Pure English Research Articles

Comparing Vision-Capable Models, GPT-4 and Gemini, With GPT-3.5 on Taiwan's Pulmonologist Exam.

Introduction The latest generation of large language models (LLMs) features multimodal capabilities, allowing them to interpret graphics, images, and videos, which are crucial in medical fields. This study investigates the vision capabilities of the next-generation Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4) and Google's Gemini. Methods To establish a comparative baseline, we used GPT-3.5, a model limited to text processing, and evaluated the performance of both GPT-4 and Gemini on questions from the Taiwan Specialist Board Exams in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine. Our dataset included 1,100 questions from 2012 to 2023, with 100 questions per year. Of these, 1,059 were in pure text and 41 were text with images, with the majority in a non-English language and only six in pure English. Results For each annual exam consisting of 100 questions from 2013 to 2023, GPT-4 achieved scores of 66, 69, 51, 64, 72, 64, 66, 64, 63, 68, and 67, respectively. Gemini scored 45, 48, 45, 45, 46, 59, 54, 41, 53, 45, and 45, while GPT-3.5 scored 39, 33, 35, 36, 32, 33, 43, 28, 32, 33, and 36. Conclusions These results demonstrate that the newer LLMs with vision capabilities significantly outperform the text-only model. When a passing score of 60 was set, GPT-4 passed most exams and approached human performance.

A Comparative Study of Zebra English and You Mei English Courses

Under the background of Internet + education, online education is booming. In order to abandon the traditional English education mode and let children accept more pure English, many parents begin to try to choose online English courses. However, there are many kinds of children's English courses on the market, so how to choose a high-quality course brand among the dazzling brands has become the top priority. After tracking and observing a variety of online English brands in the past two years, this paper finally selected two relatively representative online English courses, Zebra English and You Mei English, for comparison and analysis, and suggested that You Mei English should introduce AI technology to design interactive scene animation of real people. It is not necessary to set the reading link in the first-level courses of Zebra English. Children's games and operation components should be added to Zebra English, and daily unlocking task points should be added to Zebra English. Zebra English is more suitable for zero-basis enlightenment, and You Mei English can be added as a supplement in the later stage.

Code Switching in English Teaching Learning Processes of English as a Foreign Language

This research was done because code-switching was a phenomenon that exists in teaching-learning English as a foreign language, where the teachers used more than one language to communicate including in the teaching-learning processes of English as the foreign language at SMAN 2 Bukittinggi. The design of this research was descriptive qualitative research. The instruments of this research were interview for analyzing the functions of teacher’s code-switching and the observation for analyzing the types and the frequencies of teacher’s code-switching. The population of the research was all the English teaches. The sample was one of the English teacher eleventh’s grade at SMAN 2 Bukittinggi taken by randomly technique where the teacher was no-native of English speaker. The result of the research showed that in the three types of teacher’scode-switching they were 139 times inter sentential switching, 256 times intra sentential switching, 79 times tag switching. Besides, in the functions of code-switching were in 115 times of total frequencies by different modified of the functions were in classroom management (24,35%), inserting humor (2,60%), clarification of information (47,83%), increasing students’ comprehension (18,26%), and interpreting the lesson (6,96%). Then, distributions of teachers’ languages were 474 times or frequencies, the languages distribution were Pure English (44, 30%), Indonesian (29, 96%), and local language (25, 74%). Thus, this research found about three factors of teacher’s code switching that were the types of codeswitching, the functions of code switching, and the frequencies of teacher’s code-switching.

Thomas Hardy's Pure English

This article examines Thomas Hardy's conflicting responses to late-Victorian debates about grammatical prescriptivism and linguistic purism. While Hardy claimed that “purism, whether in grammar or vocabulary, almost always means ignorance,” he also frequently expressed his interest in the (perhaps unrealizable) ideal of a “pure English” founded on fixed and unequivocal grammatical rules. Focusing on Tess of the d'Urbervilles, a novel subtitled “A Pure Woman,” I argue that this ambivalence informed the grammar of Hardy's prose style in his fiction. In this novel, Hardy employs the ambiguous modality of the English language, the imprecise grammatical distinction between the indicative statement of facts and the subjunctive elaboration of conceptions and hypotheses, both to sustain and to interrogate the binary of the real and the ideal that underpins his simultaneous critique and defense of the notion of “purity.” This use of modality highlights an analogy between Hardy's views on moral and linguistic purity: in each case, he rejects narrow estimations of purity, while nonetheless championing an ideal—of “pure English” and the “pure woman”—that transcends the limited perspectives of conventional purisms.

