Purwodadi Botanical Garden Research Articles

Variation of Phenology of Flacourtia rukam in Two Different Habitats and Their Relation to Rainfall, Dry Days, and the Plant Water Status

Phenological shifts in the emergence of vegetative and generative parts, occur due to the response of plants to water received due to climate change. The rukam tree (Flacourtia rukam (Zoll & Moritzi)) is a local Indonesian plant with potential as an edible fruit and antioxidant agent, but its existence is increasingly rare. F. rukam can be found in Pasuruan, East Java, including Purwodadi Botanical Garden (PBG) as collected plants and Sekarmojo Village as cultivated plants. These populations show a shift in phenology, but this has never been studied. This study aimed to analyze the spatial variation of the phenology of two rukam populations and its relation to plant water status, rainfall quantity (RQ), and drought days (DD). This research was conducted on two individual trees at each location, was conducted from August 2020 to October 2022 using secondary data from BMKG, such as daily rainfall and the number of days without rain. Phenology was directly observed every week with an estimated abundance of numbers 1-4; plant water status was observed by calculating relative water content (RWC); soil physical analysis was carried out in mid-season. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney test and SEM WarpPLS. The results showed differences in phenology in the phases of leaf fall, flower buds, young fruit, and ripe fruit on the trees in the different locations. The decreased RQ in the past month significantly reduced the RWC value of F. rukam in both places, while the number of DD contributed to a decrease in the RWC value in PBG only, not in Sekarmojo. In both sites, decreasing the RWC of the rukam increased the abundance of fallen leaves and the chances of flowering. Rainfall and drought days affected plant phenology directly or indirectly through RWC mediation. In both places, RQ had a direct positive and significant effect on blooming flowers and new leaves but had negative effect on fallen leaves. While DD had a positive effect on leaf fall, flower formation, and fruit ripening, but had a negative effect on the appearance of young fruit (in PBG). Indirectly, RQ mainly affected several phenological parameters, while DD did not affect all phenological parameters.

Study of interception, throughfall, and stemflow on seven types of Syzygium sp. tree collected by Purwodadi Botanical Garden

Syzygium genus is one of the abundant and naturally growing collections of Purwodadi Botanical Garden (KRP) with characteristics of strong and deep rooting with branching and complex crowns. So it has the potential to support water and soil conservation by reducing erosion and kinetic energy of rainwater to the ground. This study aims to determine the value of interception, throughfall, and stemflow in seven types of Syzygium sp. trees in the KRP collection. The research was conducted from January to February 2023 with the method of measuring tree physical factors, collecting, and calculating rainfall data, throughfall, stemflow, and interception values. The results of the study during 25 rainy days on seven types of Syzygium sp. trees showed that the value of throughfall ranged from 10.86 - 15.30 mm with the highest on Syzygium malaccense trees with dangling branching. The stemflow value ranges from 0.04 - 0.91 mm with the highest in Syzygium acuminatisimum trees whose stems grow upright. The interception value ranged from 2.3 - 5.8 mm with the highest in Syzygium polycephalum trees whose branching away from the ground surface. The variation values obtained are influenced by the characteristics of the branching crown of each tree.

Morphological Characterization of Purple Yam (Dioscorea alata) in Purwodadi Botanic Garden

Dioscorea spp. (Yam) is an edible tuber plant from the Dioscoreaceae family. There are around 600 species of Dioscorea spp., one of them is Dioscorea alata. D. alata has a wide range of morphological characteristics, including shape, size, skin color, flesh, and tuber texture. This research focused on D. alata with purple tuber flesh. This study aims to reveal the diversity of D. alata in Purwodadi Botanical Garden based on its morphological characteristics. Characterization is an important aspect of identifying D. alata diversity. Characterization was performed on six D. alata accessions from the Purwodadi Botanical Garden, DA 28, DA 36, DA 57, DA 86, DA-SB, and DA-Tr. Morphological characterization can be divided into qualitative and quantitative stem and leaf properties. The morphological feature data were processed using NTSys 2.11a software. The observation results showed that D. alata from different accessions had diverse morphological characteristics such as stem color, wing color, leaf margin color, leaf vein color, petiole color, and petiole wings color. The dendrogram results showed that DA 36 and DA SB accessions had a very close level of similarity. Meanwhile, the DA-Tr accession exhibited the most distinct character from the other accessions with the dominant color being purple covering stems, stem wings, leaf veins, leaf margins, petioles, and petiole wings.

