Pure Portland Cement Research Articles

PH–Assisted Strength Gain Projection for Green Cement Mortar Composite Containing Marble Powder By-Product: Substitution and Intergrinding Methods

This manuscript reports the effects of substitution and interground of MP on the pH of cement and bending and compressive strengths of mortar composite as well as strength projection of green mortar composite from pH of green cement. It also presents the relationships between pH of cement and strength of mortar composite to compute strength gain from pH of cement. The feature of sample made with MP–cement is examined and compared to those made with pure Portland cement– including bending and compressive strengths at 7d, 28d, and 90d, and pHs of cement. Projection of strength gain from pHs of cement is also discussed, and the numeric equations, the coefficients, and the r squares, which are essential elements of the strength projection, are given in the experimental study proficiently. Regularly, this study results indicate that the projection for strength gains of green mortar composite could be computed from pHs of green cement properly.

Impacts of nano C-S-H-PCE on durability-related properties of Portland cement composites with high-volume GGBFS

Replacing Portland cement (PC) with high-volume ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) reduces carbon emissions but decreases the early strength of PC materials. Although using nano-calcium silicate hydrate (n-C-S-H) has been demonstrated to enhance the early strength of high-volume GGBFS-blended cement (HVGBC), its effects on durability still needs further research. This study investigates the impacts of n-C-S-H-polycarboxylate (PCE) composites on the properties of HVGBC-based materials, including compressive strength, anti-chloride permeability, and carbonation resistance, as well as the pore structure characterized using Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP) and X-ray Computed Tomography (CT). The results indicated that using n-C-S-H-PCE remarkably elevated the compressive strength of PC with 50 wt% GGBFS within 7 d of curing. Adding 1 wt% n-C-S-H-PCE increased the hydration degree of PC and GGBFS and significantly improved the resistance of the mortar to chloride penetration and carbonation compared with those of the pure PC mortar. MIP and 3D visualization by CT revealed that using an appropriate amount of n-C-S-H-PCE formed a dense microstructure, thus improving the early strength and durability. This work gives some insights into using the effective addition of n-C-S-H-PCE to dramatically elevate the early mechanical properties of HVGBC composites while maintaining their excellent durability.

Experimental investigation of the impact of additives in low clinker cementitious materials on multi-ion transference numbers and diffusion coefficients

In this paper, multi-ion transference numbers were determined throughout the chloride migration testing of low clinker cement-based materials. For this purpose, five cement pastes were studied: pure Portland paste (as a reference) and four other pastes, based on limestone filler, fly ash, slag or silica fume. The transference numbers were calculated from the concentration evolution in the three zones of the migration cell (catholyte, anolyte and sample), considering that: (i) ions moved in the catholyte and anolyte; (ii) ions leached from the sample; (iii) ions were generated from the electrode processes, and (iv) the pore solution of the sample evolved during the test. The chloride transference numbers of pastes with pure Portland cement, limestone filler, fly ash, slag or silica fume are almost zero at the beginning of the migration test but 0.23; 0.18; 0.06; 0.05 and 0.20 at the end of the test, respectively. The ion transference numbers obtained were used for the calculation of diffusion coefficients of chlorides, sodium and potassium using the Nernst-Einstein equation.

Properties and microstructure of soil solidified by titanium slag-flue gas desulfurized gypsum-Portland cement composites as solidifiers

Using Portland cement for soil solidification has sustainability issues due to high energy-consumption and carbon emissions. An innovative approach suggests using titanium slag and flue gas desulfurized gypsum as substitutes for Portland cement for soil solidification. This study systematically evaluates the effects of titanium slag-flue gas desulfurized gypsum-Portland cement composite (TS-FGD-OPC composite) solidifier on the performance of solidified soils. The evaluation includes assessing the unconfined compressive strength (UCS), elastic modulus, moisture content, and leachate pH value. Additionally, the hydration process and microstructure development of the solidified soils are characterized through the XRD, TG-DSC, BET, and SEM tests. The results indicate that the although its compressive strength is much lower, TS-FGD-OPC composite can be used as soil solidifier. With the titanium slag content increase, the TS-FGD-OPC composite solidifier brings the solidified soils to have lower UCS, elastic modulus and leachate pH value, and higher plastic deformation and moisture content. However, to get the same UCS, the utilization of the TS-FGD-OPC composite solidifier can bring the significant reduction of the Portland cement consumption. At the same dosage, the TS-FGD-OPC composite incorporating 50 % titanium slag and 20 % flue gas desulfurized gypsum yields an UCS achieving up to 92.5 % of that in pure Portland cement solidified soil. This is attributed to the filling of pores between soil particles with hydration products and unhydrated particles, resulting in the densification of the solidified soils and the cohesion increase of soil particles. The findings confirm the feasibility of substituting Portland cement with titanium slag and flue gas desulfurized gypsum to prepare an effective and environmentally friendly soil solidifier, to reduce the demand for Portland cement in soil solidification.

