Punched Card Technique Research Articles

From Invention to Production: The Development of Punched-card Machines by F. R. Bull and K. A. Knutsen 1918-1930

Punched-card machines were in a number of ways predecessors to computers. The punched-card technique was invented in the United States in the 1880s by Herman Hollerith, who continued development for another two decades. His firm later became the main component of IBM. Only two main competitors to Hollerith emerged, Powers in the United States and Bull first in Norway and later in France. This article covers the development of the Bull machines in the Norwegian period, 1918- 1930.

DOCUMENTATION SURVEY

This bibliography is a revised and extended edition of one put out by the Library in 1960. A general introduction discusses the merits and disadvantages of all types of classification and indexing. UDC and Library of Congress classification schemes are mentioned specifically. The first part lists references on filing, classification, and indexing systems, but also gives related material on organization of technical libraries and collections. This includes setting up a technical library, microfilm, and punched card techniques. The second part deals with universal systems of classification listing Bliss, Dewey, Library of Congress, and a larger number of references to UDC. The third part deals with specialized systems and systems for special subjects. This covers specialized classification systems such as US Patent Office, systems of co‐ordinate indexing with varying degrees of mechanization, and microform applications. The last part on thesauri is a completely new section. This lists most of the publicly available thesauri and shows the development there has been in this particular aspect of information retrieval.

Compilation of an experimental citation index from scientific literature

AbstractSeveral forms of citation index were compiled with the aid of punched card techniques from 11,000 citations appearing in a coherent body of scientific literature which contained more than 740 citing papers. Preliminary statistics on citation patterns are given. The potential uses of various types of citation indexes are discussed and are related to problems in recording and standardizing data.

Notation for Organic Compounds

Rules for I.U.P.A.C. Notation for Organic Compounds (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.) Issued by the Commission on Codification, Ciphering and Punched Card Techniques. Pp. viii + 107. (London: Longmans, Green and Co., Ltd., 1961.) 25s. net.

A Punched Card System for Soil Scientists1

SynopsisA general classification scheme is presented for indexing literature references for soil science and related subjects by means of punched cards. The necessary equipment is described. A code system for soil scientists is summarized and various features of its use are set forth. The advantages of the punched card technique over alternative methods are discussed.

Analysis of Gas-Liquid Chromatograms by a Punched Card Technique

Analysis of Gas-Liquid Chromatograms by a Punched Card Technique

Names and Ciphers in Organic Chemistry

Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, 1957 (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.) Pp. v + 92. (London: Butterworths Scientific Publications, 1958.) 15s. A Proposed International Chemical Notation Prepared by the Commission on Codification, Ciphering, and Punched Card Techniques of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Tentative version subject to revision. Pp. vii + 165. (London: Longmans, Green and Co., Ltd., 1958.) 35s.