Communication Patterns of Indonesian Diaspora Women in Their Mixed Culture Families

This research underlines the communication patterns of Indonesian diaspora women in their mixed culture families and how they use these patterns in Australia. There are some differences in interpreting meanings because of the differences in language and culture. Thus, researchers are interested in examining communication patterns experienced by these diaspora women who live in Australia. The research was conducted through a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. Data collection techniques used were in-depth interviews with 13 Indonesian women who had been living in Australia for more than 5 years and observation and documentation studies. The study showed that the communication patterns of Indonesian diaspora women living within their mixed culture families consist mainly of verbal communication classified into five categories: (1) pure English, (2) mixed language, (3) unstructured grammar English, (4) compliments and appreciation, and (5) obscene words or swearing.

The Effect of Fee Shifting on Litigation: Evidence from a Policy Innovation in Intermediate Cost Shifting

Abstract We study the effect of fee shifting rules on litigation. First, we build a model to study the theoretical effect of a change in cost-recovery rules on case filings, (postfiling) settlement, win rates, and plaintiffs’ average litigation expenditures. We then undertake an empirical analysis of the introduction of an intermediate cost shifting rule that falls between the English and American Rules: a reform that limits the size of fee awards to successful litigants in cases decided by the Intellectual Property Enterprise Court (IPEC), one of two venues where IP cases may be filed in England and Wales. Our empirical analysis takes advantage of heterogeneity among case types and compares IPEC cases with intellectual property cases litigated at the PHC of England and Wales, which was not subject to this reform. We find that patent case filings increased following the IPEC’s shift from a pure English Rule to a rule that caps costs awards. Consistent with our model’s predictions, we also find evidence that smaller plaintiffs both won less often and settled more often postreform, as well as evidence that larger plaintiffs spent less on litigation postreform.

American Snobs: Transatlantic Novelists, Liberal Culture and the Genteel Tradition

American Snobs: Transatlantic Novelists, Liberal Culture and the Genteel Tradition

HiPHET: A Hybrid Approach to Translate Code Mixed Language (Hinglish) to Pure Languages (Hindi and English)

Bilingual code mixed (hybrid) languages has become very popular in India as a result of the spread of Western technology in the form of the television, the Internet and social media. Due to this increase in usage of code-mixed languages in day-to-day communication, the need for maintaining the integrity of Indian languages has arisen. As a result of this need the tool named Hinglish to Pure Hindi and English Translator was developed. The tool translated in three ways, namely, Hinglish to Pure Hindi and Pure English, Pure Hindi to Pure English and vice versa. The tool has achieved accuracy of 91% in giving Hindi sentences as output and of 84% in giving English sentences as output, where the input sentences were in Hinglish. The tool has also been compared with another similar tool in the paper.

Influence of student non-mother-tongue language learning on the achievement of intended learning outcomes: Would code-switching help?

Background: A stressful learning environment can hinder student achievement. Building on sociolinguistic theory, student learning is enhanced wherever the mother-tongue language is the same as the teaching instruction medium language. The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of students' non-mother-tongue language learning in the achievement of learning outcomes. Materials and Methods: The present study is a perception study with interventional, quantitative, and educational research component comparing the learning of 1st-year medical students in pure English with their learning using code-switching. The data were collected during the 2018/2019 academic year through a quiz and a questionnaire. Eighty-six 1st-year students' perceptions were compared to those of 72 4th-year students using the same questionnaire. Both t-tests and Chi-squared tests were used for the data analysis with SPSS for Windows, Version 21; P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Code-switching students scored higher in the postsession quiz. One-third of the 1st-year students felt that learning in English was stressful, and they cited language issues as reasons for their low scores on examinations. They realized, however, that learning in English had positive consequences on their future careers and suggested that a bilingual approach be used, especially in the early stages and for complex topics. Fourth-year students were less apprehensive about learning in English. Conclusions: Ensuring appropriate English language proficiency during the admission process to medical schools and the use of simple, clear language during teaching with code-switching when needed are likely to decrease student stress during learning. This is likely to enhance students' achievement of the intended learning outcomes and maximize their performance after graduation.