Assessing the Tolerance of Sagittaria Lancifolia (Spear Plant) to Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates (LAS) Exposure

One of pollutant that commonly found in aquatic environment is detergent. Detergent pollution can cause skin irritation and other health problems in humans and animals that use contaminated water sources. To address this issue, it is critical to implement effective policies and regulations to control detergent pollution and promote sustainable wastewater management practices in Indonesia. One of the approaches to overcome detergent pollution is to use plants as pollutant absorbing agents, or commonly called phytoremediation techniques. Therefore, this study aims to determine the growth response of spear plant (Sagittaria lancifolia) in response to the stress of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) detergent. This research is an experimental research using a completely randomized design (CRD). There were four treatments tested with three replicates for each treatment. Treatment variations were based on the concentrations used in this study, namely 0 mg/L, 10 mg/L, 30 mg/L, and 50 mg/L. The research was conducted for four months, starting from July to October 2022, and was conducted in the greenhouse of Purwodadi Botanical Garden – BRIN. The result showed that although it experienced some morphological changes such as leaf drying, discoloration, and structural changes, Sagittaria lancifolia were able to survive and conduct metabolic activities properly during 28 days of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates (LAS) pollutant stress. Thus, Sagittaria lancifolia are able to be used as one of the strategies in restoring the aquatic environment polluted by domestic waste, including LAS detergent.

Pengaruh E-Wom, Citra Destinasi dan Fasilitas terhadap Kepuasan Wisatawan di Kebun Raya Purwodadi

Purpose: The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of e-WOM, Image, and Facilities in tourism destinations because those three variables are connected and are used to build visitors’ perception of a tourist destination and serve as some of the determinant factors of tourist satisfaction. Methodology: This research is using a quantitative approach by distributing survey questionnaires to 120 respondents. However, the fully filled-up questionnaire is only 100. Results: The result of the survey questionnaire is analyzed using SPSS 25 software with descriptive statistics and regression analysis. In this research, e-WOM is not influencing the satisfaction of visitors to Purwodadi Botanical Garden. However, images and facilities are influencing the visitors' satisfaction. All three variables are simultaneously influencing the visitor satisfaction of Purwodadi Botanical Garden so the management has to improve all those aspects. Limitation: This research has limitation because it is only investigating the influence of three variables to visitor satisfaction namely: e-WOM, image, and facilities. Other researchers are expected to study the influence of other variables to visitor satisfaction. Contributions: This research is filling up the gap of research on visitor satisfaction based on the influence of e-WOM, image, and facilities in Purwodadi Botanical Garden. Until this research is conducted, there are no other researcher conducting the research with the same variables on visitor satisfaction in Purwodadi Botanical Garden. The result of this research is expected to give insight to Purwodadi Botanical Garden to improve on visitor satisfaction.

Introduction Aquatic Plants With Website Media In Purwodadi Botanical Garden

The Purwodadi Botanical Garden is one of the ex situ plant protection areas in Indonesia. One of the plant collections at Purwodadi Botanical Garden is a collection of aquatic plants. Aquatic plants are known to have many uses, as medicinal ingredients, feed ingredients, bioindicators and phytoremediators, and ornamentals in general. However, people's understanding of aquatic plants is still lacking. This research aims to develop digital media for Introduction to Aquatic Plants (PenTA) in Purwodadi Botanical Gardens (PBG) in the form of a website to facilitate public access. Multiple media are available on the site including videos, brochures, booklets and modules. In addition, there are also 32 ponds in the PBG with information about the plant species in these ponds. This media website aims to make it easier for the public to find out about aquatic plant

Development of Android-Based Tourism Information System Prototype at Purwodadi Botanical Garden

Purwodadi Botanical Gardens is one of the dry lowland plant conservation. The number of tourist attractions and a large area of the botanical gardens raise two main problems among visitors regarding information about the Purwodadi Botanical Garden, especially the system information. This research and development aim to solve this Purwodadi Botanical Garden information system by making a tourism information system prototype that can be access by using the tourist gadget everywhere and anywhere. The system development contains information about the facilities map in Purwodadi Botanical Garden. There are two types of data used in this research development namely primary (the coordinates point of sites and facilities) and secondary data (about the site function). The primary data collect by using the application named GPS essential, and the secondary data obtained from related agencies named LIPI. Figma used for the prototype system development by the researcher. The next existing application prototype can be developed further by adding features and menus according to the needs and changes that occur every time. Researcher hopes that with the development of this prototype, the management can follow up in terms of developing a tourism information system at Purwodadi Botanical Gardens.

