps the flexibility features. The substrate achieved a dielectric constant (Td), and loss tangent (T) of 6.101 and 0.00899 are measured using DAK 3.5 Kit while the bending performance is investigated for 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90°, respectively. The suggested structure exhibited SNG properties within the frequency range of 4.77–5.65 GHz, 8.75–10.60 GHz, and 16.86–17.66 GHz, respectively, and near-zero index is exhibited within the frequency range of 5.216–6.388 GHz, 9.626–12.617 GHz, and 17.277–18.276 GHz, respectively. The measured response of S21 achieved a bandwidth of 4.88–5.76 GHz, 8.26–10.69 GHz, and 15.87–17.93 GHz with a maximum magnitude of −40.57 dB, −39.41 dB, and −27.63 dB at 5.31 GHz, 9.77 GHz, and 17.123 GHz resonance frequency. The proposed flexible substrate-based MTM structure can be a potential candidate for wireless communications in the S-, C-, and Ku-bands, especially as the SNG material that can increase the antenna bandwidth and gain enhancement.

Modeling subduction on the kitchen table

A simple analogue model home setup with white school glue and natural black magnetic sand, successfully reproduces many of the main processes associated to subduction on planet Earth. This homemade model reproduces the spontaneous subduction of a dense, magnetic sand layer into a viscous layer of white school glue in a plastic kitchen container, all in a few minutes. Preparation of this experimental setup is simple, the materials are inexpensive or easy to obtain, and quantitative observations can be performed using cellphone cameras and freely available software on a personal computer. This very visual model setup brings the concept of subduction closer to the student of geosciences, and can be performed and analyzed at home. Once all the materials are set, spontaneous subduction of the magnetic sand layer takes place in a single event punctuated by one or two slab-tearing episodes, where the trenches quickly retreat (consuming as much as 15 cm2/s), while leaving nearby slab segments unsubducted. Rapidly retreating trenches induce toroidal flow of glue around the torn subducting slab, and cause large vertical-axis rotations of the unsubducted segments above, dynamically supporting, extending, and eventually bringing them into the vigorous poloidal flow of the subducting slab. Black magnetic sand impurities within the otherwise white glue allow precise tracking of the toroidal and poloidal flows. Complete detachment from the edges of the container changes the kinematics of the experiment from rapid trench retreat, to an stationary trench that pulls the remainder of the black magnetic sand layer into the trenches and causes thinning and opening of an extensional axis, reminiscent of spreading centers.

Is the Soil-Cement Brick an Ecological Brick? An Analysis of the Life Cycle Environmental and Energy Performance of Masonry Walls

Masonry wall is a key construction subsystem, but it embodies significant environmental and energy burdens within the life cycle of buildings. Soil-cement bricks and blocks stand as an alternative low-cost masonry material, but despite the widespread claim to be environmentally friendly, more systematic investigation is lacking. This study aimed to assess the life cycle environmental and energy performance of 1.0 m2 of a soil-cement brick masonry wall from cradle-to-construction in terms of carbon, energy, and water footprints, and fossil and mineral resource use, as well as compare it with conventional technologies such as ceramic and concrete block masonries in Brazil. Results showed that raw materials are a major contribution to soil cement masonry walls, followed by the joints and links with columns, in which cement stands out among other inputs. Hydraulic pressing in brick production had a negligible burden increase compared with manual pressing. The PVA mortar joint outperformed the PVA glue one, whereas resin coating performed better than cement mortar. In comparison with ceramic and concrete masonry walls, the soil cement masonry presented overall better environmental and energy performance and was the least affected by the inclusion of finishing coating layers and transport of materials in the sensitivity analysis scenarios, although improved scenarios of conventional options could be competitive, e.g., ceramic masonry with blocks produced by firing reforested wood for the carbon footprint. Scale-up analysis revealed that widespread deployment of soil cement masonry in the built environment would substantially avoid environmental and energy burdens compared with conventional technologies.

White glue intoxication in a plain parakeet (Brotogeris tirica) – Case report

Despite the lack of information on avian sensitivity to toxic agents, it is known that several products that are relatively harmless to humans may have profound effects on birds. Thus, the objective of this work is to report the case of a plain parakeet (Brotogeris tirica) that was intoxicated after ingesting white glue and to discuss the pathophysiological aspects involved in intoxication. For this, the case study methodology was used, with a qualitative character, describing the case in detail and posteriorly seeking subsidies in the literature centered on the subject under study to complement the knowledge necessary to carry out this study. Twelve hours after ingesting white glue, the plain parakeet (Brotogeris tirica) began to experience recurrent vomiting episodes, which rapidly progressed to a critical condition of dyspnea, prostration and death. Although Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAc), the main component of that type of glue, is described as a non-hazardous substance, necroscopic and histopathological findings, consisting of pulmonary and hepatic congestion and hemorrhage, were very similar to that seen in some avian toxicoses. A thorough review on in vivo and in vitro mechanisms of PVAc degradation suggests that an association of high-dose exposition and B-esterase insufficiency in birds was the probable cause of PVAc poisoning, serving as an alert to veterinarians and bird owners.

