Pumping Wells Research Articles

Development of a Hybrid AI Model for Fault Prediction in Rod Pumping System for Petroleum Well Production

Rod pumping systems are widely used in oil wells. Accurate fault prediction could reduce equipment fault rate and has practical significance in improving oilfield production efficiency. This paper analyzed the production journal of rod pumping wells in block X of Xinjiang Oilfield. According to the production journal, oil well maintenance operations are primarily caused by five types of faults: scale, wax, corrosion, fatigue, and wear. These faults make up approximately 90% of all faults. 1354 oil wells in the block that experienced workover operations as a result of the aforementioned factors were chosen as the research objects for this paper. To lower the percentage of data noise, wavelet threshold denoising and variational mode decomposition were used. Based on the bidirectional long short-term memory network, an intelligent model for fault prediction was built. It was trained and verified with the help of the sparrow search algorithm. Its efficacy was demonstrated by testing various deep learning models in the same setting and with identical parameters. The results show that the prediction accuracy of the model is the highest compared with other 11 models, reaching 98.61%. It is suggested that the model using artificial intelligence can provide an accurate fault warning for the oilfield and offer guidance for the maintenance of the rod pumping system, which is meant to reduce the occurrence of production stagnation and resource waste.

Visual MODFLOW, solute transport modeling, and remote sensing techniques for adapting aquifer potentiality under reclamation and climate change impacts in coastal aquifer

Global environmental changes, such as climate change and reclamation alterations, significantly influence hydrological processes, leading to hydrologic nonstationarity and challenges in managing water availability and distribution. This study introduces a conceptual underpinning for the rational development and sustainability of groundwater resources. As one of the areas intended for the development projects within the Egyptian national plan for the reclamation of one and a half million acres; hundreds of pumping wells were constructed in the Moghra area to fulfill the reclamation demand. This study investigates the long-term impacts of exploiting the drilled pumping wells under climate change. The approach is to monitor the groundwater levels and the salinity values in the Moghra aquifer with various operational strategies and present proposed sustainable development scenarios. The impact of global warming and climate change is estimated for a prediction period of 30 years by using satellite data, time series geographical analysis, and statistical modeling. Using MODFLOW and Solute Transport (MT3DMS) modules of Visual MODFLOW USGS 2005 software, a three-dimensional (3D) finite-difference model is created to simulate groundwater flow and salinity distribution in the Moghra aquifer with the input of forecast downscaling (2020–2050) of main climatic parameters (PPT, ET, and Temp). The optimal adaptation-integrated scenario to cope with long-term groundwater withdrawal and climate change impacts is achieved when the Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources (MWRI) recommends that the maximum drawdown shouldn’t be more significant than 1.0 m/ year. In this scenario, 1,500 pumping wells are distributed with an equal space of 500 m, a pumping rate of 1,200 m3/day and input the forecast of the most significant climatic parameters after 30 years. The output results of this scenario revealed a drawdown level of 42 m and a groundwater salinity value of 16,000 mg/l. Climate change has an evident impact on groundwater quantity and quality, particularly in the unconfined coastal aquifer, which is vulnerable to saltwater intrusion and pollution of drinking water resources. The relationship between climate change and the hydrologic cycle is crucial for predicting future water availability and addressing water-related issues.

