Pure Petroleum Diesel Research Articles

Experimental investigation on the effect of diesel-ethanol blends for a constant-speed diesel engine

ABSTRACT Keeping the need for energy security and the world’s transition to a thriving low-carbon economy in mind, the research, on the feasibility of diesel ethanol blends, has gained momentum. The present work is related to comparing the performance and emission characteristics of pure diesel [D100] with 4 diesel-ethanol blends [D90E10, D85E15, D80E20 and D75E25]. The single-cylinder 4-stroke un-modified diesel engine running at constant 1500 rpm was used for experimentation which ran at different loads. Experimental results showed that with the addition of ethanol in blends, the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and exhaust gas temperature (EGT) reduced while brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) increased. The addition of ethanol shortened the combustion duration. Hence, D75E25 showed a rapid rise in combustion pressure and heat release rate (HRR). As the concentration of ethanol increases in blends, the oxide of nitrogen (NOx) is reduced and carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon (HC) are increased. Thus, D75E5 was good blend producing less NOx with the penalty of fuel consumption on an unmodified diesel engine. In the long run, the effect of blends on the engine should be checked to make ethanol a feasible fuel for diesel engines. Abbreviations: CA: Crank Angle; ATDC: After Top Dead Centre; BMEP: Brake Mean Effective Pressure; BSFC: Brake Specific Fuel Consumption; BTE: Brake Thermal Efficiency; BTDC: Before Top Dead Centre; CO: Carbon Monoxide; COV: Coefficient of Variation; D100: 100% Diesel + 0% Ethanol, Pure petroleum diesel; D90E10: 90% Diesel + 10% Ethanol; D85E15: 85% Diesel + 15% Ethanol; D80E20: 80% Diesel + 20% Ethanol; D75E25: 75% Diesel + 25% Ethanol; HC: Hydrocarbon; IMEP: Indicated Mean Effective Pressure; LHV: Lower Heating Value; NOx: Nitric Oxide.

ENGINE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF PALM KERNEL OIL-BASED BIODIESEL BLENDS ON SPEED VARIATIONS OF A 4-CYLINDER ENGINE AT CONSTANT TORQUE

Biodiesel made from the transesterification of plant-derived oils is an important alternative fuel source for diesel engines. Several disparate studies have emphasized the significance of biodiesels in emission reduction and engine efficiency. The present study examined the effect of using palm kernel oil (PKO), pure petroleum diesel, and its blends on the fuel consumption rates, energy expended, brake-specific fuel consumption, and brake thermal efficiency of a four-cylinder tractor under varying operating speeds (700 – 1900rpm) at constant torque. The study was conducted at a large farming site in Anambra State, Nigeria. The findings indicated that PKO biodiesel blends had the overall optimum energy output, fuel consumption rates, and brake-specific fuel consumption, respectively, at the highest engine speed of 1900. Although B10's rating of 60.6% for thermal brake efficiency was impressive, it was lower than B100's 66.95 %. Based on the results, B10 is the best gasoline for testing and may be used as a replacement fuel in four-cylinder farm tractor engines with no modifications. The study concludes that biodiesel blends showed potential as an alternative to fossil diesel.

Effect of additives on emissions of DI CI engine fuelled with algae/Mangifera indica blends

ABSTRACT Emission of NOx in biodiesel is a major challenge in implementing the biodiesel as alternate of fossil fuel. In this study, pure petroleum diesel fuel, algae oil, mango seed biodiesel and nanoadditives such as pentanol and ethanol were tested for various loading conditions. The fuels are tested for various blends in a single cylinder engine. The 5% of pentanol and 5% of ethanol added to blends in the direction of increasing the combustion rate and cut the emission of toxic gases. Experimental results show that the algae blend A20 reduced the NOx emission up to 25% at full loading condition. On the other hand, the mango seed blend emits 20% higher NOx compared to A20. Further, both algae and mango seed blends saw reduced emissions of Carbon monoxide, Hydrocarbons and smoke compared to neat diesel. Pentanol and ethanol additions to the biodiesel reduced the emission and increased the BSFC.