Analysis of Tourism Carrying Capacity of Purwodadi Botanical Garden for Supporting A Sustainable Environment

Botanical gardens are one of the areas to maintain the country’s biodiversity. However, another function of the botanical garden, namely tourism, can sometimes be a threat to the preservation of this biodiversity. Changes in tourism management from LIPI to the private sector have also contributed to the increasing number of tourists. Therefore, complex tourism activities need to consider carrying capacity so that tourist attractions do not exceed their limits. The purpose of this paper is to determine the carrying capacity of tourism and the application of environmental sustainability in the Purwodadi Botanical Gardens, Pasuruan Regency. This study was designed using a mixed-method approach, which is a combination of quantitative approaches that include Physical Carrying Capacity (PCC) and Effective Carrying Capacity (ECC) and a qualitative approach, namely environmental sustainability. The sampling technique used in this study was purposive sampling so that interviews were conducted with the managers of the Purwodadi Botanical Gardens. The results show that the PCC value of the Purwodadi Botanical Gardens is 17,274 tourists/day and the ECC value is 11,516 tourists/day. PCC and ECC values in Purwodadi Botanical Gardens still exceed their actual values. So it can be concluded that the Purwodadi Botanical Gardens is still able to accommodate tourists without threatening the preservation of existing biodiversity. As for the aspect of environmental sustainability in the Purwodadi Botanical Gardens, it is classified as having followed efforts to support a sustainable environment.

Changes in the vegetation density of Purwodadi Botanic Garden year 2015 - 2020 with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)

Purwodadi Botanical Gardens is one of the botanical gardens in Indonesia that used for conserve dry tropical plants and absorbs CO2 emissions. Therefore, it is important to know the changes that have occurred in the vegetation density in the Purwodadi Botanical Gardens in the last multi-temporal year (2015 – 2020). Qualitative descriptive research method is used in conducting this research. Field observations were carried out using the quadratic transect method in order to validate the data from Landsat-8 image processing and identifying the absolute density and relative density in the field. Secondary data is also used to determine changes in vegetation density using remote sensing techniques with radiometric correction processes to improve image quality due to surface reflection errors and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) which is used as the final analysis to obtain the results of vegetation density. The results of vegetation density increased from 2015 - 2020 due to the number of trees that grew and developed well, coupled with the regular planting of trees and other plants every year. This certainly has an impact on the air produced being cleaner and lower in temperature so that it can provide convenience for Purwodadi Botanical Garden tourists.

Analisis of Digital Information Media for Education in the Purwodadi Botanic Garden Using Analytical Hierarchy Process

Purwodadi Botanical Garden is an ex-situ plant conservation institution. According to Presidential Regulation No. 93 of 2011 the Botanical Gardens have the duties of conservation, research, education, environmental services. Wisata Flora is an educational package conducted by Purwodadi Botanical Garden, the activity depends on the Wisata flora tour guide and the information boards in the garden. The availability of tour guides is still limited, and the information boards supporting Wisata Flora are also limited. This was obtained from interviews with visitors who use the Purwodadi Botanical Gardens education service. Therefore, we need a breakthrough in the way of delivering information to support flora tourism activities by utilizing digital technology. Digitalization is an environmentally friendly alternative compared to through the addition of information in physical form. Some of the technologies that exist today can be used as an alternative delivery of information to visitors independently, namely Quick Response (QR) Codes, RadioFrequency Identification (RFID), and Location Based Service (LBS). Of the three alternatives required a priority of application in accordance with the needs and management capabilities of Purwodadi Botanical Gardens. The research will be conducted using the quesioner and interview method with the management of Purwodadi Botanical Gardens and analyzed using the Analytical Hierarchy Process method. The results of the analysis are expected to be valuable input for the management of Purwodadi Botanical Gardens.