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF MALAY LANGUAGE EDUCATION POLICY AND THE LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE IN MALAYSIA

This ethnographic research uses the applied linguistic landscape of Ben-Rafael (2009) to examine the choices of language practice (Spolsky, 2009) reflected through 459 Romanised names of the company on an island in Malaysia named Labuan. One of the outcomes of this study shows Malaysians are basically bilingual and about half of the names of the company are bilingual. However, the use of Malay language in naming the companies on the island is low though the Malay language is the national language of the country and the Malaysian government has implemented the Malay language education policy since independence in 1957. There are only 13% of company names presented in pure Malay language comparing to those in pure English (45%) and in code-mixing of Malay language and English or other languages (42%). Besides a low percentage of using the Malay language in the company names, incorrect uses of the language were identified. The study suggests the Malaysian government specifically the local government considers the company name written in both Malay language and English instead of merely in the Malay language when it comes to approving the application of new company licenses.

Teachers’questioning Strategies to Scaffold Students’ Learning in Reading

The objectives of this study are to analyze the type of teachers’ questioning strategies to scaffold students’ learning in reading, to analyze the students’ responses to answer the teachers’ questions, to analyze teachers’ questioning strategies in order to explain how the questions scaffold students’ learning in reading. The instruments used are classrooms observasion, teachers’ interviews, and document analysis. This study uses descriptive qualitative approach: a case study in Nasima Junior High School by means of questioning strategies proposed by Wragg and Brown (2001). The data are taken from classroom interaction of three teachers and sixty two students in three classes in nine meetings.The study shows that the teachers used all variant of key tactic questions. The most frequent strategy is listening to replies and responding tactic. In the term of students’ responses, the mostly response is active response in pure English. In the case of teachers’ questioning strategies to scaffold students’ learning reading, structuring, pitching and putting clearly, and directing and distributing tactic frequently perfome in before reading activities. During reading activities, the teachers performe all variant of key tactic question to scaffold the students, exceptly pacing tactic was never applied. In after reading activities, teachers mostly play sequencing tactic and pitching and putting clearly tactic to scaffold students’ learning reading.

Magnitude processing of written number words is influenced by task, rather than notation

The extent to which task and notation influence the processing of numerical magnitude is under theoretical and empirical debate. To date, behavioural studies have yielded a mixed body of evidence. Using the case of written number words in English and Chinese, we re-examined this issue. Thirty-nine bilingual participants who showed a balanced profile of language dominance in English and Chinese completed three tasks of numerical processing (Magnitude Comparison, Numerical Matching, and Language Matching) with pure English, pure Chinese, and mixed notation number words. We conducted frequentist and Bayesian statistics on the data. Magnitude processing, as indexed by the numerical distance effect (NDE), was found to be dependent on task. Specifically, the NDE occurred in all notation conditions in the Magnitude Comparison Task and mixed notation trials in the Numerical Matching Task only. However, the data indicated that magnitude processing was independent of notation. Task and notation had an interactive influence on overall speed of processing, where participants responded to Chinese number words significantly faster than other notations for the Magnitude Comparison and Numerical Matching Tasks only. Finally, Bayesian analyses indicated that task and notation do not interact to affect magnitude processing. Specifically, the Bayes Factor and posterior model probabilities of the Bayesian ANOVA yielded strongest support for the model with three main effects (Task, Notation, Numerical Distance) and two two-way interactions (Task × Numerical Distance, Task × Notation). These findings highlight the critical role of task in numerical magnitude processing, provide support for a notation-independent account of magnitude processing, and suggest that linguistic/orthographic factors, combined with task, may interact to affect overall speed of processing.

Utilizing of Code-Switching by Teacher in Teaching English at Grade XI MIA 1 SMAN 1 Sungai Penuh

This research studied about how code-switching used by the teacher in classroom as alternative language in English subject. The subject of this research is one of teacher in SMAN 1 Sungai Penuh. The aim of this study were to analyze teacher’s language use in classroom by looking what kind of code that is chosen and what functions teacher do code-switching. The data was gained from videotape which recorded during English class. Based on data analysis of teacher’s script indicated that there are three kinds of language use in sentences: Pure English, Pure Indonesian and Mixing English-Indonesian. It was also obtained there are some functions of code-switching in teaching, namely, organizing the classroom inserting humor, clarifying information, increasing students' comprehension, and presenting the content of the material.