Study of Performance, Emissions, and Combustion of a Common-Rail Injection Engine Fuelled with Blends of Cocos nucifera Biodiesel with Diesel Oil

Renewable alternatives to fossil fuels, such as biodiesel, are necessary to lessen emission of greenhouse gases that are causing climate change. Using a high-pressure, medium-duty, common-rail, turbocharged four-cylinder diesel engine, this work studies the effect of adding Cocos nucifera biodiesel to conventional diesel on exhaust emissions, engine performance, and combustion characteristics. An analysis and characterization of the key physicochemical properties of diesel, biodiesel, and biodiesel–diesel blends were carried out. The engine was fuelled with pure petroleum diesel and blended diesel containing a 10%, 20%, 30%, and 50% volume of coconut oil at full throttle and six different speed settings, respectively. The results showed relatively close physicochemical properties between the biodiesel blend and conventional petroleum fuel. Observations made over the entire speed range indicated that a higher coconut oil biodiesel (COB) content lowers the torque and brake power compared to diesel. In the case of engine exhaust gas, a reduction in carbon monoxide (CO) and smoke emissions were observed. Notably, COB50 gives out the highest nitrogen oxides (NOx) but it is raised even for other blends. The experimental results also demonstrated that a higher COB content achieves a lower peak pressure while the peak heat release rate (PHRR) was lower than that of conventional diesel as the speed of the engine increases.

Engine performance of blends of palm kernel oil biodiesel under varying speed at constant torque

This study conducts a comparative evaluation the effect of using palm kernel oil (PKO), pure petroleum diesel and their blends (B5, B10, B20, B30, B40, and B100), on the performance of a four-cylinder CI diesel engine (David Brown 990: 58hp; 2WD), at Farm Power and Machinery Test laboratory Centre (FPMTLC), Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The objective of the study was to determine the fuel consumption rates, energy expended, brake specific fuel consumption, and brake thermal efficiency, under varying operating speeds (700 – 1900rpm) at constant torque. Each fuel test was conducted using the Heenan-Froude hydraulic dynamometer engine-test-bed; pure petroleum diesel (B0) was used to generate the baseline data. Variables calculated were analyzed, then compared with each other to determine the differences in the engine performance and also to determine the optimum test fuel. The results obtained show that B10 had the overall optimum energy output, fuel consumption rates, and brake specific fuel consumption of 5431.809J, 3.42E-07 m3/s, and 0.16569l/KWh, respectively at the highest engine speed of 1900. B10 had an excellent brake thermal efficiency of 60.6% but was not better than B100, which showed a higher value of 66.95%. From the analysis, B10 is the optimum test fuel and can be used as an alternative fuel in David Brown 990 (58hp; 2WD) or similar CI diesel engines without any engine modification, even though B100 showed potential as an alternative to fossil diesel. Biofuel production grows through integrated aquaculture and algae production; the algae oil will serve as a raw material for biofuel production
 Keywords: Blends, Biodiesel, Brake Specific Consumption, Diesel Engine, Fuel Consumption rate, Thermal Efficiency.

Production optimization and tribological characteristics of cottonseed oil methyl ester