Desain Jalur Interpretasi Buah Lokal Koleksi Kebun Raya Purwodadi Sebagai Media Belajar Biologi

Purwodadi Botanical Gardens has a fairly complete, unique and rare collection of local Indonesian fruits. This information is interesting but not widely known by the public, so that dissemination efforts are needed. One of them is developing a more attractive and educative environmental education service design by interpreting local Indonesian fruit as a medium for learning biology. This research aims to develop an educational service design through local fruit interpretation, which leads to the introduction of the Purwodadi Botanical Garden collection so that the wider community better knows it. In addition, the output of this research is expected to complement biology learning so that it is more interesting and easily accessible to students. Data collection was carried out using a tracking method to get the coordinates of local fruit points. Documentation and literature studies were carried out for further discussion. The research results in mapping fruits that cover various local collection points in the Purwodadi Botanical Gardens

The genetic diversity of angsana (Pterocarpus indicus) in Purwodadi Botanical Garden Indonesia revealed by rDNA ITS

Pterocarpus indicus or angsana is one of the tropical tree species that produce redwood. It has been listed as an endangered species by IUCN since 2018, as its natural population number has declined and possibly extinct in some countries. Therefore, conservation efforts to protect this species must be carried out based on the appropriate conservation strategy. This study aimed to assess molecular characters of Pterocarpus species in Purwodadi Botanical Garden using rDNA ITS (internal transcribed spacer) and its association with morphological characters. Information on genetic and morphological characters will precisely identify this species so that conservation strategy can be appropriately planned. Leaf samples of eighteen P. indicus trees were collected from Purwodadi Botanical Garden (PBG) and used in this study. Twelve specimens that provide clear DNA sequence were genetically assessed. The results showed that P. echinatus exhibited rDNA ITS character similar to that P. indicus, while P. indicus specimens from Morotai were very different from other P. indicus specimens. Morotai specimens showed 89% similarity to several Pterocarpus species, including P. acapulcensis, P. rohrii and P. indicus. The morphological characters were assessed along with molecular characters. The impacts of conservation strategies are discussed in this paper.

Student responses in environmental education using information technology at the Purwodadi Botanical Garden

Purwodadi Botanical Garden is an ex-situ plant conservation institution, as a conservation institution, one of the activities of Purwodadi Botanical Garden is environmental education. Increasing student visits and decreasing environmental education guides are problems that are being faced, therefore the use of information technology needs to be utilized to overcome these problems. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pre-use of information technology in environmental education. Evaluation is aimed at elementary school students, junior high school, and high school. This study used a survey method with a questionnaire. The focus of the questionnaire is on the ease, interest, and adequacy of the information presented. Data analysis was performed using the descriptive analysis method with the division according to respondent education levels. Results of the analysis of the use of information technology in the Purwodadi Botanical Gardens show that at the primary school level, 49% are very satisfied, 44% are satisfied. at the secondary school level 30% are very satisfied, 58% are satisfied. at the high school level 39% are very satisfied, 56% are satisfied. From the results of research, the use of information technology for environmental education can be well received by students and can be immediately implemented.

Monitoring of Plant Pest and Disease in the Protection of Plant Collections in Purwodadi Botanical Garden

Purwodadi Botanical Garden is a botanical garden that specifically designated to ex situ plant conservation with typical habitats of low lands and dry areas. In an effort to protect and maintain the collection of plants, one of the things that must be carried out is the monitoring of plant pests and diseases. The research aimed to find out the plant pests and diseases that infect in plant collections at Vak I-V in Purwodadi Botanical Gardens. The method used was a descriptive observation and literature study, while the secondary data were books and environmental maps. There were nine types of pests and nine types of diseases. Pests and diseases are dominated by Leaf Spot Disease, Black Ants, Red Ants, and Lawana candida. They attack some plants, such as from family of Sapotaceae, Sterculiaceae, Mimosaceae, Moraceae, etc. The results of this study can be used as a material consideration in efforts to prevent and increase ex-situ conservation in the Purwodadi Botanical Garden.