The phase changes of the mortars containing waste glass powder during carbonation

The utilization of glass powder (GP) with high pozzolanic activity to replace cement is a promising option for reusing waste glass. In such systems, Carbonation is a key factor that affects the durability. However, carbonation mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, the phase evolution of the GP - cement composites exposed to CO2 was determined by accelerated carbonation tests of samples with different cement-to-GP substitution rates (0, 15, 30, and 50 wt%). The carbonation depth was determined using phenolphthalein spray tests. Furthermore, the chemical information regarding the carbonation profiles was obtained by the X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). It was found that an increase in the GP content increased the carbonation depth of the samples because of the low calcium hydroxide (CH) content. The increase rate was more similar to those of fly ash (FA) and silica fume (SF) rather than that of Ca-rich granulated blast-furnace slag (GBS). Moreover, XRD and TG tests revealed that compared to the plain cement, GP addition influenced crystalline forms of CaCO3, as well as the quantity of produced CaCO3. Combined with the FT-IR test results, when the replacement level of the GP up to ≥30 wt%, the produced CaCO3 and the depolymerised C-S-H by the carbonation significantly differed from the pure Portland cement. This study offers insights into the carbonation mechanisms of GP – cement mortars to promote glass recycling.

Assessment of the Complex Influence of Sodium Citrate and Polycarboxylate Plasticizer on the Properties of Mixed Binder

The heat release of a mixed binder based on Portland cement with the addition of aluminous cement was studied. The mixed binder has increased heat generation compared to pure Portland cement and can be used for concrete work in winter conditions. To increase the exotherm of the concrete mixture, it is proposed to use the additive sodium citrate. The combined effect of additives on the heat release of cement was studied. The introduction of sodium citrate can significantly accelerate the hardening processes of the binder by reducing the induction period. An increase in heat generation has been established when using sodium citrate and a plasticizer based on polycarboxylate esters together. The influence of the order of introduction of additives on the properties of the mixed binder has been established. The release of the maximum amount of thermal energy can be achieved by adding a plasticizer to the finished mixture.

Shear bond strength of calcium silicate-based cements to glass ionomers

BackgroundA shear bond strength between the biomaterial and restorative material is crucial for minimizing bacterial microleakage and ensuring a favorable long-term prognosis for vital pulp therapy. This study aimed to conduct a comparative evaluation of the shear bond strength between calcium silicate-based biomaterials utilized in vital pulp treatment and various glass ionomer cement materials, both with and without the application of adhesive agents.MethodsA total of 270 acrylic blocks, each featuring cavities measuring 4 mm in diameter and 2 mm in depth, were prepared. Calcium silicate-containing biomaterials (ProRoot MTA, Medcem Pure Portland Cement, and Medcem MTA), following manufacturers’ instructions, were placed within the voids in the acrylic blocks and allowed to set for the recommended durations. The biomaterial samples were randomly categorized into three groups based on the restorative material to be applied: conventional glass ionomer cement, resin-modified glass ionomer cement, and bioactive restorative material. Using cylindrical molds with a diameter of 3.2 mm and a height of 3 mm, restorative materials were applied to the biomaterials in two different methods, contingent on whether adhesive was administered. After all samples were incubated in an oven at 37 °C for 24 h, shear bond strength values were measured utilizing a universal testing device. The obtained data were statistically evaluated using ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey tests.ResultsThe highest shear bond strength value was noted in the Medcem MTA + ACTIVA bioactive restorative material group with adhesive application, while the lowest shear bond strength value was observed in the ProRoot MTA White + Equia Forte HT Fil group without adhesive application (P < 0.05).ConclusionActiva Bioactive Restorative may be considered a suitable restorative material in combination with calcium silicate-based biomaterials for vital pulp treatment. The application of adhesives to calcium silicate-based biomaterials can effectively address the technical limitations.