This paper presented experimental results to evaluate the optimization of production parameters through response surface methodology. These parameters significantly affected the yield of cottonseed oil methyl ester (COME). The input variables for the production of methyl ester from cottonseed oil were methanol/oil molar ratio, concentration of catalyst, temperature, and stirring speed. The response or output variable was the yield of methyl ester. The fatty acid methyl ester composition of COME (biodiesel) was obtained using a gas chromatography (GC) analyzer. BS EN 14103:2011 was the standard used to analyze the fatty acid methyl ester. The derived mathematical model was statistically accurate to predict the optimum value of COME. The optimized values to obtain a 98.3% yield of methyl ester were as follows: methanol/oil molar ratio of 6:1, catalyst concentration of 0.97% (w/w), temperature of 63.8 °C, and speed of 797 rpm. The physicochemical properties of COME were measured in accordance with ASTM D6751. The friction and wear properties of COME and its blends with petroleum diesel were tested using a four-ball wear testing machine. The tribological characteristics of COME as a new biofuel were assessed. COME displayed good lubricity with a low coefficient of friction and wear scar diameter. The coefficient of friction of pure COME (COME100) was lower than that of pure petroleum diesel (DL100) and COME blends with petrol diesel (COME10, COME20, and COME50). The average coefficient of friction of COME 100 was lower than that of DL100, COME10, COME20, and COME50 by 28.06%, 19.49%, 7.49%, and 3.65%, respectively. The wear scar diameter of COME100 for the tested ball was lower than that of DL100, COME10, COME20, and COME50 by 47.6%, 33.3%, 32.1%, and 21.42%, respectively. The worn surfaces of the tested balls were examined by scanning electron microscopy, and the results were presented in this paper.

THE EFFECT OF JOJOBA OIL–DIESEL FUEL BLENDS ON COMBUSTION AND EXHAUST GASES EMISSIONS FOR TRACTOR DIESEL ENGINES

Experiments were designed to study the effect of blends of jojoba oil with diesel fuel on tractor emission characters. Exhaust gases emission tests were conducted for agricultural tractor running on the 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80% jojoba-diesel fuels as compared to pure petroleum diesel fuel under typical field tillage operation at different forward speeds (1.75 , 2.60 and 4.85 km/h). The chemical analysis of Jojoba oil revealed that it contains law carbon atoms and oxygen atoms in its chemical structure, so it produced complete combustion and decreased the emitted toxic gases which lower environmental pollution because it is an oxidizing agent. The increase in jojoba oil blended ratio more than 20% leads to increase fuel viscosity which decreases the engine power and incomplete combustion which leads to increase environmental pollution. The utilization of jojoba-diesel blend 20% (J20) gave significant reduction in total hydrocarbon (THC), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogenous oxides (NOx) gases emissions, which have positive effect on environment. Using jojoba oil blend 20% (J20) improved the combustion efficiency to 80% at tractor forward speeds, which gave better performance of the tractor engine and decreased emission of toxic gases.

Emission, injection and combustion characteristics of biodiesel and oxygenated fuel blends in a common rail diesel engine

In this study, pure petroleum diesel fuel, blends of canola-safflower biodiesel and oxygenated fuel additives such as solketal and ethanol were tested in a common rail diesel engine under three engine speeds (1500 rpm, 2000 rpm and 2500 rpm) and the medium engine load (100 Nm) test conditions. Detailed and comparative injection, combustion and emission analysis of the test fuels were performed. The results showed that brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of biodiesel and its blends (15% ethanol-85% biodiesel and 15% solketal-85% biodiesel) with oxygenated fuels were higher than those of petroleum diesel fuel. Solketal and ethanol additions to biodiesel increased BSFC. Maximum cylinder pressures were close to each other for all test fuels. Main and pilot injection characteristics of the test engine changed significantly when diesel fuel and biodiesel were used. According to the emission results, biodiesel emitted higher NOx and CO2 emissions while lower CO and THC emissions compared with diesel fuel. In addition, solketal and ethanol fuel blends caused an increase in NOx emissions and provided lower CO2, CO and THC emissions on average compared to biodiesel. Ethanol-biodiesel and solketal-biodiesel blends gave similar results to each other.

Tribological and emission characteristics of indirect ignition diesel engine fuelled with waste edible oil