АНАЛИЗ ПРОБЛЕМ, ВОЗНИКАЮЩИЕ ПРИ ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ ПЕСЧАНЫХ СКВАЖИН

The article considers the causes of the formation of mechanical impurities in deep pump wells and the consequences that it entails for the listed reasons. The impact of solid floating particles in the liquid on the well equipment and the importance of improving the filtration technology of sand- containing liquid to prevent it has been noted. As a method used in the fight against mechanical impurities, the advantages and disadvantages of the filter design, which washes the filter element without lifting the pumping equipment, and the V-shaped wire slotted grilles made of durable stainless steel located in the filter compartment are considered. In practical methods of combating mechanical impurities, the main directions of technology for equipping the bottom areas of wells with filters and the main criteria for combating the negative effects of mechanical impurities are indicated. Based on the special importance of the problem of reducing solid floating particles in the production of a gas-liquid mixture, several methods of insulating sand from impurities used in oil production are considered to protect deep pumping equipment. It is established that solving the problem of increasing the reliability of pumping equipment in the presence of solid float particles in the reservoir fluid requires an integrated approach to the selection of technical means. Analysis of the operability of existing filters in the intake of deep pumps showed that they have low efficiency in the fight against solid floating particles, including the need to periodically raise the pumping equipment for cleaning due to the adhesion of solid floating particles to the surface

Beyond the Wedge: Impact of Tidal Streams on Salinization of Groundwater in a Coastal Aquifer Stressed by Pumping and Sea‐Level Rise

AbstractSaltwater intrusion (SWI) is a well‐studied phenomenon that threatens the freshwater supplies of coastal communities around the world. The development and advancement of numerical models has led to improved assessment of the risk of salinization. However, these studies often fail to include the impact of surface waters as potential sources of aquifer salinity and how they may impact SWI. Based on field‐collected data, we developed a regional, variable‐density groundwater model using SEAWAT for east Dover, Delaware. In this location, major users of groundwater from the surficial aquifer are the City of Dover and irrigation for agriculture. Our model includes salinized marshland and tidal streams, along with irrigation and municipal pumping wells. Model scenarios were run for 100 years and included changes in pumping rates and sea‐level rise (SLR). We examined how these drivers of SWI affect the extent and location of salinization in the surficial aquifer by evaluating differences in chloride concentration near surface waters and the subsurface freshwater‐saltwater interface. We found the presence of the marsh inverts the typical freshwater‐saltwater wedge interface and that the edge of the interface did not migrate farther inland. Additionally, we found that tidal streams are the dominant pathways of SWI at our site with salinization from streams being exacerbated by SLR. Our results also show that spatial distribution of pumping affects both the magnitude and extent of salinization, with an increase in concentrated pumping leading to more intensive salinization than a more widely distributed increase of the same total pumping volume.

Research on parameter selection criteria and design method for leachate pumping using vertical shafts

High leachate levels in landfills not only threaten the environment but also seriously affect the stability of piles. Therefore, it is crucial to pump leachate from piles, and vertical pumping wells have demonstrated their effectiveness in practical engineering. This paper establishes a model of vertical pumping wells, taking into account the non-homogeneous distribution of geotechnical parameters of the pile. The accuracy of this model is then validated through existing test results and numerical models. The main findings of the study are as follows: the radius of influence R is primarily influenced by the pumping time T, pumping pressure P, and anisotropy coefficient A. On the other hand, the depth of influence h is mainly determined by the burial depth h1 of the pumping section. The optimal pumping time Tb coincides with the time at which the well reaches its maximum radius of influence Rm. Similarly, the optimal pumping pressure Pb corresponds to the inflection point in the relationship between the radius of influence R and the pumping pressure P. The optimal pumping section burial depth is h1b = 20 m, and the optimal setback distance db is equal to the maximum setback distance dm. Additionally, this paper provides the criteria for parameter selection under each working condition at the optimal burial depth of the pumping section, as well as the design process for the vertical pumping system. The parameter design diagram and design method presented in this paper serve as valuable references for the design of real guide drainage projects.

Automated monitoring of natural parameters of renewable energy production systems