Impact of triethanolamine on the hydration of Portland cement in the presence of high pozzolanic activity supplementary cementitious materials

Triethanolamine (TEA) is a widely employed cement accelerator that has been demonstrated to have a favorable impact on the early strength of cement at moderate dosing levels, while having a slight or negative impact on the later strength. This study systematically investigates the hydration pattern and strength development of Portland cement systems with the incorporation of fly ash microspheres and silica fume at a dosage of 0.02 % triethanolamine. The results proved that the addition of TEA had a positive impact on the early strength of the pure Portland cement system, while the later strength was reduced. However, the presence of high pozzolanic activity supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) altered this reduction and even reversed it, resulting in an increase in strength. Specifically, TEA inhibits the crystallization nucleation growth of hydration products through complexation, resulting in the inhibition of the hydration of silicate minerals. The nucleation effect of silica fume, however, eliminates this inhibition and promotes the hydration of all minerals. Moreover, the presence of SCMs leads to the formation of more amorphous calcium hydroxide (CH) due to the demand of pozzolanic reaction, and the addition of TEA promotes the formation of amorphous CH, effectively lowering the reaction threshold of the pozzolanic reaction and facilitating it. The results confirm that the interaction of the complexation reaction of TEA with the pozzolanic reaction provides a beneficial complement to cement strength development.

Stabilization of iron ore tailing with low-carbon lime/carbide slag-activated ground granulated blast-furnace slag and coal fly ash

The massive accumulation of iron ore tailing (IOT) results in land resource wastage and increases the possibility of environmental pollution. In this study, the feasibility of using low-carbon alkali-activated ground granulated blast-furnace slag (lime/Carbide slag (CS)-GGBS) and coal fly ash (CFA) instead of portland cement (PC) for solidifying IOT was investigated. The effects of different binders on strength development and durability of cured IOT were analyzed through unconfined compressive strength (UCS), water stability, and dry-wet cycles tests. Furthermore, the microstructure characteristics of cured IOT were conducted by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) method, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that, using the low-carbon material lime/CS-GGBS to replace about 70% of PC (i.e., PC:lime/CS:GGBS=1:1:1) with 9% binder content, the strength and durability of cured IOT were significantly improved compared with using pure PC. The 28d-UCS of cured IOT was 4.86 MPa, which was twice higher than that with pure PC. The 7d-UCS of cured IOT was 8.22 MPa after 12 dry-wet cycles, which was 2.8 times higher than that with pure PC. Moreover, the water stability coefficient of 27 + 1d-cured IOT was 90%. The micro-analysis showed that, the amount of hydration products (i.e., CSH, CAH and ettringite) in IOT cured with low-carbon materials increased significantly, and the structure became denser, resulting in the increase of strength. This study develops a low-carbon binder instead of pure PC to solidify IOT, and the results can provide a theoretical basis and scientific guidance for the comprehensive utilization of IOT as a filler solid waste.

Evaluation of tensile properties and cracking potential evolution of fly ash-cement mortar at early age based on digital image correlation method

The early-age tensile properties and shrinkage behaviors of mortar are important to investigate its early-age cracking potential. This study employs the digital image correlation method to quantify the tensile properties and shrinkage behaviors of fly ash-cement mortars at early age, aiming to reveal the effect of fly ash on the mortar's cracking potential evolution. Fresh mortars with varying fly ash (FA) contents (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%) undergo comprehensive tests, encompassing tensile strength, ultimate tensile strain, plastic shrinkage, mass loss, and damage assessment within 90–180 mins after casting. The results show that FA could enhance early-age ultimate tensile strain and extend the time for the mortar to maintain plasticity while reducing early-age shrinkage strain and mass loss. The mortar's cracking risk is potentially linked to its setting time. The rheological state of mortar gradually changed from plastic to non-plastic after initial setting, and the ultimate tensile strain stabilized, but the shrinkage strain increased rapidly, which resulted in a greater risk of shrinkage-induced cracking. Furthermore, after 180 mins of curing, the damage index of the fly ash-cement mortar (10% FA) was 1.6 times that of pure Portland cement mortar, whereas the damage indexes of the fly ash-cement mortars with 20% and 30% FA contents are approximately equivalent to 82% of the pure Portland cement mortar's damage index. This indicates that incorporating more than 20% fly ash is beneficial in reducing the risk of plastic shrinkage-induced cracking in mortar.