Methods Used to Eliminate the Students’ Chintonglish Sentences in Their Writing

In this paper the authors discuss four types of English in Chinese students’ English writing. They are Pure English, China English, Sinicized English and Chinese Tone English (Chintonglish). As the Chintonglish (Chinese Tone English) sentences appear frequently in students writing, the authors will discuss this type of “English” from the psychological and cultural point of view, which may serve as a guide for the Chinese students’ writing of good English. In the authors’ opinion the methods used for the elimination of such Chintonglish sentences in the students’ English writing are to point out the cause of such Chintonglish mistakes to the students clearly, create an English communicative environment and choose some typical pieces of passages for the students to read and imitate.

Phonological Changes in Cantonese-English Code-Mixing for ESL Learners in Hong Kong and Their Attitudes Toward Code-Mixing

The purposes of this study were (a) to identify how ESL learners make phonological changes inEnglish words in a code-mixing context; and (b) to examine ESL learners’ attitudes toward Cantonese-accented English and code-mixing in the classroom setting. Two groups of learners with high proficiency (HP) and mid-level proficiency (MP) were recruited to participate in the research. A specially designed codemixed script, an English translated version, and a list of isolated English words served as the tasks for collecting phonological data. A questionnaire survey was then used to examine participants’ opinions on code-mixing and its effects on pronunciation learning. The results showed that HP and MP learners pronounced numerous words similarly in a Cantonese-accented manner; however, MP learners were less likely to switch back to the correct pronunciation when the context of code-mixing was changed to pure English or when given a list of isolated English words. The survey results found that MP learners tended to be slightly more positive toward Cantonese-accented English and the use of a mixed code in English as a medium of instruction classrooms. Nonetheless, the use of code-mixing was less preferred in English lessons for learners of both groups. More HP learners considered Cantonese-accented English as a symbol of identity as Hongkongers than MP learners.

If you stay, it might be easier: Switch costs from comprehension to production in a joint switching task.

Switching language is costly for bilingual speakers and listeners, suggesting that language control is effortful in both modalities. But are the mechanisms underlying language control similar across modalities? In this study, we attempted to answer this question by testing whether bilingual speakers incur a cost when switching to a different language than the one just used by their interlocutor. Pairs of unbalanced Dutch (L1)-English (L2) bilinguals took turns naming pictures in a pure Dutch, a pure English, and a mixed-language block. In the mixed block, one participant (Switching Participant) voluntarily switched between Dutch and English, whereas the other (Non-switching Participant) named all pictures in Dutch. Within the mixed block, the Non-switching participant took longer to name pictures when the Switching participant's response on the preceding trial had been in English rather than Dutch, and this local switch cost was larger the more the Non-switching participant was proficient in English. Additionally, there was strong cross-person, item-level interference: The Non-switching participant named pictures more slowly in Dutch if the Switching participant had previously named those same pictures in English rather than Dutch. These findings indicate that comprehension of utterances produced by another speaker in L2 makes subsequent production of L1 utterances more costly. We interpret this as evidence that language control mechanisms are shared between comprehension and production, and specifically that bottom-up factors have a considerable influence on language selection processes in both modalities.

Climatic factors associated with reproductive performance in English Berkshire pigs and crossbred pigs between Landrace and Large White raised in a subtropical climate region of Japan.

Our objective was to characterize Berkshire female pigs associated with climatic factors by examining the interactions between two pig groups (pure English Berkshire females and crossbred females between Landrace and Large White) for reproductive performance in a humid subtropical zone. We analyzed 63,227 first-service records of 11,992 females in 12 herds. Climate data were obtained from four weather stations located close to the herds. Mean daily maximum temperatures (Tmax) and daily average relative humidity (ARH) for different time periods around servicing and farrowing of each female were coordinated with that female's reproductive performance data. Multilevel mixed-effects models were applied to the data. There were two-way interactions between the pig groups and either Tmax or ARH for weaning-to-first-mating interval (WMI) and number of total pigs born (TPB; P < 0.05). The WMI in Berkshire sows increased by 0.64days as Tmax increased from 20 to 30°C (P < 0.05), whereas in crossbred sows it only increased by 0.09days over the same Tmax range. In contrast, WMI in Berkshire sows only increased by 0.01days as ARH increased from 60 to 80% (P < 0.05), whereas in crossbred sows it increased by 0.32days. In Berkshire females, TPB decreased by 0.3 pigs as Tmax increased from 20 to 30°C (P < 0.05), whereas that in crossbred females decreased by 0.4 pigs (P < 0.05). Therefore, we recommend producers apply advanced cooling systems for Berkshire females.