Hygro-mechanical short-term behaviour of selected coatings: experiments and material modelling on vapour permeability and mechanical properties

Many pieces of fine art are made of wood that has been treated with coatings. Since wood is a very hygroscopic material, the moisture content strongly influences the deformation of wooden parts. Coatings often act as moisture barriers. Therefore, the moisture permeability of coatings must be considered for the evaluation of the structural behaviour. The mechanical properties are also relevant to evaluate the deformation of thin artwork like panel paintings as well as the damage of paintings and varnishes. Therefore, the mechanical properties and the permeability of selected coatings used for cultural wooden artwork are investigated and presented in the article at hand. In this study, coatings of three artworks are investigated: a Lusatian cupboard from the eighteenth century, an altarpiece by L. Cranach the Elder and a Russian icon from 1912. The coatings considered are white ground, colours, varnishes, glue and textile reinforced sizing. Mechanical tests are conducted to evaluate the stiffness and tensile strength of the Russian icon’s coating. Cup tests are made to identify the moisture permeability of the coatings. This test was conducted for single coatings as well as for coating systems consisting of different coatings to investigate both the moisture barrier of single coatings and the interaction of coatings. Exponential functions for the relative humidity-dependent permeability are fitted based on the experimental data. The results allow the quantification of permeability for all investigated coatings—from white ground with a high permeability to beeswax with a low permeability—and the magnitude of moisture dependency of the coating’s permeability. Furthermore, it is shown that the simple addition of the water vapour resistance of single coatings underrates the resistance of a total coating system. By the mechanical tests, the strength, ultimate strain and Young’s modulus are obtained. The permeability and the mechanical parameters are required as input for numerical simulations of the structural behaviour of coated wooden artwork. These results are a good step forward to assess the risk of damage of coated wooden artwork.

PENGGUNAAN MESIN CROCKMETER UNTUK UJI GOSOK PADA KULIT PERKAMEN

One of the small industries that survives and needs to be developed is the shadow puppet industry. The shadow puppet industry uses parchment skin as the main raw material. As a laboratory institution, the author tested the quality of parchment skin dye paint for shadow puppet using a crockmeter machine. The test is carried out by adding an auxiliary material in the form of ethylene glycol to the dye paint which is expected to improve the quality of the rubbing resistance of the dye paint on the shadow puppets. In this test the author uses parchment skin from sun-dried buffalo skin with a transparent color and an even thickness of the skin and a large cross-sectional area so that no part is wasted. Furthermore, the parchment skin surface was sanded before staining. This sanding aims to level the parchment skin surface and remove the remaining collagen, protein and fat. The test was carried out using 3 samples. Sample I used coloring materials (mowilex paint, foxputih glue, water and finishing using mowilex clear). Sample II uses coloring materials (mowilex paint, white fox glue, water, Ethylen Glycol and finishing using mowilex clear). Sample III uses dyes (mowilex paint, white fox glue, water, Ethylen Glycol, finishing using mowilex clear and the addition of a clearing process using a sunlight wetting agent. From the experiments and tests carried out, better results were obtained for the use of Ethylen Glycol in the coloring and also the clearing process to improve the color quality of the wayang kulit products produced.

Development of universal fabric dyeing and adhesion through RF glow discharge plasma treatment

Various dyeing techniques are utilised at dyeing different types of fabrics and current study discuss the possibility of using a single dye bath for the given purpose. The current study utilised a radio frequency glow discharge plasma source maintained at near atmospheric conditions (around 200 mbar) in nitrogen and air environments to treat cotton, nylon, and polyester fabrics. Similar surface modifications produced in all three types of fabrics by OH and O radicals tailoring them more sensitive to certain dyes and glues. SEM images verified that bulk material is well protected by plasma treatment and the presence of additional surface functionalities (hydroxyl, carboxylic, and carbon-nitrogen groups) on the treated fabric surfaces were determined by FTIR and XPS analysis. The plasma-treated samples were dyed in a single dye bath using a reactive dye under atmospheric neutral conditions and a significant enhancement in fabric dyeability (cotton- 124%, nylon- 61%, polyester- 38%) was observed. PVA glue was used for fastening the fabric samples and the adhesion was analysed through tensile measurement. Well improved adhesion capabilities (148%, 95%, and 57.3% respectively for cotton, nylon, and polyester) also confirm the advantages of RF glow discharge plasma treatment for unified fabric processing.

Characterization of Animal Protein-Based Binders in Ancient Chinese Wall Paintings Using Atomic Force Microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy.