Purpose Energy is the prime mover of economic growth and is vital to the sustenance of a modern economy. Future economic growth depends heavily on the long-term availability of energy from sources that are affordable, accessible and environmentally friendly. Regulating the sulfur content in diesel fuel is expected to reduce the lubricity of these fuels, which may result in increased wear and damage of fuel injection systems in diesel engines. Design/methodology/approach The tribological properties of the biodiesels as additive in pure petro-diesel are studied by ball-on-ring wear tester to find optimal concentration, and the mechanism of the reduction of wear and friction will be investigated by optical microscopy. Findings Studies have shown that low concentrations of biodiesel blends are more effective as lubricants because of their superior polarity. Using biodiesel as a fuel additive in a pure petroleum diesel fuel improves engine performance and exhaust emissions. The high biodegradability and superior lubricating property of biodiesel when used in compression ignition engines renders it an excellent fuel. Originality/value This detailed experimental investigation confirms that biodiesel can substitute mineral diesel without any modification in the engine. The use of biofuels as diesel engine fuels can play a vital role in helping the developed and developing countries to reduce the environmental impact of fossil fuels.

Optical characterization of pure vegetable oils and their biodiesels using Raman spectroscopy

Great concern regarding energy resources and environmental polution has increased interest in the study of alternative sources of energy. Biodiesels as an alternative fuel provide a suitable diesel oil substitute for internal combustion engines. The Raman spectra of pure biodiesels of soybean oil, olive oil, coconut oil, animal fats, and petroleum diesel are optically characterized for quality and biofuel as an alternative fuel. The most significant spectral differences are observed in the frequency range around 1457 cm−1 for pure petroleum diesel, 1427 for fats biodiesel, 1670 cm−1 for pure soybean oil, 1461 cm−1 for soybean oil based biodiesel, 1670 cm−1 for pure olive oil, 1666 cm−1 for olive oil based biodiesel, 1461 cm−1 for pure coconut oil, and 1460 cm−1 for coconut oil based biodiesel, which is used for the analysis of the phase composition of oils. A diode pump solid-state laser with a 532 nm wavelength is used as an illuminating light. It is demonstrated that the peak positions and relative intensities of the vibrations of the oils can be used to identify the biodiesel quality for being used as biofuel.

Generation and characterization of diesel engine combustion emissions from petroleum diesel and soybean biodiesel fuels and application for inhalation exposure studies

Biodiesel made from the transesterification of plant- and animal-derived oils is an important alternative fuel source for diesel engines. Although numerous studies have reported health effects associated with petroleum diesel emissions, information on biodiesel emissions are more limited. To this end, a program at the U.S. EPA assessed health effects of biodiesel emissions in rodent inhalation models. Commercially obtained soybean biodiesel (B100) and a 20% blend with petroleum diesel (B20) were compared to pure petroleum diesel (B0). Rats and mice were exposed independently for 4 h/day, 5 days/week for up to 6 weeks. Exposures were controlled by dilution air to obtain low (50 µg/m3), medium (150 µg/m3) and high (500 µg/m3) diesel particulate mass (PM) concentrations, and compared to filtered air. This article provides details on facilities, fuels, operating conditions, emission factors and physico-chemical characteristics of the emissions used for inhalation exposures and in vitro studies. Initial engine exhaust PM concentrations for the B100 fuel (19.7 ± 0.7 mg/m3) were 30% lower than those of the B0 fuel (28.0 ± 1.5 mg/m3). When emissions were diluted with air to control equivalent PM mass concentrations, B0 exposures had higher CO and slightly lower NO concentrations than B100. Organic/elemental carbon ratios and oxygenated methyl esters and organic acids were higher for the B100 than B0. Both the B0 and B100 fuels produced unimodal-accumulation mode particle-size distributions, with B0 producing lower concentrations of slightly larger particles. Subsequent papers in this series will describe the effects of these atmospheres on cardiopulmonary responses and in vitro genotoxicity studies.