Pendampingan Gerakan Pendidikan Lingkungan di 12 Lembaga Pendidikan Dasar (SD & MI) di Area Pendukung Kawasan Konservasi Kebun Raya Purwodadi Kabupaten Pasuruan

The Environmental Education Movement Assistance Program in 12 Elementary Education Institutions (SD & MI) in the Support Area of ​​the Purwodadi Botanical Garden Conservation of Pasuruan Regency at Capang Village, Kertosari Village and Tejowangi Village Pasuruan Regency has been held for 5 months starting in January - May 2018 Capang Village, Kertosari Village and Tejowangi Village Pasuruan Regency has been held for 5 months starting in January - May 2018. This program has produced a pilot community of adiwiyata education in 3 villages namely the villages of Kertosari, Capang and Tejowangi. Through this program, it has been able to improve the knowledge and skills of teachers and students in 12 basic educational institutions program partners in conducting education to instill environmental care characters in students, in addition, the program partners also have knowledge and skills in environmental management in the school area through school waste banks and planting and utilization of TOGA plants in each school.

Bio-prospecting bamboo collection in purwodadi botanic gardens

The utilization of biodiversity can be classified according to several categories, including consumptive values, productive values, existence values, ecological values. Indonesia has a high diversity of bamboo. Bamboo is one of the plants that has an important role in Indonesia and other tropical countries. Almost every part of a bamboo plant has certain uses. This research was conducted in order to analyze the value of uses (bioprospect) of bamboo collections at Purwodadi Botanical Gardens. The study was conducted in January-February 2019. The research method was carried out by conducting semi-structured interviews with surrounding communities and identifying bamboo data in the collection as well as in the Registration Unit of Purwodadi Botanical Gardens. The results showed that there were 39 types of bamboo belonging to ten (10) genera in the Purwodadi Botanical Garden. The ten genera of bamboo include: (1) Bambusa, (2) Denderocalamus, (3) Dinochloa, (4) Fimbribambusa, (5) Gigantochloa, (6) Neololeba, (7) Scizostachyum, (8) Thyrsostachys, (9) Phylostachys, and (10) Pinga. Bamboo bioprospection analysis is done by Index of Cultural Significance (ICS) or cultural importance index. The highest cultural importance index (ICS) value of bamboo in Purwodadi Botanical Garden, indicated by Bambu Betung (Dendrocalamus asper) with an index value of 194 and smallest 107 by Bambusa balcoa

Uji Antagonis Trichoderma sp dan Gliocladium sp terhadap Fusarium Penyebab Penyakit Layu pada Beberapa Jenis Tanaman Pisang di Kebun Raya Purwodadi secara in-vitro

Purwodadi Botanical Garden has more than one hundred collection of cultivated bananas. The major problem in keeping their existency is the occuring of Fusarium wilt disease which was commonly controlled by pesticide or eradication to terminate the infectious cycles. Trichoderma and Gliocladium were frequently used as antagonist fungus in controlling the Fusarium wilt disease in kenaf, tomato or the other plants. So, this study aims was to know the potency of Trichoderma and Gliocladium on Fusarium growth inhibition. The experimental design was done by Randomized Complete Design Factorial using three factors i.e. antagonist fungus, Fusarium and growth distance. The level of retardation was measured by the growth distance of Fusarium that interacted to antagonist fungus and data analysis were conducted by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results showed that Trichoderma has higher inhibition than Gliocladium and the highest inhibition occurred at 1 cm distance of inoculum which was performed on Fusarium 4 (77.78%). There was not any significant differencies between Fusarium 1 with Trichoderma (73.55%) and Fusarium 2 with Gliocladium (73.33%). At 2 cm distance, the highest inhibition occurred in Fusarium 3 by Trichoderma (72.71%), which was not significantly different with Fusarium 1, 2 and 4. While at 3 cm distance, the highest inhibition on Fusarium 4 by Trichoderma was 51.11% and not significantly different from Fusarium 1, 2 and 3.

