Purchase Of Domestic Products Research Articles

The Effect of Consumer Ethnocentrism on Domestic Product Purchase Intention: A Study on Hazelnut Chocolate Brands of Turkish Origin

Amaç: Çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de yaşayan tüketicilerin etnosentrik eğilimlerinin Türk menşeili fındıklı çikolata markalarını satın alma niyetleri üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir.
 Materyal ve Yöntem: Araştırmanın evrenini, Türkiye’de ikamet eden 18-65 yaş arası fındıklı çikolata tüketen kişiler oluşturmaktadır. Örneklem kitlesini, kolayda örnekleme yöntemi ile seçilen 943 fındıklı çikolata tüketicisi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma verilerinin analizinde öncelikle ölçeklere güvenilirlik, geçerlilik ve faktör analizi uygulanmıştır. Daha sonra, değişkenler arasındaki ilişkilerin yönü ve büyüklüğü pearson korelasyon analizi ile belirlenmiştir. Son olarak ise, değişkenler arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisini incelemek amacıyla regresyon analizleri yapılmıştır.
 Araştırma Bulguları: Araştırma sonucunda, tüketicilerin büyük çoğunluğunun fındıklı çikolata ürünlerine karşı marka sadakati geliştirdikleri ve alışverişlerinde ürünün menşei ülke bilgisine dikkat ettikleri görülmüştür. Korelasyon analizi sonucunda, tüketici etnosentrizmi ile yerli ürün satın alma niyeti arasında pozitif yönde ve yüksek düzeyde anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Regresyon analizi sonuçları tüketici etnosentrizminin yerli ürün satın alma niyetini olumlu yönde etkilediğini göstermektedir.
 Sonuç: Bu çalışmanın sonuçları doğrultusunda işletmelerin stratejik kararlar alırken tüketicilerin fındıklı çikolata tüketim tercihleri ve yerli ürünlere bakış açıları hakkında bilgi sahibi olmalarının, fındıklı çikolata pazarında rekabet avantajı elde etmelerine ve bu yönde pazarlama stratejileri geliştirmelerine katkı sağlayabileceği ifade edilebilir.

The influence of consumer ethnocentrism on purchase of domestic fruits and vegetables: application of the extended theory of planned behaviour

PurposeWith the crescent globalisation together with economic and food crisis, consumers are increasingly confronted with food products from different origins and appeals to consume “national”. If many food products can be related to a specific region or country, many are sold as commodities with Portuguese origin indication. One factor influencing the purchase behaviour of domestic food products is the consumer ethnocentrism (CE) characteristic. The aim of this paper is to study consumers' purchase behaviour intention towards “produce in Portugal” fruits and vegetables applying a CE extended model of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB).Design/methodology/approachA questionnaire was presented to random sample of 700 individuals older than 18 and responsible for the household food purchase by computer-assisted telephone interview (CAT) system. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was conducted to examine direct and indirect effects of attitude (ATT), subjective norms (SuBNs), perceived behavioural controls (PBCNTRLs), intention and self-congruity on domestic fresh fruits and vegetables purchases.FindingsFindings suggest that TPB model is applicable in determining the consumers' intention to buy domestic fruits and vegetables in Portugal. CE has been shown to successfully influence purchase intention.Research limitations/implicationsThis study provides the food industry and retail with informative basis about which mechanisms underlie the consumers' intention to buy domestic food. Also, this study provides useful insight into how different food categories and label affect the consumers' intentions, which can serve for communication strategies in order to increase purchase of domestic products as fruits and vegetables. New food categories should be studied.Originality/valueThis study gives a new approach on Portuguese consumer ethnocentric tendencies and opens a discussion on consumer purchase intention on Portuguese low value food products. This gives a first insight on Portuguese consumer ethnocentric behaviour.

The perception of Hungarian food by consumer segments according to food purchasing preferences based on primary research results.

In addition to the intrinsic value of the product, social, cultural and psychological factors also have a major influence on the consumer’s purchasing decision. They are also influenced by trends and tendencies such as globalisation, digitalisation and various economic and social crises. In our study, we focused on the analysis of food purchasing preferences; including the reasons for the rise of ethnocentrism in the purchase of domestic products and the potential of this phenomenon in light of relevant secondary data and quantitative primary results. The main objective of the study’s primary research is to demonstrate that consumer groups, distinguishable by food consumption preferences, have differentiated perceptions of domestic food (price, quality, reliability). This provides evidence that food consumer preferences are reflected in decisions about domestic food. Due to the Hungarian relevance of the topic, the presentation of related international research and literature was given a prominent role. The focus of our research was to investigate the food purchasing preferences of Hungarian food consumers. Based on the results, we were able to characterise distinct consumer segments based on food purchasing preferences, and we were able to identify potential target groups of domestic food based on food consumer preferences: the ‘conscious food buyers’, the ‘impulse buyers’ and the ‘no preference’. In our view, members belonging to the first two segments can be successfully persuaded to buy Hungarian food through an educational campaign based on sufficiently fashionable and trendy motifs with the help of the right reference person.