Normalization of Noisy Text Data

The impact of Social media and SMS is increasing in our daily lives. These sources provide the analysts with large amount of text data for data mining and finding patterns. However, this data is notoriously noisy as people use lot of short hand language and hence destroying its utility for analyzing. Hence, it is important to convert this noisy text into Standard English. In this paper, we target the not-in-vocabulary (NIV) words present in these sources and propose a method to identify and normalize these NIV words. Complied databases and context are exploited to replace the ill-formed words and select the best possible correction for that word. This method can also replace internet slang into pure English and correct the spelling errors made to some extent.

Andrew Elfenbein, Romanticism and the Rise of EnglishRomanticism and the Rise of English. Andrew Elfenbein. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009. Pp. viii+278.

<i>Andrew Elfenbein</i>, Romanticism and the Rise of English<i>Romanticism and the Rise of English</i>. Andrew Elfenbein. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009. Pp. viii+278.

Romanticism &amp; The Rise of English by Andrew Elfenbein, and: Language and Revolution in Burke, Wollstonecraft, Paine, and Godwin by Jane Hodson

Andrew Elfenbein. Romanticism & The Rise of English. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009. Pp. 278. $55.00 cloth/$21.95 paper. Jane Hodson. Language and Revolution in Burke, Wollstonecraft, Paine, and Godwin. Aldershot, UK and Burlington, VT: Ashgate Press, 2007. Pp. 226. $99.95. Both Elfenbein's and Hodson's books invite at least four questions on the views of grammarians during the decades of Romanticism and on practices of contemporary dramatists, essayists, novelists, and poets. (1) What evidence supports an argument that the grammarians' views enjoyed some influence among them? (2) As for readers of literature and periodicals in decades, how fully did they accept the teachings on pure advanced by grammarians such as Hugh Blair and James Beattie? (3) How influential was pure English on critical reviews, both in contemporary literature and discursive texts? (4) Lastly, quite apart from clear responses to rules recommended by grammarians, do the works that Elfenbein and Hodson examine give credence in themselves to influences attributable to pure English? Taken together, these questions on uses of pure grammar in the Romantic period also prompt an engagement with the structures and methods of Elfenbein's and Hodson's works in historical criticism. To begin with the structure of each book, Hodson proposes to consider as one pervasive theme the functions of grammar in political discourse, mainly in the 1790s. Her initial chapter--The Language of Politics and the Politics of Language'--resourcefully introduces discursive responses to the French Revolution as texts enough for sufficient analysis. The analysis proposed offers to explore diverse attitudes representatively manifest in Romantic responses to Burke, Wollstonecraft, Paine, and Godwin's discourses but also to contemporary grammarians and their works. Her second chapter, as groundwork for the study of discourses on the French Revolution, surveys fifty grammars, their analyses not all alike, published in the late eighteenth century. This survey reveals that despite a desire for an inherently correct English, the grammarians' arguments on such topics as syntax, diction, and public speaking brought the Romantic decades no unanimity. Chapters Three through Six examine in order Hodson's four chosen discourses on the revolution in France. Her method in each chapter is consistent. Chapter Three has several subtopics under which to appreciate Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France: (1) modern criticism, (2) contemporary reviews, (3) his other writings, (4) his linguistic practices, (5) his concepts of language. Chapters Four through Six contain these subtopics, each also including, respectively, some comparison of Wollstonecraft, Paine, and Godwin's linguistic practices to Burke's as well as their commentaries on his Reflections. For the political writing of Wollstonecraft, Hodson chooses A Vindication of the Rights of Men; for Paine, Rights of Man; for Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice. This consistent structure in the chapters offering exposition on discourse presents a methodological possibility for recovering patterns of grammar and politics in the historical context of the Romantic period. The structure of Elfenbein's book supports an argument that philological procedures, valuable for analyses of Romantic literature, ought to spur new thinking in graduate studies on literary English. The book's introduction recounts the lapse of philological methods from graduate study, outlines their value in appreciating Romantic literature, and provides a conspectus of the chapters to follow. Chapter 1, Purifying English, explores the Romantic project for establishing prescriptive rules in order to enhance the opportunity for common ground between authors and readers. This project set barriers, however, between those who did and did not use the prestige language and willy-nilly diminished in English an earthiness associated with primitive speech (14). …