The paper discusses the urgent issues of the need to automate the monitoring of natural parameters of renewable energy production systems. Monitoring involves the collec- tion and analysis of various parameters of the natural environment that affect the efficiency and environmental friendliness of systems powered by renewable energy. Based on analytical materials and practical work related to techno-economic and ecological studies concerning the assessment of water reserves in indi- vidual wells, the study focused on the development of technologies and technical means for monitoring. It was found that, in practice, hydrogeological research on groundwaters use outdated methods and technical means for measuring and storing data. A local automated system for monitoring well parameters was developed and constructed. It ensures the operation of the hydrothermal heat pump system at the experimental site of the Institute of Renewable Energy of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. This system was tested in our research. The benefits of this study are revealing the need to create an intelligent monitoring system with the possibility of automated decision-making regarding the management of renewable energy generation systems, depending on changes in the am- bient parameters. A network automated system for monitoring natural parameters was developed, consisting of several wireless sensor subsystems that communicate with each other via wireless connection and transmit information to the gateway. The gateway, in turn, is connected to the computer with a graphical interface for interaction with the system. The results of work indicate that the proposed structures for automated water monitoring are simple and easy to implement. Consequently, the study revealed that one of the prospects is the development of automated monitoring systems with intelligent features, capable of making optimal individual decisions regard- ing the management of renewable energy generation systems under variable environmental parameters. As a result, the data obtained from this study have significant scientific and practical implications for advancing the design methodology of geothermal heat pump wells, focusing on long-term forecasts and assessments of their ecological and economic efficiency.

Response to Pumping of Wells in Carbonate and Karst Aquifers and Effect on the Assessment of Sustainable Well Yield: Some Examples from Southern Italy

Carbonate and karst aquifers are of great importance for human water supplies, for supporting aquatic habitats and providing ecosystem services. Optimizing the groundwater withdrawals is therefore essential for obtaining the maximum flow rate for human purposes while minimizing the negative effects on the environment. In particular, when the abstraction of groundwater occurs through wells, the problem of defining the sustainable yield arises. This study analyzes pumping tests conducted in carbonate and karst aquifers in southern Italy to derive indications for defining the sustainable yield of yields. The four examined cases concern the Mesozoic–Cenozoic platform and transition pelagic carbonate rocks characterized by different degree of fracturing and karstification and hosting a carbonate aquifer with variable average groundwater yields. The analysis compared drawdown–time trends and their derivatives for 35 pumping tests with theoretical curves to identify the flow dimension. Parameters useful for examining the well yields were then determined. The results show that the response to the pumping of the investigated aquifers is very variable, both among the different sites and within the same site. Well yields are very different due to aquifer heterogeneity, local hydrostratigraphy and structural setting, and position of the pumping center within the groundwater flow system. To determine the operational pumping rate for a well in this environment, this study emphasizes the importance of analyzing drawdown trends over time to correctly predict the well’s long-term response to pumping. Specifically, when pumping induces a steady-state drawdown response, the focus for defining the sustainable abstraction shifts to the basin or aquifer scale. Conversely, when a transient drawdown response to pumping results, the well’s capacity to capture groundwater becomes the primary factor for well yield and its sustainability.

Estimating irrigation water use from remotely sensed evapotranspiration data: Accuracy and uncertainties at field, water right, and regional scales

Irrigated agriculture is the dominant user of water globally, but most water withdrawals are not monitored or reported. As a result, it is largely unknown when, where, and how much water is used for irrigation. Here, we evaluated the ability of remotely sensed evapotranspiration (ET) data, integrated with other datasets, to calculate irrigation water withdrawals and applications in an intensively irrigated portion of the United States. We compared irrigation calculations based on an ensemble of satellite-driven ET models from OpenET with reported groundwater withdrawals from hundreds of farmer irrigation application records and a statewide flowmeter database at three spatial scales (field, water right group, and management area). At the field scale, we found that ET-based calculations of irrigation agreed best with reported irrigation when the OpenET ensemble mean was aggregated to the growing season timescale (bias = 1.6–4.9 %, R2 = 0.53–0.74), and agreement between calculated and reported irrigation was better for multi-year averages than for individual years. At the water right group scale, linking pumping wells to specific irrigated fields was the primary source of uncertainty. At the management area scale, calculated irrigation exhibited similar temporal patterns as flowmeter data but tended to be positively biased with more interannual variability. Disagreement between calculated and reported irrigation was strongly correlated with annual precipitation, and calculated and reported irrigation agreed more closely after statistically adjusting for annual precipitation. The selection of an ET model was also an important consideration, as variability across ET models was larger than the potential impacts of conservation measures employed in the region. From these results, we suggest key practices for working with ET-based irrigation data that include accurately accounting for changes in soil moisture, deep percolation, and runoff; careful verification of irrigated area and well-field linkages; and conducting application-specific evaluations of uncertainty.