Assessing Cleaner Energy Alternatives for Bus Transit in Rio de Janeiro: A Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

From 2003 to 2009 in Brazilian municipalities of over 60,000 inhabitants, buses accounted for more than 25% of urban trips. This trend is not expected to change in the medium term. Worldwide, buses rely on petroleum diesel as fuel. In Brazil, alternative fuels such as biodiesel, natural gas and ethanol are available and the choice among them should depend on the assessment of the entire life cycle of such fuels. This paper uses a Life Cycle Inventory, which is essential to the implementation of a Life Cycle Assessment, to assess six energy alternatives: petroleum diesel, biodiesel, petroleum diesel with 5% of biodiesel, compressed natural gas, additivated hydrous ethanol and dual-fuel system composed by petroleum diesel with 5% of biodiesel and compressed natural gas. In saving total energy consumption, pure petroleum diesel or mixed with 5% biodiesel and dual-fuel systems stand out, in that order. If renewable energy use and net carbon dioxide emissions reduction are the goals, ethanol and biodiesel should be given preference. The addition of 5% of biodiesel in petroleum diesel increases the share of renewable energy in the supply chain of petroleum diesel by 47.5% with an increase of 0.58% in total energy consumption and a reduction of 3.8% in net CO2 emissions during the life cycle. In the case of biodiesel, the addition of 5% of biodiesel in petroleum diesel increases the share of renewable energy in the supply chain by 51.15% with an increase of 0.03% in the total energy consumption and a decrease of 7% in net CO2 emissions in the life cycle. The use of 5% of biodiesel in petroleum diesel does not significantly affect the use of renewable energy (+0.69%) or total energy consumption (+0.04%) in ethanol supply chain, which already shows a great use of renewable energy input. However, a decrease of 9.29% in the net CO2 emissions in the supply chain occurs, which reaches 5.28% in the life cycle.

Evaluation of the Effect of Fuel Properties on the Fuel Spray and Jet Characteristics in a HGV DI Diesel Engine Operated by Used Cooking Oils

Fuel injection systems in modern diesel engines are designed and built to comply with very stringent environmental standards. They should also meet the highest level of fuel economy. Drivability, rapid response and easy and accurate control are a common demand. Changing the fuel characteristics could affect the performance of the fuel injection system. This study focuses on the evaluation of fuel spray characteristics of straight used cooking oil (SUCO) and its blends with petroleum diesel (PD) as a surrogate for pure PD. Used cooking oil blends have quite different physical properties from those of pure PD. Data for the lower heating value (LHV), density and viscosity were obtained from laboratory analysis. These data were merged with the physical and thermodynamic conditions of the diesel engine of interest to evaluate the dynamic behaviour of the fuel jet in 360° of crank rotation namely, the compression stroke, and the power stroke including the injection process. Engine operational conditions were calculated using a diesel dual thermodynamic cycle taking into account fuel injection adjustment at three different speeds, namely, idle speed, maximum torque speed and rated power speed. The results showed that fuel jet characteristics vary with SUCO content in the fuel blend. Two ranges of SUCO content in the blends were distinguished, 0 – 80% SUCO content and 80 – 100% SUCO content. Both showed a constant rate of change of jet characters per 10% increase in SUCO content in the fuel blend. Lower rates of change of fuel characters were observed at 0-80% SUCO content. The higher the temperature, the lower the rate of change of fuel jet characteristics.

On-Board Measurements of Particle Emissions from a Diesel Car Fuelled with Alternative Fuels Based on Different Road Types

In this paper, on-board Measurements of particle emissions were carried out on a VW diesel car in Shanghai real roads. The test fuels included pure petroleum diesel (D100) and three different alternative fuel blends, 10% biodiesel blend (BD10), 10% coal-to-liquid fuel blend (C10) and 10% gas-to-liquid fuel blend (G10) in volumetric mixture ratio. Results showed that particle emissions in freeways were terrible, and particle number emission ratios from urban roads were high. The test alternative blend fuels of BD10, Bu10, G10 and C10 all have positive effects on the particle emissions of test diesel car.