DO SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS MATTER IN CREATING THE GENERAL LEVEL OF CONSUMER ETHNOCENTRISM?

The aim of this study is to assess the impact of certain socio-cultural factors on consumer ethnocentrism, as well as to measure the impact of consumer ethnocentrism on the purchase of domestic products. In this context, the paper presents and tests a new model that contains five potential antecedents of consumer ethnocentrism (national identity, cultural openness, patriotism, religiosity, animosity towards the European Union). The results indicate that patriotism stands out as the strongest antecedent of consumer ethnocentrism. Interestingly, the study confirmed the statistically significant and relatively strong impact of animosity towards the European Union (EU) on the general level of consumer ethnocentrism. On the other hand, cultural openness does not belong to the group of statistically significant drivers of consumer ethnocentrism. The originality of the study lies in the specific construction of the research model, which is coloured with sociocultural variables - especially patriotism, religiosity and animosity towards the EU.

A Study in the Covid-19 Process on Determining the Moderated Mediation Effect of Consumer Confidence Between Perceived Financial Well-Being, Prosocial Consumer Ethnocentrism Tendencies and Domestic Product Purchase Behaviour

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Covid-19 salgını ile yaşanan ekonomik kriz döneminde, tüketicilerin algıladıkları finansal refah düzeyi, toplum yanlısı etnosentrik eğilimleri ve yerel ürün satın alma davranışı arasındaki ilişkide tüketici güven endeksine yönelik değerlendirmelerinin söz konusu değişkenler arasında düzenleyicilik etkisine sahip olup olmadığını test etmektir. Bu bağlamda, 513 kişiden toplanan veriler, SPSS Process yardımı ile yapılan düzenleyicilik etkisi analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Analizler sonucunda, algılanan finansal refahın azalmasının toplum yanlısı etnosentrik eğilimler ile tüketici güveni üzerindeki direkt etkilerinin anlamlı olduğu görülmüştür. Bununla beraber, algılanan finansal refahın azalmasının ve toplum yanlısı etnosentrik eğilimlerin yerel ürün satın alma üzerindeki etkisi de istatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır. Tüketici güveninin, algılanan finansal refah, toplum yanlısı etnosentrik eğilimler ve yerli ürün satın alma davranışı arasındaki düzenleyicilik etkisinden ise bahsedilememektedir. Araştırmanın önemli dezavantajı olarak, kısıtlı bir zamanda yapılmış olması dolayısıyla homojen bir örneğe sahip olması gösterilebilir. Gelecek çalışmalarda, tüketicilerin finansal okuryazarlık düzeylerinin modele dahil edilerek teorik modele katkı yapılabileceği düşünülmektedir.

The risk of multidrug- or rifampicin-resistance in males versus females with tuberculosis.

Males are at an increased risk of tuberculosis (TB) disease compared to females. Additionally, several risk factors for multidrug-resistant (MDR) or rifampicin-resistant (RR) TB disease are more common in males, hence male TB patients may have a higher relative risk of MDR/RR-TB than female TB patients.We used sex-disaggregated data of TB patients reported to the World Health Organization for 106 countries to calculate male-to-female (M:F) risk ratios of having MDR/RR-TB.There was no evidence of either sex being more at risk of MDR/RR-TB in 81% (86 out of 106) of countries, with an overall random-effects weighted M:F risk ratio of 1.04 (95% CI 0.97-1.11). In 12% (13 out of 106) of countries there was evidence that males were more at risk, while in 7% (seven out of 106), females were more at risk. The risk of having TB that was MDR/RR increased for males compared to females as MDR/RR-TB incidence increased, and was higher for males than females in the former Soviet Union, where the risk ratio was 1.16 (1.06-1.28). Conversely, the risk increased for females compared to males as gross domestic product purchase power parity increased, and was higher for females than males in countries where the majority of TB burden was found in the foreign-born population, where the risk ratio was 0.84 (0.75-0.94).In general, the risk of MDR/RR-TB, among those with TB, is the same for males as for females. However, males in higher MDR/RR-TB burden countries, particularly the former Soviet Union, face an increased risk that their infection is MDR/RR-TB, highlighting the need for a sex-differentiated approach to TB case-finding and care.