On-site monitoring and numerical simulation on groundwater flow and pollution plume evolution in a hexavalent-chromium contaminated site

Accurately ascertaining spatiotemporal distribution of pollution plume is critical for evaluating the effectiveness of remediation technologies and environmental risks associated with contaminated sites. This study concentrated on a typical Cr(VI) contaminated smelter being currently remediated using pump-and-treat (PAT) technology. Long-term on-site monitoring data revealed that two highly polluted regions with Cr(VI) concentrations of 162.9 mg/L and 234.5 mg/L existed within the contaminated site, corresponding to previous chromium slag yard and sewage treatment plant, respectively. The PAT technology showed significant removal performance in these highly polluted areas (>160 mg/L) after six months of pumping, ultimately achieving complete removal of the pollutants in these high-pollution areas. Numerical simulation results showed that although the current remediation scheme significantly reduced the Cr(VI) pollution degree, it did not effectively prevent the incursion of the pollution plume into the downstream residential area after 20 years. Additionally, an improved measure involving supplementary pumping wells was proposed, and its remediation effects were quantitatively evaluated. Results indicated that the environmental pollution risk of groundwater downstream could be effectively mitigated by adding pumping wells, resulting in a reduction of the pollution area by 20 % in the case of adding an internal well and 41 % with the addition of external wells after 20 years. The findings obtained in this study will provide an important reference and theoretical guidance for the reliability analysis and design improvement of the PAT remediation project.

Evaluating Empirical, Field, and Laboratory Approaches for Estimating the Hydraulic Conductivity in the Kabul Aquifer

The evaluation of saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) constitutes an invaluable tool for the management and protection of groundwater resources. This study attempted to estimate Ks in the shallow aquifer of Kabul City, Afghanistan, in response to the occurring groundwater crisis caused by overexploitation and a lack of an appropriate monitoring system on pumping wells, based on datasets from well drilling logs, various analytical methods for pumping test analyses, and laboratory-based methodologies. The selection of Ks estimation methods was influenced by data availability and various established equations, including Theis, developed by Cooper–Jacob, Kruger, Zamarin, Zunker, Sauerbrei, and Chapuis, and pre-determined Ks values dedicated to well log segments exhibited the highest correlation coefficients, ranging between 60% and 75%, with the real conditions of the phreatic aquifer system with respect to the drawdown rate map. The results successfully obtained local-specific quantitative Ks value ranges for gravel, sand, silt, clay, and conglomerate. The obtained results fall within the high range of Ks classification, ranging from 30.0 to 139.8 m per day (m/d) on average across various calculation methods. This study proved that the combination of pumping test results, predetermined values derived from empirical and laboratory approaches, geological description, and classified soil materials and analyses constitutes reliable Ks values through cost-effective and accessible results compared with conducting expensive tests in arid and semi-arid areas.

Overview The Presence of Plumbum Urine In Women Operators and Non-Operators of Fuel Oil Pump Wells (SPBU) in Padang City

Overview The Presence of Plumbum Urine In Women Operators and Non-Operators of Fuel Oil Pump Wells (SPBU) in Padang City

Mechanisms of well iron clogging in groundwater heat pump systems: Insights from video imaging, hydrogeochemical analysis, and geochemical modeling

