Pure Orange Research Articles

Genetic basis for Rapana venosa with different peristome color based on microsatellite, DNA methylation, and transcriptome analysis

Abstract Rapana venosa, a well-known and economic species mainly distributed in the Asian region, has three distinct color patterns in the peristome: pure orange, pure dark stripes, and part stripes. The present study combined microsatellite, DNA methylation, and transcriptome to assess the genetic basis of three color patterns of R. venosa in the peristome. The different color patterns of R. venosa showed no significant genetic differentiation, and each color group was relatively independent with respect to gene flow. Each color pattern showed a high methylation rate of more than 60%. The full-methylation rates for the three color patterns were 34.47%, 35.67%, and 32.54%, respectively. The Gene Ontology (GO) classification and functional enrichment revealed three ontologies: molecular function, cellular components, and biological processes. The function of translation, ribosomal structure, and biogenesis accounted for the top classification, followed by general function prediction. This study also revealed some functional genes related to color and shell formation, including Scavenger receptor cysteine-rich protein (SRCR), beta-carotene ketolase, tyrosinase proteins, and Lustrin A. These findings suggest that the color polymorphism of R. venosa is possibly attributed to environmental effects. The research is also essential for selecting better germplasm for the breeding of Rapana venosa.

Investigation of Color and Bioactive Compounds of Different Colors from Pansy (Viola × wittrockiana Gams.) Dried in Hot Air Dryer

The popularity of edible flowers is increasing day by day and new solutions are sought due to their short shelf life. For this purpose, in this study, four different colors of Viola × wittrockiana Gams.; white (Fino Clear White), orange (Delta Pure Orange), bordeaux/mauve rose (Mammoth Rocky Rose), and yellow (Delta Premium Pure Lemon) flowers were dried at drying air temperature of 60, 70, and 80 °C with a convective hot air dryer. Color (L*, a*, b*, C*, h°, ∆E, and BI), drying time and bioactive compounds (Total Phenolic Content (TPC), anthocyanin content (AC), and antioxidant activity (AO) values were measured). The orange flowers showed the fastest drying (78 min at 80 °C). The lowest total color change (∆E) (4.58 at 70 °C) and browning index (BI) (9.58 at 60 °C) values were observed in all drying processes of white flowers. The highest AC was determined in bordeaux flowers in both fresh (2.4 mg malvidin glucoside/g) and dried (25.57 mg malvidin glucoside/g at 60 °C) samples. The AO decreased in all samples depending on the temperature increase, it was found that the most beneficial result in terms of bioactive compounds was the bordeaux flowers dried at drying air temperature of 60 °C.

Manufacture and Characterization of Sensor for Optimizing the Manufacture of Resistance Sensor for Pure Orange Drink and Unpure Orange Drink

This research was purposed to design and analyze a resistance sensor. This research was done by three steps which are designing, manufacturing and characterizing of resistance sensor. Sensor design was done by using Fritzing software. The tools we used in manufacturing sensor were PCB, resistor, and copper wire. The tools we used in sensor characterizing were power supply, CRO and samples of pure orange drink and unpure orange drink. Sensor characterizing was done by varying samples of 50 ml and 100 ml. Data acquisitiom for each samples were repeated five times. Data generated from the sensor in the form of voltage. The data result of measurement were calculated by its average and its uncertainty. For pure orange drink 50 mL (2.274 ± 1.137); 100 mL (1.688 ± 0.844) and for unpure orange drink 50 mL (2.582 ± 1.291); 100 mL (1.852 ± 0.926). Therefore in the future we can make quality control system of orange drink by optimizing the manufacture of resistance sensors with high-grade characteristics.

Ostwald Ripening Rate of Orange Oil Emulsions: Effects of Molecular Structure of Emulsifiers and Their Oil Composition.