Sustainability and country-of-origin

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to gain a deeper understanding of the market for sustainably produced domestic products by categorising consumers into homogeneous groups. Thereby, the role of sustainability in the purchase of domestic products should also be identified.Design/methodology/approachPaper-and-pencil questionnaires were sent to a random sample of Swiss households and completed by 1,174 individuals from the German- and French-speaking parts of Switzerland. A principal component analysis resulted in 12 components, which were then used in a hierarchical cluster analysis.FindingsFor all the identified consumer segments except one, sustainability or product origin (or both) is an important decision criterion that influences their food shopping behaviour. The results show that patriotism is not necessarily the only reason for buying domestically produced food and agricultural products. The decision to buy domestic food products is also associated with ecological, economic and social sustainability as well as other factors, such as healthfulness, regionality and seasonality.Originality/valueThe study shows how the sustainability and consumption of domestic food products are linked and reveals important drivers of consumption.

Did Beliefs and Attitudes Influence Consumer Ethnocentrism Towards Domestic Products? Empirical Evidence of Klang Valley Petronas Petrol Station

The concept of consumer ethnocentrism is used here to show that culture influences the perception of individuals or groups when they buy products or services. Though many studies have recognized the importance of culture in consumer decision-making, few have examined the significant role of culture in influencing consumer buying decision. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine how the roles of consumer beliefs and attitudes affect the level of consumer ethnocentrism towards the purchase of domestic products concentrating on Petronas petrol stations in Klang Valley from the customers’ perspective. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed at Petronas Petrol Stations in Klang Valley area. The results indicated that the most significant factor influencing consumer ethnocentrism was belief followed by attitude and both belief and attitude had moderate and positive relationships with consumer ethnocentrism toward Petronas Petrol Stations in Klang Valley area.

Consumer Xenocentrism as Determinant of Foreign Product Preference: A System Justification Perspective

Foreign and domestic product purchase behavior largely depends on consumer predispositions. The dominant construct in international marketing literature explaining such behavior has been consumer ethnocentrism, which is conceptually anchored in social identity theory. However, such a perspective overlooks evidence that certain consumers are consistently attracted by the “foreignness” of a product. Drawing from system justification theory, the present investigation conceptualizes and provides an empirical test of the consumer xenocentrism construct that is intended to explain consumer attraction toward foreign products. Using survey data from five complementary studies, the authors develop and validate a new scale (the C-XENSCALE) to measure consumers’ xenocentric tendencies and offer extensive evidence on its ability to explain consumer preferences for foreign products. The authors discuss implications of the findings for theory and managerial practice and identify future research directions.

Navigating through the maze of pricing and affordability of branded pharmaceuticals in the midst of the financial crisis: a comparative study among five European recession countries, from a Cyprus perspective.

BackgroundFinancial recession mandated the introduction of harsh austerity measures. Health, and particularly pharmaceuticals, constitute a significant part of public expenditure and as such they have been subject to significant budget reduction and stringent policies. As a consequence of these measures, an increasing percentage of patients resort to private sector for acquisition of their prescribed pharmaceuticals, due to exclusion of public health care beneficiary status, reduction of breadth of national formularies, delays in reimbursement and excessive waiting times. Affordability for pharmaceuticals in the private sector is of paramount importance since household disposable income plummets and more people are prone to impoverishment. This is critical for branded products, whose active substance and trademark are under patent protection, since no alternative options exist while their monopoly status imply that their prices are high. The impact on affordability regarding access of patient to necessary pharmaceutical care has not been documented in developed countries.MethodsA laspeyer index was constructed to compare prices of branded pharmaceuticals and assess affordability, by adjusting price index with Gross Domestic Product Purchase Power Parity per capita. Laspeyer index compares prices based on weights, which in our study are the corresponding sales of products in Cyprus. Moreover, we define the percentage of population that will face catastrophic pharmaceutical expenditure after acquisition of one product from eight major and common therapeutic categories. We used data from five European recession countries: Italy, Portugal, Spain, Greece and Cyprus, for 48 products which were selected based on sales.ResultsCyprus displays the highest prices for pharmaceuticals. By adjusting for Gross Domestic Product Purchase Power Parity per capita, affordability is worst for Cyprus and Portugal.ConclusionsAs more patients have to resort to private sector for provision of adequate and timely healthcare, health agencies must reassess affordability of medicines and minimise catastrophic expenditure impact. Health agencies should primarily try to enhance efficiency of the system and reduce waste, instead of resorting to blunt budget reduction, which can demonstrate unpredictable consequences in public health.