Groundwater heat pump (GWHP) systems are increasingly popular as low-carbon and environmentally friendly technologies, but well clogging induced by iron remains a significant issue. This study investigated the clogging characteristics and biogeochemistry of three typical wells (pumping, injection, and observation wells) in an operating GWHP system using video imaging, sampling, and analysis of hydrogeochemical and microbial data. The results revealed that iron-induced well clogging is a complex process involving physical, chemical, and microbial factors. Pumping wells experience clogging due to water mixing with varying redox conditions, resulting in hematite-based iron oxide deposits. Injection wells exhibit higher clogging severity, with transformed oxidation and accumulation of reduced iron minerals at the solid-liquid interface, resulting in darker colored clogs with magnetite. Clogging in both extraction and injection wells is closely related to iron-rich aquifer sections, where severe clogging occurs. Shallow clogging due to iron oxide is limited and attributed to the oxidation of zero-valent iron in well casing material. Iron-oxidizing bacteria and iron-reducing bacteria were detected in the consolidated deposits of clogged wells, indicating their involvement in the clogging formation process. Moreover, a strong correlation was observed between the presence of nitrate-reducing bacteria in the water phase and the severity of clogging, suggesting a possible link between iron oxidation and nitrate reduction in the system. Geochemical modeling results further supported the observed clogging severity in GWHP systems and confirmed varying clogging mechanisms in different wells and depths. These findings contribute to the understanding of clogging in GWHP operations, aiding in robust water utilization and energy-saving efforts, and supporting global carbon reduction initiatives.

STUDYING THE INFLUENCE OF NEW COMBINED INHIBITORS ON THE PROCESSES OF CORROSION AND SALT DEPOSITION IN OIL-FIELD EQUIPMENT

Aggressive salts contained in formation waters accelerate the processes of corrosion and salt deposition in oilfield equipment, which leads to unforeseen accidents, contamination of soil and groundwater with harmful substances, as a result of which the ecological balance of the environment is disrupted. Corrosion and scaling that occur during oil production create difficulties during the operation of wells, and, consequently, increase the cost of produced oil.This article covers the results of studies concerning two compositions developed from technical phosphatide - an emulsion obtained by hydration of vegetable oils, as well as sodium hexametaphosphate, ammophos and polypropylene glycol bottoms. When vegetable oils are treated with water and steam (hydration process), the phospholipids contained in the oils combine with water and are released in the form of precipitates called phosphatide emulsions. Such emulsions consist of 45–75 % water, and the rest is phospholipids in the vegetable oil sediment.Technical phosphatides are a group of esters that contain a phosphoric acid residue associated with an amino alcohol. They are natural surfactants and are non-toxic.Preliminary studies have shown that each of the chemical compounds included in the developed reagents has certain inhibitory properties, but when formulated, these compounds provide a synergistic effect.Based on the results of laboratory studies, it was found that at an optimal concentration of reagents of 200 mg/l, the developed compositions provide protection of equipment from corrosion destruction by 94–95 %, and from scaling by 87–88 %. The developed mixed-type inhibitors at optimal concentrations equally effectively inhibit both cathodic and anodic processes on the electrode.The use of these inhibitors leads to the prevention of steel corrosion in the two-phase oil-electrolyte system, as well as to a significant reduction in the rate of scaling.The proposed new compositions can be used in oil wells and in-field transport systems, as well as in reservoir pressure maintenance systems to protect against corrosion and scale deposits.Field tests of the corrosion inhibitor were carried out in deep pumping wells at the Bibieybatneft oil and gas production department. Tests have shown that as a result of using the inhibitor, the protective effect at a concentration of 200 mg/l was 89–90 %, and the effect of salt deposition was 70 %.

A Simulation–Optimization Model for Optimal Aquifer Remediation, Using Genetic Algorithms and MODFLOW

This paper investigates the optimal remediation process in an aquifer using Modflow 6 software and genetic algorithms. A theoretical confined aquifer has been polluted over a long period of time by unnoticed leakage in a pipeline conveying leachate from an adjacent landfill to a wastewater treatment plant. When the extended leakage and groundwater pollution are discovered, the optimal planning of the remediation strategy is investigated using the pump-and-treat method or/and hydrodynamic control of the pollution. The practical goal is to find the optimal locations and flow rates of two additional pumping wells, which will pump the polluted water or/and control pollution, protecting an existing drinking water pumping well, securing its fully operational mode even during the remediation process with the minimum possible cost, simply represented by the pumped water volume of the additional wells. The remediation process is considered complete when the maximum concentration in the aquifer drops below a certain limit. The Modflow software (handled by the Flopy Python package) simulates the flow field and advective–dispersive mass transport, and a genetic algorithm is used as the optimization tool. The coupled simulation–optimization model, Modflow-GA, complemented by a sophisticated post-processing results analysis, provides optimal and alternate sub-optimal remediation strategies for the decision makers to select from.