Ostwald ripening, one of the frequently observed instability of flavor oil emulsions, can be easily prevented by adding triacylglycerols to the oil phase. The effect of interfacial characteristics of the emulsion droplets (particularly thickness) on the effectiveness of triacylglycerol inhibition of Ostwald ripening was evaluated in this study. The prepared emulsions were stabilized with emulsifiers with different-size hydrophilic groups, which correlate to droplet interfacial thickness. Emulsions with an oil phase of pure orange oil were unstable due to Ostwald ripening. Modifying the oil phase by adding corn oil or medium-chain triacylglycerol (MCT) effectively inhibited droplet growth. Thicker and less dense droplet surfaces in the emulsions required more triacylglycerol, regardless of its type, to resist Ostwald ripening. When the oil phase contained the same amounts of triacylglycerols, MCT was more effective at inhibiting Ostwald ripening than corn oil. Compared with corn oil, MCT more effectively inhibited Ostwald ripening of the emulsions containing micelles. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: When food and beverage industries produce food products containing flavor or essential oils vulnerable to Ostwald ripening as emulsion forms, the findings in this work could provide useful information on the interfacial engineering of emulsions and on how to modify the oil compositions of emulsions using triacylglycerols to improve the stability of these emulsions against Ostwald ripening.

Triple-Wavelength-Region Luminescence Sensing Based on a Color-Tunable Emitting Lanthanide Metal Organic Framework.

A series of isomorphic lanthanide metal-organic frameworks (Ln-MOFs), namely [Ln(dcbba)(DMF)2] n·H2O·0.5DMF [Ln = La (1), Eu (2) and Tb (3); H3dcbba = 4-(3, 5-dicarboxylatobenzyloxy)benzoic acid; DMF = N, N'-dimethylformamide] have been designed and synthesized by the solvothermal reactions of H3dcbba and La(NO3)3·6H2O. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the complexes 1-3 exhibit a (3,6)-connected open framework structure with binuclear [Ln2(COO)6] n secondary building units as 6-connected nodes and H3dcbba ligands as 3-connected nodes. The isostructural mixed La/Eu/Tb-dcbba (4) was obtained via the in-suit doping of different Ln3+ ions into the host framework, which is able to emit pure orange, white, and blue light when excited at 300, 305, and 350 nm, respectively. Subsequently, a novel and multifunctional sensing process was designed based on the excitation wavelength sensitive color tunable luminescent sample 4, which can detect HS- ions, THF (tetrahydrofuran), and Ag+ ions via different luminescence color change mechanisms. The remarkable color change, excellent selectivity, and high sensitivity further indicate the promise of this type of multifunctional luminescent materials for the sensing of anion, cation, and organic small molecule.

Cymbopogoncitratus assisted green synthesis of doped Yttrium nanopowder: Structural and Photoluminescence properties for wLEDs applications

For the first time green route was used to synthesize pure and Cr3+ (1-11 mol %) doped Yttrium oxide (Y2O3) nanostructures by using Cymbopogon citrates extract as a fuel. The prepared samples were well characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Diffused reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The PXRD results shows the formation of single phase, cubic structure of Y2O3 with crystallite sizes ∼15 nm which was further confirmed by TEM results. The SEM results indicated various shaped nanostructures which solely dependent on the fuel concentration. The band gap energy was estimated by DRS and found to be in the range of 5.67 – 5.80 eV. PL results indicate intense sharp peak at ∼ 689 nm along with vibronic side bands 706 and 734 nm. The 689 nm peak was well known R – line and was assigned to the 2Eg → 4A2g transition of Cr3+ions.The CIE (Commission International de I'E' clairage) chromaticity coordinates were located in pure orange- red region. Further, (Commission International de I'E' clairage) CCT values were in the range 3387 – 3486 K. The studies indicate that Y2O3:Cr3+nanophosphors (NPs) were quite useful for display devices

Involvement of membrane degradation in response to oleocellosis induced by exogenous orange oil in citrus fruit