Case Study of EPS Aggregate Insulation Material Used in Construction Sites

Abstract Thermal insulation materials used in civil engineering have been developing throughout time. One of the latest thermal insulation used in construction sites with gained popularity is EPS aggregate and mineral binder-based composite. Waste recycling potential, low cost, and ease of installation have brought popularity to the material. This research investigates such material which is formulated by EPS aggregates and pure Portland cement binder thus making EPS aggregate concrete (EAC). Many contractors use such untested and uncertified EAC material due to the low cost of the raw materials. In this research, EAC was taken directly from the construction site. Material physical and mechanical properties are evaluated and compared to commercial counterparts. The drying of the material was investigated, following the practice in the construction sites where upper covering layers are built according to the time schedule ignoring material drying process. Results were compared with commercial EAC. Results indicate that rapid construction schedule with layer-to-layer covering of wet EAC results in dramatically slow drying of such composites, which is one of the main problems for safe use in civil engineering. EAC density from 113 to 169 kg/m3 was measured with an average compressive strength of 49 kPa. The thermal conductivity of the tested EAC was from 0.050 to 0.055 W/(mK).

Performance of sustainable ternary blended cement containing municipal solid waste incineration fly ash coupled with slag, coal fly ash or metakaolin

Developing low-clinker cements can effectively reduce carbon footprint of the cement industry. Additionally, more sustainable methods over landfilling are needed to tackle the increasing annual generation of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (IFA). In this study, carbonated-washed IFA coupled with slag (SG), coal fly ash (CFA) or metakaolin (MK) were used to substitute 60 % of Portland cement to form ternary blended cement. Performance of the blended cements was investigated and compared with pure Portland cement in terms of hydration kinetics, binding capacity, hydration mechanisms, pore characteristics, microstructure, and leaching toxicity. Results indicated that in the blended cement systems, ettringite was stabilized by the formation of hemicarboaluminate as a result of the reaction between calcium carbonate in the IFA and aluminate in SG, CFA and MK. The SG displayed the best synergy with IFA, refining pore structure through pozzolanic reaction and increased formation of ettringite and hemicarboaluminate. For an optimal 40 % SG+20 % IFA blended cement, the mortar compressive strength reached 90 % of that for pure Portland cement at 90 days. Although CFA had abundant aluminate, its low reactivity restrained the performance of the blended cement, resulting in poorer pore structure and lower compressive strength. The MK had abundant reactive silicate and aluminate, but the rapid consumption of calcium hydroxide by the pozzolanic reaction and hemicarboaluminate formation restrained further reaction, limiting the performance of the blended cement at the later stage. Besides, the heavy metal leachability and dioxin level in the produced mortar satisfy the prerequisites to be categorized as nonhazardous according to HJ 1134. This study demonstrated the promising potential of the blended cements to simultaneously divert IFA from landfills and reduce the clinker content of cement.

Biocompatibility and Osteo/Odontogenic Potential of Various Bioactive Root-End Filling Materials

This in vitro study aimed to investigate if different bioactive root-end filling materials can promote osteo/odontogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and support their viability. MSCs from porcine tooth germs were isolated. Cells were exposed to extracts from MTA Angelus, BIOfactor MTA, Medcem MTA, Well-Root ST, and Pure Portland Cement for 7 days. Viability was determined with MTS and live/dead assay. Osteo/odontogenic differentiation was evaluated with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and quantitative real-time PCR (RUNX2, DMP-1, and DSPP genes) which were compared with osteo/odontogenic-induced MSCs and non-treated cells. All the tested materials supported cell proliferation and cells maintained their viability after 7 days. Osteo/odontogenic differentiation of MSCs was promoted by the tested materials in varying levels as demonstrated by increased ALP activity and upregulation of related gene markers in comparison to the control group. Pure Portland Cement demonstrated a continuous high ALP activity on day 7, showing the highest value among all materials and significantly increased in comparison to the control group (p &lt; 0.001). Significant RUNX2 expression and high ALP activity (p &lt; 0.001) similar to that of osteogenically induced cells was detected for Pure Portland Cement after 7 days. Tested MTA-based cement materials are biocompatible and induce osteo/odontogenic differentiation in vitro. MTA materials performed similarly to Pure Portland Cement regarding osteo/odontogenic differentiation.