Hydrogeological trends in an alluvial valley in the Brazilian semiarid: Impacts of observed climate variables change and exploitation on groundwater availability and salinity

Study regionMimoso Alluvial Valley, Semiarid Brazil. Study focusThis study aims to assess the influence of climate variability and exploitation on groundwater accessibility, quantity and quality, based on a spatiotemporal data analysis from long-term monitoring field campaigns, conducted monthly from 2000 to 2019. This study successfully identified representative stable monitoring points, piezometers and wells, for piezometric and salinity levels employing the technique of relative differences, taking into account aquifer hydraulic properties. Trend analysis was then carried out adopting the Mann-Kendall Method, Sen's Slope test, Pettitt test, and the Seasonal Trend decomposition through the Loess (STL) method. Principal Component Multivariate Analysis (PCA) was also employed to validate long-term analysis of annual groundwater levels, rainfall, evapotranspiration, and pumping rates. New hydrological insights for the regionThe spatial-temporal variability of salinity is closely linked to the salt balance in regions with low hydraulic permeability and groundwater use for irrigation. Groundwater salinity presented a strong link between rainfall and groundwater levels. A temporal rise in evapotranspiration alongside declines in rainfall and groundwater levels was observed, potentially exacerbating groundwater scarcity alongside intensified aquifer exploitation. Furthermore, groundwater salinity presented a decreasing trend for the pumping wells and no trends for piezometers. This could potentially disrupt future irrigation plans and cause long-term water shortages in a region already under severe water scarcity. Hence, groundwater pumping constitutes a positive management alternative for controlling groundwater salinity in the domain.

Assessment of contamination dispersion in a porous aquifer environment using explicit and implicit methods in the MODFLOW–MODPATH model

This study presents a meticulously edited article that assesses the uncertainty associated with contamination dispersion in a porous aquifer environment. The article employs a conceptual model incorporating finite difference flow modeling and particle tracking methods grounded in particle movement theory within groundwater flow. The groundwater flow model utilizes an automatic calibration technique, PES, and independent verification, to minimize statistical discrepancies in the optimized parameters. The statistical summary of the model output reveals the average pollution concentration in the study area, specifically the landfill aquifer in northern Iran. The results indicate that the initial contamination value at the boundaries is zero, whereas 91,802 units are discharged into the sea. Moreover, approximately 3,317,290,003 pollution units have been extracted from pumping wells along the contamination plume over 10 years. Furthermore, the drainage network releases 1,778,680,001 pollution units, resulting in a net outflow of 5,082,740,007 units from the same drainage network. Additionally, 9,912,180,003 units were discharged from the leaky boundaries. It should be noted that these statistics can be reversed depending on the specified period. The difference between the input and output pollution values in the study area indicates a net accumulation of 8192 units. To analyze the sensitivity of contamination dispersion in the porous aquifer environment and the variations in coastal drainage patterns obtained from the finite difference simulation, the explicit and implicit methods, as well as the random walk particle tracking method, were investigated in a portion of the basin area using the South Side Implicit method. One of the main objectives of this sensitivity analysis is to evaluate the results of the uncalibrated qualitative model and examine the particle dispersion in the adjacent area of the contaminated landfill region to assess the error of the proposed model by developing a limited test. The calculated error or computational difference between the explicit and implicit methods and the applet model is considered negligible. For example, the calculated error between the explicit and backward methods and the applet model ranges from 0.086 to 0.372 units for a concentration interval of 0.512 units and 0.680 units for a time interval 0.537. Therefore, the computational differences are not significant. Furthermore, based on theoretical sensitivity analysis of contamination dispersion, the laboratory model demonstrates that the flow direction in this modeling is from west to east, as expected.