In this study, the topographical characteristics of protein-based binders in ancient Chinese wall paintings and the properties of their sources were investigated and identified. Fifteen samples of protein-based binders (skin glue, bone glue, egg glue, and milk glue) before and after aging and mixing azurite were prepared. Next, the topographical characteristics, adhesive properties, and infrared spectra for each chemical group in the binders were analyzed using atomic force microscopy and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR), and the sources of various binders were identified using ATR FT-IR and principal component analysis (PCA). Results showed that protein binders such as fish bladder, cow bone, and egg white glue had lower roughness values and good consolidation properties. The most distinctive feature of skin and bone glues before and after aging or mixed with azurite was the stretching vibration peak of CH2 deformation vibration at around 1335 cm-1, while the significant characteristics of egg and milk glue was the C=O stretching vibration in Serine at 1306 cm-1 and C=O stretching vibrations in aspartic acid and glutamic acid at 1416 cm-1. In addition, the significant differences of absorbance peaks were observed in the infrared spectra of various bone, skin, egg, and milk glue samples before and after aging while the spectral differences become insignificant after mixing with azurite. The results of PCA confirmed that egg yolk and ewe's and cow's milk were well differentiated from animal skin and bone glue regardless of whether fresh, aged, or mixed with azurite. In addition, the differences between skin and bone glues were significant, and the various types of bone glue could be also differentiated before and after aging.

The Management of Medium Hazard Potential at Trimitra Sejati Jaya Ltd (Glue Production)

All industrial activities that use, store, produce, and transport hazardous chemicals in the workplace are required to control hazardous chemical to prevent occupational accidents and work-related diseases. Trimitra Sejati Jaya Ltd is a company engaged in the manufacturing industry that produces wood glue, paper glue, packaging, PVAc white glue, and hotmelt adhesive. In its working activities, Trimitra Sejati Jaya Ltd has a risks and hazards impact that requires medium hazard potential management. This research is a descriptive study that was conducted objectively to determine the control of medium hazard potential in Trimitra Sejati Jaya Ltd. The objective of this research is to find out the actual conditions in the field compared to the compatibility of the laws and regulations. Hazard identification, risk assessment and control at Trimitra Sejati Jaya Ltd were carried out using the HIRARC method. The level of risk dominating the work activities in this company was categorized as medium risk. Technical activities, design, construction, chemical material selection, as well as operation and maintenance of installations at Trimitra Sejati Jaya Ltd have been performed in accordance to the company regulations. Trimitra Sejati Jaya Ltd has several employees development activities, such as waste management and handling training and socialization, personal protective equipment usage socialization, fire fighting socialization, and internal briefings that have been carried out for several times. There are existed emergency response plan and procedures such as evacuation routes and assembly points signs, as well as provide fire extinguishers and first aid kits. There are no safe work procedure implemented at Trimitra Sejati Jaya Ltd yet, it only oriented on the existed Quality Management System

The Ultimate Bond

Being introduced in India in 1956 as an easy –to-use white glue for carpenters in replacement of Saresh (fat-based adhesives), the ULTIBOND company started its journey and never looked back. As The ULTIBOND Company was well known to recognize the need of their product and convert it into a marvelous opportunity, the company started manufacturing AI glue products for students as well as for professional and educational institutes. In order to shift end-users from natural glues and other synthetic adhesives available at the time, AI glue embarked on a bold marketing game plan. Instead of selling through stores, AI glue approached carpenters directly. This direct marketing initiative was one of the most successful strategies employed by the company and helped the brand gain a strong foothold in the white glue market. By 1965, the brand was big enough to develop its own manufacturing plant in Maharashtra. Primarily the company decided to enter into the retail market with a packaging of 33 grams collapsible tube in early 1970’s, later came up with many other unique packaging styles to cater the need and requirements of different segments of its customer base.

Enzymatic Conversion of Lignosulfonate into Wood Adhesives: A Next Step towards Fully Biobased Composite Materials.

This study investigates the effect of the enzymatic polymerization of lignosulfonate for the formulation of a lignosulfonate-based adhesive. For this, beech lamellas were glued together and tested according to the EN 302-1 standard. The results showed that the laccase-polymerized lignosulfonate-based wood adhesives (LS-p) had similar mechanical properties as a standard carpenter’s glue (PVAc-based D3 class white glue), as no significant difference in tensile shear strength between these two adhesive types was found. However, carpenter’s glue showed almost 100% wood failure, while with the lignosulfonate-based wood glue, the samples failed, mainly in the glueline. Pre-polymerization of LS-p is the most critical factor to achieve the required viscosity, which is also connected to the wetting properties and the resulting tensile shear strength. The longer the pre-polymerization, the higher the viscosity of the LS-p adhesive, with the tensile shear strength reaching a plateau. The presented data show the potential of using enzymatically pre-polymerized lignosulfonate as a well-performing wood adhesive. Further development and optimization of the pre-polymerization process is required, which is also important to push towards upscaling and practical applications.