Navel oranges (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) were treated with pure orange oil to simulate the natural cause of oleocellosis and to elucidate the mechanism involving in fruit injury caused by orange oil. Results showed that no injury was found on the rind surface of control fruits during storage. By contrast, application of exogenous orange oil onto the surface of fruits could rapidly induce peel injury. Moreover, the severity of injury increased during storage. At the end of the storage time, the collapse and discolouration scores were 17.3 and 16.7 times higher than those at 4 h after treatment. Oil treatment caused fruit membrane degradation by increasing the activities of phospholipase D and lipoxygenase, reducing the ratio of unsaturated/saturated fatty acids and enhancing the levels of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, malonaldehyde, and electrolyte leakage. In addition, the treatment reduced the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase, as well as suppressed the ascorbate acid–glutathione cycle, which led to the efficiency loss of the reactive oxygen species scavenging system.

Pure orange color emitting Sm3+ doped BaNb2O6 phosphor for solid - state lighting applications

Single phase pure orange light emitting BaNb2O6:xSm3+ (0.5≤x≤3.0mol%) phosphors with orthorhombic structure have been synthesized via high temperature solid state reaction method. Crystal structure, morphology, luminescent and decay properties were studied extensively for the synthesized phosphor. The luminescence spectrum of Sm3+ doped BaNb2O6 phosphor exhibits three intense peaks centered at 565, 599 and 645nm corresponding to the 4G5/2→6H5/2, 4G5/2→6H7/2 and 4G5/2→6H9/2 transitions, respectively. The optimum concentration for Sm3+ doped BaNb2O6 is observed as 1.5mol% and the probable energy transfer mechanisms between Sm3+ ions caused concentration quenching have been explained in detail. The calculated Commission Internationale de L’Eclairage (CIE) chromaticity coordinates have been found to be (0.557, 0.440) lies in the pure orange region, which is in the close proximity to the Nichia corporation developed amber LED. The luminescence decay lifetime for 4G5/2 excited level was found to be in the microseconds (µs) range. The Sm3+ doped BaNb2O6 phosphor could be a potential candidate for use in the display and solid - state lighting applications.

Effects of the η(5)-C5H4(i)Pr Ligand on the Properties Exhibited by Its Tungsten Nitrosyl Complexes.

Reaction of Na[η(5)-C5H4(i)Pr] with W(CO)6 in refluxing THF for 4 days generates a solution of Na[(η(5)-C5H4(i)Pr)W(CO)3] that when treated with N-methyl-N-nitroso-p-toluenesulfonamide at ambient temperatures affords (η(5)-C5H4(i)Pr)W(NO)(CO)2 (1) that is isolable in good yield as an analytically pure orange oil. Treatment of 1 with an equimolar amount of I2 in Et2O at ambient temperatures affords (η(5)-C5H4(i)Pr)W(NO)I2 (2) as a dark brown solid in excellent yield. Sequential treatment at low temperatures of 2 with 0.5 equiv of Mg(CH2CMe3)2 and Mg(CH2CH═CMe2)2 in Et2O produces the alkyl allyl complex, (η(5)-C5H4(i)Pr)W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(η(3)-CH2CHCMe2) (3), as a thermally sensitive yellow liquid. Complex 3 may also be synthesized, albeit in low yield, in one vessel at low temperatures by reacting 1 first with 1 equiv of PCl5 and then with the binary magnesium reagents specified above. Interestingly, similar treatment of 1 in Et2O with PCl5 and only 0.5 equiv of Mg(CH2CH═CMe2)2 results in the formation of the unusual complex (η(5)-C5H4(i)Pr)W(NO)(PCl2CMe2CH═CH2)Cl2 (4), which probably is formed via a metathesis reaction of the binary magnesium reagent with (η(5)-C5H4(i)Pr)W(NO)(PCl3)Cl2. The C-D activation of C6D6 by complex 3 has been investigated and compared to that exhibited by its η(5)-C5Me5, η(5)-C5Me4H, and η(5)-C5Me4(n)Pr analogues. Kinetic analyses of the various activations have established that the presence of the η(5)-C5H4(i)Pr ligand significantly increases the rate of the reaction, an outcome that can be attributed to a combination of steric and electronic factors. In addition, mechanistic studies have established that in solution 3 loses neopentane under ambient conditions to generate exclusively the 16e η(2)-diene intermediate complex (η(5)-C5H4(i)Pr)W(NO)(η(2)-CH2═CMeCH═CH2), which then effects the subsequent C-D activations. This behavior contrasts with that exhibited by the η(5)-C5Me5 analogue of 3 which forms both η(2)-diene and η(2)-allene intermediates upon thermolysis. Sixteen-electron (η(5)-C5H4(i)Pr)W(NO)(η(2)-CH2═CMeCH═CH2) has been isolated as its 18e PMe3 adduct. All new organometallic complexes have been characterized by conventional spectroscopic and analytical methods, and the solid-state molecular structures of two of them have been established by single-crystal X-ray crystallographic analyses.