System for classification of structurally related carbohydrates

A system is presented for the classification of structurally and configurationally related carbohydrates. Each substance is assigned a code number that defines the structure and configuration. By inspection of the code numbers, or by a punched-card technique, groups of structurally related carbohydrate derivatives can be selected readily from a heterogeneous collection. The structures, configurations, and conformations of pyranose and furanose derivatives are discussed, and classifications are made on the basis of a few fundamental structures. Certain ambiguous and objectionable features in the classification of pyranose ring conformations in the CI and 1C categories of Reeves are pointed out. In this paper, CI denotes the chair conformation in both the D and the L aldohexose series in which the reference group attached to carbon 5 of the ring is in the equatorial position. Similarly, C2 denotes the chair conformation in both series in which the reference group attached to carbon 5 of the ring is in the axial position. Xylose and sorbose are classified like glucose; lyxose and tagatose like mannose; arabinose and fructose like galactose; and ribose and psicose like talose. Because the designations are independent of the D or L series, they avoid the erro­ neous classification of enantiomorphs in different conformations. During the past several years the infrared absorp­ tion spectra of a large group of carbohydrate de­ rivatives have been measured at the Bureau with the object of providing reference spectra and data for structurally related materials. A classification system was devised to show the structure and con­ figuration of the compounds by means of numbers suitable for coding and separating by punched-card techniques. Although the system was developed primarily for comparing infrared absorption spectra, it can be used for classifying structurally related carbohydrates for any purpose. The code numbers are assigned by means of a key outlined in tables 1 and 2. A decimal point is in­ serted after the second digit to separate figures that provide broad generic classification from those that show definite structure: For example, a-D-glucopyranose is given the code number 10.2110. Reading from left to right, 1 shows that the sub­ stance is a monosaccharide; 0, that the hydroxy! groups are predominantly unsubstituted; 2, that it has a primary 6-carbon structure; 1, that it has the glucose configuration; 1, that it has a Cl pyranose ring with an axial glycosidic group, and 0 that the glycosidic hydroxy] is not substituted. The code numbers for all a-D-glucopyranose structures will have the .211 sequence. Each structural grouping has a characteristic sequence of numbers. Hence by inspection of the numbers, or by punched-card technique, grpups of structurally and configurationally related carbohydrate derivatives can be readily selected. The classifications are not intended for general nomenclature and no changes are proposed in the rules for naming carbohydrates. In subsei The work reported in this publication was sponsored by the Office of Naval Research as part of a program on the investigation of the structure, configuration, and ring conformation of the sugars and their derivatives by infrared absorption measurements (NRO 55208^. The classification system presented here has been used to classify the infrared spectra of about 200 carbohydrate derivatives. The spectra and reference numbers will appear in forthcoming publications. quent paragraphs the structural elements involved in classification will be considered in order, and directions will be given for assigning code numbers. 2. Components of the Code Number

The preparation of printed indexes by automatic punched‐card techniques

American DocumentationVolume 6, Issue 2 p. 68-76 Article The preparation of printed indexes by automatic punched-card techniques† Eugene Garfield, Eugene Garfield Documentation Consultant, 1530 Spring Garden St., Philadelphia 1, Pa.Search for more papers by this author Eugene Garfield, Eugene Garfield Documentation Consultant, 1530 Spring Garden St., Philadelphia 1, Pa.Search for more papers by this author First published: April 1955 https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.5090060205Citations: 3 † Based on a talk “Punched-cards in the Documentation of Technology” presented at the Annual Library Conference of the Case Institute of Technology, and the School of Library Science, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, November 17, 1953. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume6, Issue2April 1955Pages 68-76 RelatedInformation

The Third Virial Coefficient for Non-Polar Gases

The third virial coefficient for non-polar gases has been calculated with great accuracy by means of punched-card techniques. The Lennard-Jones potential, with inverse twelfth-power repulsion and inverse sixth-power attraction, was used in the calculations. Excellent agreement between our computations and those of Kihara was obtained at very high temperatures; in the moderate temperature region our calculations agree moderately well with those of Montroll and Mayer and those of de Boer and Michels. A comparison with experimental data indicates fairly good agreement for the approximately spherical molecules argon, methane, and nitrogen. In other cases there are discrepancies suggesting deviations from the form of the interaction energy which we assumed. There is considerably difficulty in obtaining accurate third virial coefficients from the equation of state data. A method is suggested whereby the third virial coefficients for mixtures of gases may be estimated. The functions which are tabulated should be particularly useful for extrapolating the equation of state to very high temperatures, where no experimental data are available. The zero-pressure derivative of the Joule-Thomson coefficient with respect to pressure provides additional means for comparing our tabulated functions with experimental data, and the deviations are consistent with those discovered by comparison of the third virial coefficients themselves.

The Application of Punched-Card Techniques to Data on the Physical Properties of Single Fibers

The punched-card method is illustrated, with a description of the procedures used in analyzing the data on single cotton fibers. The samples were tested for 7 properties, from which 5 more were derived by computation. For each of these 12 properties there were prepared a histogram showing the distribution of the property values within variety groups, means and standard devi ations for 6 subgroups within each variety, and a three-factor analysis of variance of the means for all varieties and subgroups. The steps in obtaining these results from the punched cards are outlined. Some advantages of this method over the desk-calculator approach are discussed.

Punched Card Technique for the Analysis of Multiple Level Sociometric Data

Punched Card Technique for the Analysis of Multiple Level Sociometric Data

The use of punched card techniques in the coding of inorganic compounds.

The use of punched card techniques in the coding of inorganic compounds.