The diversity of butterflies (Insecta: Lepidoptera) in Purwodadi Botanical Garden, Pasuruan, East Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Sari RP, Mawarni ED, Nurlatifah A, Ulinnuha R, Sari EKAP, Fitri AR, Rachman RA, Affandi M, Rosmanida, Fauziyah S, Irawanto R. 2019. The diversity of butterflies (Insecta: Lepidoptera) in Purwodadi Botanical Garden, Pasuruan, East Java, Indonesia. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 5: 172-178. Purwodadi Botanical Garden (PBG) is one of botanical and conservation center. The ecosystem in PBG provide the growth and development of butterflies. Butterflies is an insect that classified in order of Lepidoptera. The number of butterflies in Indonesia are 2000 species. The aim of this research are to identify the diversity and dominance of butterflies in PBG. The study were conducted on July, 28-30th, 2018 at 07.30-11.00 a.m. and 14.00-16.30 p.m. Active method by sweeping net and often called as “Butterfly walks”were used in this research. There are two study area that is main pathways that have long 1 kilometers and width 500 meters. The butterflies that were catched then identified by Miller and Miller (2004), Pegi and Amir (2006), Landman (2001), and Borror et al. (1992). The results of this research shows that the diversity in PBG is 2.02, it means that the level of diversity in PBG is moderate. The dominance index in PBG is 0.21, it means that this community in stable condition and there’s no species that were dominated. Research about butterflies are urgent regarding to the conservation program. The conservation of butterflies can do through many ways such as maintaining habitats, law enforcement, and cultivation.

Selection of lowland plants with high potention of carbon stock for rehabilitation of degraded lands

Abstract. Danarto SA, Yulistyarini T. 2019. Selection of lowland plants with high potention of carbon stock for rehabilitation of degraded lands. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 5: 33-37. Degradation of forest areas in Indonesia is feared to increase greenhouse gas emissions which have an impact on global warming. Research on estimating carbon stocks of dry lowland plants was carried out at Purwodadi Botanical Garden in August 2013 using 99 species of local plants collection of Purwodadi-LIPI Botanical Gardens. Biomass measurement uses stem diameter data at breast height and its calculated with allometric model using Kettering method. The value of carbon stock is determined using the formula of 46% of the total value of plant biomass. The results showed that there were 10 types of local plants with high-medium carbon stock potential i.e, Schleichera oleosa (225.29 kg C yearˉ1), Michelia alba (88.56 kg C yearˉ1), Parkia timoriana (61.62 kg C yearˉ1), Pterocarpus indicus (53.70 kg C yearˉ1), Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum (53.19 kg C yearˉ1), Madhuca longifolia (51.77 kg C yearˉ1), Peltophorum pterocarpum (51.52 kg C yearˉ1), Spondias malayana (51.11 kg C yearˉ1), Artocarpus altilis (47.77 kg C yearˉ1), and Alstonia scholaris (45.08 kg C yearˉ1). The conclusion from the results of this study is that species of selected local plants with high potential in carbon sequestration can be recommended for revegetation of degraded dry lowland areas.

The ability of aquatic plants Salvinia molesta and Pistia stratiotes as copper heavy metal phytoremediators

Irawanto R, Baroroh F. 2017. The ability of aquatic plants Salvinia molesta and Pistia stratiotes as copper heavy metal (Cu) phytoremediators. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 3: 438-445. Water pollution caused by human activities has an impact on environmental damage, especially on agricultural cultivation. One way to overcome environmental pollution is by phytoremediation. Phytoremediation can use aquatic plant. One type of aquatic plants that are found in irrigated rice fields or irrigation, and can grow quickly is Salvinia molesta (Kiambang) and Pistia stratiotes (Kayu apu). In addition, the plant is acting on several studies to have phytoremediation ability in improving the quality of contaminated water. This study aims to determine the ability of aquatic plants of S. molesta and P. stratiotes as phytoremediators in accumulating copper (Cu) in water contaminated with heavy metal waste. Phytoremediation research was conducted during March to June 2017 at Purwodadi Botanical Garden- LIPI, with Cu metallic analysis using AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy) in Soil Chemistry Laboratory of Faculty of Agriculture Universitas Brawijaya, Malang. The research stages consist of determination of RFT (Range Finding Test) and experiment on aquatic plants using RAL (Complete Random Design) with 6 treatments and 3 replications. In RFT with Cu concentration of 3, 5, 10 and 15 ppm. It is known that S. molesta can survive 100% to 15 ppm, whereas P. stratiotes only survives 70% at 10 ppm. From the results of the RFT, the concentration of Cu used is 2 and 5 ppm, so that both types can act as phytoremediator. The results of this study showed that aquatic plants of P. stratiotes were more effective at reducing the concentration of 2 ppm, whereas S. molesta was more effective at a concentration of 5 ppm Cu heavy metals.