Behavioural differences across contexts may indicate morph-specific strategies in the lizard Ctenophorus decresii

Discrete colour polymorphisms are often genetically correlated with other traits under natural and sexual selection, such as behaviour, life history and physiology. Elucidating such correlations is essential to understand the adoption of alternative strategies between morphs and the role they play in the maintenance of colour polymorphisms within a population. Using field experiments, we tested the hypothesis that four visually discrete morphs (orange, yellow, yellow with a central orange patch (orange-yellow) and grey) of the tawny dragon lizard, Ctenophorus decresii, display alternative behavioural strategies. Specifically, we compared the response of colour morphs to simulated conspecific territorial intruders and predators in the wild. Although the orange-yellow morph can be objectively classified, it may behaviourally resemble the orange or yellow morph; therefore we compared statistical models in which the orange-yellow morph was considered a separate morph (four-morph model) or grouped with either pure orange or pure yellow individuals (three-morph models). For aggression, a three-morph model with orange-yellow individuals grouped as yellow morphs best fitted the data. The orange morph showed consistently high aggression to all morphs, while the grey morph showed consistently low aggression. Aggression of the yellow morph was conditional on the morph of the intruder. In addition to being the least aggressive, the grey morph was the least bold. Although the orange morph was the most aggressive, it was only the boldest under a three-morph model, which was equally likely compared to a four-morph model. Overall our results support the view that tawny dragon lizard morphs adopt different behavioural strategies, the orange and grey morphs exhibiting more aggressive and cautious strategies, respectively, and the yellow morph changing its aggression depending on its competitor's colour.

In vitro evaluation of the erosive potential of orange juice modified by food additives in enamel and dentine

ObjectivesTo evaluate the erosive potential of orange juice modified by food additives in enamel and dentine. MethodsCalcium lactate pentahydrate (CLP), xanthan gum (XG), sodium linear polyphosphate (LPP), sodium pyrophosphate tetrabasic (PP), sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) and some of their combinations were added to an orange juice. Pure orange juice and a calcium-modified juice were used as negative (C−) and positive (C+) controls, respectively. In phase 1, 15 modified orange juices were tested for erosive potential using pH-stat analysis. In phase 2, the additives alone and the combination with good results in phase 1 and in previous studies (CLP+LPP) were tested in an erosion–remineralization cycling model. In phase 3, the erosion and remineralization episodes were studied independently. Enamel was analysed by surface microhardness (SMH) and profilometry, whilst dentine by profilometry. ResultsIn phase 1, reduction of the erosive potential was observed for all additives and their combinations, except XG alone. In phase 2, no detectable enamel loss was observed when CLP, LPP and CLP+LPP were added to the juice. XG, STP and PP had enamel loss similar to C− (p>0.05). Amongst additives, the combination CLP+LPP showed the highest SMH values followed by CLP (p<0.05). All the other groups presented SMH values similar to C− (p>0.05). For dentine, only CLP+LPP lead to surface loss values lower than C− (p<0.05). In phase 3, CLP, LPP and CLP+LPP seemed to protect against erosion; whilst none of the tested compounds seemed to interfere with the remineralization process. ConclusionsCLP and LPP reduced erosion on enamel and this effect was enhanced by their combination. For dentine, only the combination CLP+LPP reduced erosion.