The Asymmetric Rotor. IV. An Analysis of the 8.5-μ Band of D2O by Punched-Card Techniques

An analysis of the 8.5-μ band of D2O has been made by matching the observed transmission curve (published by Barker and Sleator) with a calculated curve. This was obtained by punched-card techniques developed for analyzing incompletely resolved spectra, in which the relative intensity and position of every line was computed by rigid-rotor theory for various choices of moments of inertia, and the absorption coefficients summed over a suitable ``slit width.'' The band is caused by a transition in which the induced electric moment is parallel to the intermediate axis of inertia. Its center is at 1179 cm−1. The most satisfactory fit was obtained with moments calculated by the empirical equation of Fuson, Randall, and Dennison which applies an isotope effect to the known moments of inertia of H2O, corrected slightly for the known values of Δ = IC—IB—IA. The reciprocal moments are 15.38, 7.25, and 4.84 cm−1 for the ground state, and 16.50, 7.33, and 4.79 cm−1 for the upper state (the first deformation vibrational level).

Punched-card techniques and their applications to scientific problems.

Punched-card techniques and their applications to scientific problems.

The Asymmetric Rotor. V. An Analysis of the 3.7-μ Band of H2S by Punched-Card Techniques

The H2S band at 3.7μ described by Nielsen and Barker is interpreted as the R branch of band for which the induced moment is parallel to the least axis of inertia, between the ground state with moments of inertia determined by Cross and an upper state with moments 2.83, 3.10, and 6.02×10−40 gcm2 (reciprocal moments 9.90, 9.04, and 4.65 cm−1, respectively). The band center is 2625 cm−1. Punched-card methods were used to do the following calculations. The relative position and intensities of all the lines in the band are computed by the theory of the rigid rotor, their absorption coefficients α summed over an interval of 0.5 cm−1, or ⅕ of the slit width to give Σα. These are converted to transmissions, e−qΣα, where q is an adjustable parameter. The transmissions over a range of 5 intervals are combined with suitable weight factors (1, 2, 4, 2, 1) to give the transmission through a ``slit'' of finite resolution and half width of 1 cm−1. This computed transmission curve is compared directly with the actual experimental observations. These calculations were made for several estimates of the moments until a satisfactory fit was obtained.

A Punched-Card Technique for Computing Means, Standard Deviations, and the Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient and for Listing Scattergrams

A Punched-Card Technique for Computing Means, Standard Deviations, and the Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient and for Listing Scattergrams

A Punched Card Technique to Obtain Coefficients of Orthogonal Polynomials

A Punched Card Technique to Obtain Coefficients of Orthogonal Polynomials

A Punched Card Technique to Obtain Coefficients of Orthogonal Polynomials

IN PAST YEARS many methods have been developed for fitting polynomials. Although the use of orthogonal polynomials for fitting continuous functions probably originated with Legendre, Tchebycheff2 seems to be the first to use orthogonal polynomials for fitting discrete observations with and without equal intervals. Orthogonal polynomials have been the subject of many mathematical dissertations and an entire volume3 of references and cross references on this subject has been compiled by a committee, of which J. Shohat is chairman. fitting of polynomials by the use of orthogonal functions has been mainly by two methods: (1) summation; and, (2) multiplication of the variates by actual values of the orthogonal polynomials as given in a table. Pearson4 and Isserlis,i dealt with the fitting of non-equidistant and unequally weighted data. R. A. Fisher developed methods of calculation of Tchebycheff polynomials by successive summation up to the 5th degree,6 and in his classic work on Yield of Wheat at Rothamsted7 refers to work by Esscher.8 F. E. Allan published a paper, The General Form of Orthogonal Polynomials for Simple Series.9 C. Jordan'0 develops the theory in full, and crediting the method to Tchetverikoff in a paper published in Russian in 1926, demonstrates the building up of general expressions for the orthogonal polynomials in factorial form originally used by G. F. Hardy in Graduation of British Offices Tables, 1863-93. Jordan also suggests the numerical method of building up the polynomials by summation and furnishes tables for this purpose. J. Shohat gave the mathematical approach in Stieltje's Integrals in Mathematical Statistics. A. C. Aitken12 gives a relatively simple demonstration of the theory and includes a series of tables up

Note on Punched Card Technique

Note on Punched Card Technique