Exploring the role of dilutive effects on microstructural development and hydration kinetics of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) made of low-grade raw materials

High proportions of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) lead in blended cements to dilutive effects, resulting in less dense microstructure and thus impairing mechanical performance. This study delves into the extent of recovery occurring over time in diverse limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) binders featuring varying substitution levels of Portland cement (PC), primarily incorporating low-grade calcined clay and limestone. The study reveals that between 7 and 28 days, the intricate physicochemical interplay among PC-limestone-metakaolin-gypsum fosters a noteworthy restoration of properties compromised by dilutive effects, despite employing lower-grade SCMs. The filler effect of calcined clay and its pozzolanic attributes enabled significant refinement in pore structure in comparison to pure PC. The characteristic synergetic reactions inherent to LC3 were evident in all blends, irrespective of the extent of clinker content reduction. These reactions encompass the interaction of alumina from metakaolin with sulfates and carbonates, leading to the formation of additional ettringite and monocarboaluminate phases, consequently improving the mechanical strength of the blended systems.

Passivation of reinforcing steel in reactive MgO cement blended with Portland cement

Reactive MgO cement (RMC) has an ability to gain strength by carbonation. One of the main concerns in RMC systems is the potential corrosion of reinforcing steel in structural applications. This study evaluated the feasibility of replacing small proportions of RMC with Portland cement (PC) to promote the passivation of reinforcing steel. Reinforcing steels embedded in RMC with different proportions of PC were investigated by electrochemical measurements and microstructural analysis. Pore solutions extracted from these pastes were evaluated for their chemical compositions. Inclusion of ≥2% PC enabled the passivation of steel. Passive film forming in RMC-PC blends consisted of Fe3O4 and Mg(OH)2, which was thicker than those in pure PC mixes. The formation of passive film was mainly attributed to the increased pH of the pore solution, which reached over 12 in RMC mixes containing only 2% PC. These findings highlighted the potential of using RMC mixes in reinforced concrete applications.

Direkte Pulpaüberkappung bei asymptomatischen kariösen primären Molaren mit drei verschiedenen Pulpaüberkappungsmaterialien

Purpose: Τo assess the outcome of direct pulp capping in asymptomatic carious primary molars using three pulp capping materials. Methods: In this prospective clinical trial, carious primary molars free of irreversible pulp inflammation signs and symptoms, with negative pain history and pulp exposure following caries removal were included. Teeth were divided into groups: A: Ca(OH)2, B: Pure Portland cement®, C: Biodentine™. Following anaesthesia, isolation, caries removal, pulp exposure, hemorrhage control, pulp capping, additional lining in groups A, B, teeth were restored with composite resin. Descriptive statistics, Chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests, Kaplan-Meier survival curves, multivariable random effects Cox regression model were performed. Results: Sixty-six patients (25 girls, 41 boys) with mean age 7.2 (± 1.7) years participated. The mean follow-up time was 13 months. Seventy-nine primary molars were assigned to groups A (n = 27), B (n = 29), C (n = 23). The overall failure was 16 % and the distribution by group was: A: 5 teeth, B: 5 teeth, C: 3 teeth. No significant differences in failure rates between capping materials, tooth types, age bands and genders were identified. Conclusions: Direct pulp capping in asymptomatic carious primary molars may be an acceptable option, when treating an exposed pulp with bioceramic materials as pulp capping agents.

Experimental and numerical study on the mitigation of autogenous shrinkage of cementitious material

This study experimentally investigated the effects of surfactants and water-repelling agents on the hydration process, relative humidity, and mechanical properties of Portland cement pastes. Based on the measurement results, the degree of hydration, degree of saturation, capillary tension of autogenous shrinkage, and magnitude of autogenous shrinkage were simulated using a numerical model. In the numerical model, the elastic and creep components of autogenous shrinkage were calculated separately, and the creep component was simulated based on the solidification theory. The simulation results indicated that adding admixtures led to lower degrees of hydration and saturation. The capillary tension of the pure Portland cement was larger than that of the other mixtures. This can be attributed to several factors, including the smaller surface tension of mixtures with surfactants, larger contact angle of mixtures with water-repelling agents, and a lower degree of hydration of mixtures with both admixtures. Analyses of the simulated and measured results for different mixtures also show that creep plays an indispensable role in autogenous shrinkage. Adding a surfactant and a water-repelling agent can effectively mitigate autogenous shrinkage. However, when an excessive amount of water-repelling agent was added, its influence on the mitigation of autogenous shrinkage was insignificant.