Differences in Growth, Flower Color, and Eating Quality between Mogami Safflower and American Safflower (CW88-OL).

In this study we planted Mogami safflower in a planter and compared its growth with the growth of American safflower (CW88-0L) ; some differences were found as follows : (1) The growth rate of Mogami safflower was faster than that of CW88-0L. The period between flowering and germination was 75 days in Mogami safflower and 88 days in CW88-0L. (2) The color of petals in Mogami safflower was yellow at the beginning, then changed to orange, and finally showed pure orange. On the other hand, the color of petals in CW88-0L was yellow during flowering. (3) Both thorns appeared on leaf and calyx 65 days after sowing, and in Mogami safflower they were sharper than in CW88-0L. (4) In regard to the weight and size of seeds, Mogami safflower was heavy and big compared with those of CW83-0L. (5) The taste of young leaf in Mogami is slightly bitter and tastier than in CW88-0L.

A Simplified Method for Determining Undeclared Sweeteners Added to Pure Orange Juice

Previous research has described methods for monitoring unique oligosaccharides as indicators of adulteration of pure orange juice with undeclared sweeteners. Modifications are reported here that streamline the method for routine analysis of large numbers of samples. Sample preparation is faster and more efficient, allowing preparation of up to 24 samples at one time. Oligosaccharides are eluted isocratically at 30 degrees C, decreasing retention times and eliminating the need for column reequilibration between injections. Oligosaccharide profiles of commercially available sweeteners and fortified orange juice samples analyzed under the modified conditions demonstrate that the method reduces analysis time by > 50%, while at the same time improving resolution and maintaining established detection limits.

Two-year Evaluation of Pansy Cultivars in the Florida Landscape

Pansy cultivars were evaluated for number of days to flower, flower size, flower color, plant habit, plant dimensions, weather tolerance, floriferousness, uniformity, and overall appearance during the winters of 1994–95 and 1995–96. In 1994–95, the number of days from sowing of seed to first flower among 122 cultigens ranged from 68 days for `Allegro Beaconsfield' to 94 days for `Springtime New Red'. Flower diameter ranged from 4.1 cm for `Allegro Pure Yellow' to 6.5 cm for `Bingo Yellow with Blotch'. Plant height after 114 to 122 days from seed sowing ranged from 11.4 cm for `Allegro Pure Orange' to 19.7 cm for `Fama See-Me'. Subjective ratings showed few differences among the cultigens in plant uniformity and floriferousness, but differences with respect to overall appearance. In 1995–96, the number of days from seed sowing to first flower for 113 cultigens ranged from 75 days for `Rally Light Blue with Blotch' to 97 days for `Happy Face White'. Flower diameter ranged from 4.8 cm for `Sprite Beaconsfield' and `Sprite Yellow' to 7.5 cm for `Bingo Yellow with Blotch'. Plant height at 140 to 143 days after seed sowing ranged from 12.4 cm for `Maxim Chiffon' to 26.5 cm for `Universal Plus White'. Subjective ratings showed no differences among the cultigens in plant uniformity or overall appearance and few differences in floriferousness or flower display.

Liquid Chromatographic Detection of a Variety of Inexpensive Sweeteners Added to Pure Orange Juice

Liquid chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection was used to analyze pure orange juice adulterated with a variety of inexpensive sweeteners. This method can be used to detect low levels (5-10%) of high fructose corn syrup (42 and 55), cane sugar hydrolysates (50 and 80%), and beet sugar hydrolysates (chemically or enzymatically prepared).