Particle-bound PAHs and Particle-extract-induced Cytotoxicity of Emission from a Diesel-generator Fuelled with Soy-biodiesel

This study investigates the size distribution of nano/ultrafine particle-bound PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and the PAH-associated carcinogenic potency/cytotoxicity of the exhaust from a generator that is fuelled with D100 (pure petroleum diesel) and S20 (v/v = 20% soy-biodiesel/80% D100) and operated at stable energy output loads (0 and 3 kW). A micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI) and a Nano-MOUDI (with aerodynamic diameters of 0.01–18 μm) were used to collect PM samples. The cytotoxicity of the organic solvent extracts of PM samples to the human male monocytic cell strain (U937) was evaluated using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) method. The results indicate that at both loads, using S20 in place of D100 effectively reduced the emissions of DEPs, PAHs in the DEPs, and PAHs-associated BaPeq; furthermore, the unit mass cytotoxicity of ultrafine particles and nano-particles in the DEPs was also lowered (by an average of 52.6%). Therefore, soybean biodiesel (S20) can be used as an alternative fuel to petroleum diesel to reduce the hazards of emissions from diesel engines to human health.

Blending Cooking Oil Biodiesel with Petroleum Diesel: A Comparative Performance Test on a Variable IC Engine

Research in biodiesel production has been motivated by several reasons including consistant increase in prices of petroleum diesel, environmental advantages, security of fuel supply, and employment creation. This paper presents a review of one alternative technological method that can be used to produce this fuel. Biodiesel from used cooking oil was produced by alkali catalyzed transesterification process. Performance of internal combustion engine using this bio-diesel blended with petroleum diesel in various blending ratios was performed. The engine performance studies were conducted on a variable compression engine test rig with automatic data acquisition set up. Parameters such as brake power, torque and fuel consumption were measured at different loads for pure petroleum diesel, pure biodiesel and different combinations of the dual fuel. The test results indicate that the performance of the engine is comparable for all the fuel mixtures under review

PM, carbon, and PAH emissions from a diesel generator fuelled with soy-biodiesel blends

Biodiesels have received increasing attention as alternative fuels for diesel engines and generators. This study investigates the emissions of particulate matter (PM), total carbon (TC), e.g., organic/elemental carbons, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from a diesel generator fuelled with soy-biodiesel blends. Among the tested diesel blends (B0, B10 (10 vol% soy-biodiesel), B20, and B50), B20 exhibited the lowest PM emission concentration despite the loads (except the 5 kW case), whereas B10 displayed lower PM emission factors when operating at 0 and 10 kW than the other fuel blends. The emission concentrations or factors of EC, OC, and TC were the lowest when B10 or B20 was used regardless of the loading. Under all tested loads, the average concentrations of total-PAHs emitted from the generator using the B10 and B20 were lower (by 38% and 28%, respectively) than those using pure petroleum diesel fuel (B0), while the emission factors of total-PAHs decreased with an increasing ratio of biodiesel to premium diesel. With an increasing loading, although the brake specific fuel consumption decreased, the energy efficiency increased despite the bio/petroleum diesel ratio. Therefore, soy-biodiesel is promising for use as an alternative fuel for diesel generators to increase energy efficiency and reduce the PM, carbon, and PAH emissions.

Gas cleaning for IC engine applications from fixed bed biomass gasification

Biodiesels have received increasing attention as alternative fuels for diesel engines and generators. This study investigates the emissions of particulate matter (PM), total carbon (TC), e.g., organic/elemental carbons, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from a diesel generator fuelled with soy-biodiesel blends. Among the tested diesel blends (B0, B10 (10 vol% soy-biodiesel), B20, and B50), B20 exhibited the lowest PM emission concentration despite the loads (except the 5 kW case), whereas B10 displayed lower PM emission factors when operating at 0 and 10 kW than the other fuel blends. The emission concentrations or factors of EC, OC, and TC were the lowest when B10 or B20 was used regardless of the loading. Under all tested loads, the average concentrations of total-PAHs emitted from the generator using the B10 and B20 were lower (by 38% and 28%, respectively) than those using pure petroleum diesel fuel (B0), while the emission factors of total-PAHs decreased with an increasing ratio of biodiesel to premium diesel. With an increasing loading, although the brake specific fuel consumption decreased, the energy efficiency increased despite the bio/petroleum diesel ratio. Therefore, soy-biodiesel is promising for use as an alternative fuel for diesel generators to increase energy efficiency and reduce the PM, carbon, and PAH emissions.