High fire stability cement composite cementitious material based on semi‐dry gas desulfurized ash/blast furnace slag system: The synergistic effect of nano‐TiO2 and nano‐SiO2

AbstractCement is an important way to digest industrial waste. Semi‐dry gas desulfurized ash (SGDA) and granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) as solid waste both have pozzolanic activity as well as small particle size and continuous particle size distribution, which allow their use as cement mixtures. In the present work, a cement matrix with 60% Portland cement, 20% SGDA, and 20% GBFS, including 3% nano‐TiO2 and 2% nano‐SiO2 as dopants, was produced via cement slurry mixing process. The obtained matrix was found to have the better 3‐ and 28‐day age compressive strength (by 104% and 116%, respectively) as compared with the pure Portland cement; the mortar compressive strength is also improved. The imaging and mineralogical analysis revealed that the nanomodified cement matrix had a more compact structure along with a well‐developed crystal form and the uniform micropore distribution. Furthermore, the doped cement mixture exhibited good fire resistance: Even after exposure to simulated fire conditions for 2.5 h at 450°C, the compressive strength of the composite was 98.27% of its initial value (57 MPa) and the microstructure remained undestroyed. The findings of this study open up new prospects for collaborative use of SGDA and GBFS as solid waste along with nano‐TiO2 and nano‐SiO2 as dopants, therefore providing outstanding fire stability of related composites.

Degradation of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) mortars under sulfate attack

Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3 is a newly proposed low-carbon cement, which can effectively reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions of the traditional cement industry without changing the basic mechanical properties of cement-based materials. In this study, the degradation process of mortar samples of limestone and calcined clay cementitious material under sulfate attack is studied by both macroscopic and microscopic analysis. The results show that compared with pure Portland cement, the addition of calcined clay and limestone can significantly reduce the expansion rate, loss of dynamic modulus and mass loss of mortar specimens under sulfate attack. The addition of calcined clay and limestone will refine the pore size distribution of mortar specimens, then inhibiting the diffusion of sulfate and formation of corrosive products, therefore leading to a significant improvement of the sulfate resistance.

Environmental assessment of a disruptive innovation: comparative cradle-to-gate life cycle assessments of carbon-reinforced concrete building component

PurposeHow to build in more environmentally sustainable manner? This issue is increasingly coming to the fore in construction sector, which is responsible for a relevant share of resource depletion, solid waste, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Carbon-reinforced concrete (CRC), as a disruptive innovation of composite building material, requires less resources and enables new forms — but does it make CRC more environmentally sustainable than steel-reinforced concrete (SRC)? This article aims to assess and compare the environmental impact of 45 material and production scenarios of a CRC with a SRC double wall.MethodsThe life cycle assessment method (LCA) is used to assess environmental impacts. The functional unit is a double wall and the reference flows are 1 m3 for concrete and 1 kg for fiber. CML methodology is used for life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) in the software GaBi© ts 10.0. A sensitivity analysis focuses on electricity grid mixes, concrete mixes, and steel production scenarios.ResultsThe midpoint indicator climate change respective global warming potential (in kg CO2e) ranges between 453 kg CO2e and 754 kg CO2e per CRC double wall. A comparable SRC double wall results in emissions of 611–1239 kg CO2e. Even though less raw material is needed for CRC, it does not represent a clear advantage over SRC in terms of climate change. In a comparison, the production of steel (blast furnace vs. electric arc furnace vs. recycled steel) and the choice of cement type are of decisive relevance. For concrete mixes, a mixture of Portland cement and blast furnace slag (CEM III) is beneficial to pure Portland cement (CEM) I. For fiber production, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) has an advantage over epoxy resin (EP) impregnation and the use of renewable energy could reduce emissions of fiber production up to 60%.ConclusionCRC requires less material (concrete cover) than SRC, however, exhibits comparable CO2e to SRC — depending on the production process of steel. In the future, fiber production and impregnation should be studied in detail. Since in terms of climate change neither wall (CRC vs. SRC) clearly performs better, the two other pillars of sustainability (economic and social, resulting in LCSA) and innovative building components must be focused on.Graphical