Forecasting, Standardization, and the Americanization of Color

In general, color is a cultural construct, a physical and optical property that conveys a specific culturally produced and disseminated meaning. As a seasonal element of fashion, color becomes a physical expression of the Zeitgeist, or the defining mood of a certain era. In the United States during World War I, when the purchase of domestic products was considered to be a patriotic act, colors for women’s wear became an expression of nationalism.Instead of simply adopting Paris aesthetics as reference for new fashions, the “Textile Color Card Association of the United States” (TCCA) created a distinctive American color atmosphere. By developing colors related to current events, and partnerships with the U.S. military and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the TCCA contributed to national identity. As little is known about the TCCA’s color forecasting methodology, the aim of this article is to explain its approach towards color standardization and the seasonal application of color for women’s wear during its formative years.

Keeping up with the Joneses, consumer ethnocentrism, and optimal taxation

This paper sets up a two-good (domestically- and internationally-produced goods) model of a small open economy with consumption externalities and uses it to examine the optimal taxation. Since keeping up with the Joneses leads an individual consumption's to impose a negative externality on the consumption of others, a consumption tax and tariff are thereby socially desirable to correct this distortion. Due to the fact that the government has to account for additional distortion caused by consumer ethnocentrism and that keeping up with the Joneses in the consumption of domestic goods tends to reinforce the influence of ethnocentrism on the purchase of domestic products, the consumption of imported goods is subject to a higher tariff rate because of the cross-market externality. Of interest, if consumption only involves an own-market externality, there is no cyclical consequence for the optimal taxes. However, if consumption involves both own- and cross-market externalities, the optimal tariff is state-contingent and, more specifically, is countercyclical.

Consumer Disidentification and Its Effects on Domestic Product Purchases: An Empirical Investigation in the Netherlands

Consumers’ local bias is an important determinant of domestic product purchase behavior. Because of its importance, authors across various disciplines have investigated this phenomenon using the consumer ethnocentrism model. However, the research reported herein demonstrates that such an approach provides an incomplete picture at best. This research provides an initial test of the consumer disidentification (CDI) construct. In contrast with consumer ethnocentrism, the CDI model predicts that consumers’ repulsion toward their domestic country negatively affects the purchase of products made in their domestic country or by domestic firms. The model is tested using survey data from 1534 second-generation immigrants who were born in and live in the Netherlands. Structural equation modeling supports the model and shows that CDI has a significant impact on buying decisions beyond the effect of consumer ethnocentrism. The results further show that for second-generation Turkish immigrants, acculturation and ethnic identification are important predictors of both consumer ethnocentrism and CDI. The article discusses the implications of these findings for research and practice.

Consumer Disidentification and Its Effects on Domestic Product Purchases: An Empirical Investigation in the Netherlands

Abstract Consumers' local bias is an important determinant of domestic product purchase behavior. Because of its importance, authors across various disciplines have investigated this phenomenon using the consumer ethnocentrism model. However, the research reported herein demonstrates that such an approach provides an incomplete picture at best. This research provides an initial test of the consumer disidentification (CDI) construct. In contrast with consumer ethnocentrism, the CDI model predicts that consumers' repulsion toward their domestic country negatively affects the purchase of products made in their domestic country or by domestic firms. The model is tested using survey data from 1534 second-generation immigrants who were born in and live in the Netherlands. Structural equation modeling supports the model and shows that CDI has a significant impact on buying decisions beyond the effect of consumer ethnocentrism. The results further show that for second-generation Turkish immigrants, acculturation ...

“Buy National” and Altruistic Market Segments

Various constituencies concerned about national competitiveness and economic leadership launch and fund campaigns to promote the purchase of domestic products at home and abroad. Despite the widespread use of these marketing programs, little is known about what may cause these programs to be more successful with some market segments more than others. This paper reports research that examines demographic market segments that have greater levels of altruism as measured by consumer ethnocentrism, cognitive moral development, and prosocial behavior. In addition, the buyer behavior of those segments is examined in the context of their purchase of domestic compared to foreign products. Market segments are suggested that may be more likely to respond to buy-national programs and guidelines for policy makers and for the managers of global products are presented.

Americans’ Choice of Domestic over Foreign Products: A Matter of Helping Behavior?

Increasing sales of imported products in the United States have cost the jobs of many American workers, leading labor unions and other industry groups to promote a “Buy American” theme to American consumers. As a means of explaining consumers’ purchase of domestic products, this study developed and tested a model comprising constructs from the literature related to helping behavior. Findings based on survey data and structural equation analysis showed that purchase of domestic products is negatively related to consumers’ perceived costs of helping, and positively related to internalized responsibility for helping, a feeling of sharing a common fate with the workers, a perception of similarity with the workers, a social concern for members of the society, an ethnocentric orientation, and patriotism. These findings hold implications for both promoting the “Buy American” theme and for future research into the subject.