A semi-analytical solution for transient confined-unconfined flow toward the partially penetrating well

In this paper, a semi-analytical solution has been proposed for the transient confined-unconfined flow toward a partially penetrating well in a confined aquifer. It can be used to characterize the dynamic development of drawdown and the transient unconfined region during the transient confined-unconfined conversion. The proposed solution takes into account the delayed response recharge from the unsaturated region by the Neuman's upper surface recharge boundary condition, which is derived by the Laplace and Fourier transformations. The reliability of the semi-analytical solution has been proved by comparisons with numerical solutions from Visual MODFLOW Flex. In addition, a new model for the pumping flow in a pure unconfined aquifer is also developed by degradation analysis of the proposed solution, which has been used to fit well with the measured data from the pumping test in Cape Cod aquifer. The results indicate that both the use of partially penetrating pumping well and aquifer anisotropy have negative effects on the drawdown delayed responses and the development of transient unconfined region, which are disappeared at times >105Srb/Kr. The delayed response is positively related to the gravity storage and vertical hydraulic conductivity.

Confined aquifer dewatering optimization with a modified simulation–optimization method capable of determining the optimal well screen length and depth

Simulation-optimization methods are widely used in dewatering optimization. However, traditional simulation–optimization methods do not address the optimization of well screen length and depth. This study proposes a modified simulation–optimization method for confined aquifer dewatering optimization, which is capable of determining the optimal screen length and depth. The proposed method is based on the linear programming method, and the multivariate adaptive regression splines method is also introduced to develop the prediction model for the parameters required in the linear programming model. A hypothetical case of deep excavation dewatering was optimized using the proposed method to demonstrate its feasibility, with the optimal pumping rate, screen length and depth of each well computed. Furthermore, parametric studies were performed to investigate the effects of some key factors on the optimization results, such as the number of considered pumping wells, required drawdown, insertion ratio of the waterproof curtain, aquifer anisotropy coefficient, and prescribed well screen. The results show that optimal total pumping rate and screen length generally increase with increasing required drawdown and aquifer anisotropy coefficient, while they decrease with increasing well number and insertion ratio of the waterproof curtain. Adjusting screen length is more critical to the optimization results since lower screen depth is always preferred. Optimizing well screen is more essential for higher well number, insertion ratio of the waterproof curtain, and lower aquifer anisotropy coefficient.

Association rules mining for long uptime sucker rod pumping units

The uptime of sucker rod pumping units (SRPUs) varies significantly due to differences in geological reservoir conditions, as well as design and operation parameters of the SRPUs. Conventional approaches encounter challenges in accurately quantifying the intricate interplay of these factors with uptime. This study investigates the application of association rules mining in exploring reliable measures in long uptime SRPUs. We create an uptime dataset for 5789 sucker rod pumping wells with 16 features encompassing reservoir conditions, production characteristics, SRPUs design, operational settings, and uptime. A novel algorithm is proposed to mine association rules between uptime and other features, yielding over 1,000,000 rules. These rules reveal relationships and impacts on long uptime. By following these rules, adjustments can be made to improve the uptime of SRPUs through alterations in design and operational parameters. Two case studies were presented to illustrate that by adjusting the design and operational parameters of SRPUs based on the association rules, the probability of improved operational performance can be increased by 30 % and 8 % respectively. This study explores the association rules of long uptime SRPUs from a data-driven paradigm, providing scientific guidance for subsequent oil well design. The research methodology is also valuable for other mechanical equipment.

The Impact of Injection/Pumping Wells on the Pollution Transport in Groundwater

The natural quality of groundwater tends to be degraded by industry, agriculture, and wastewater. There are several alternatives to prevent migration and the spread of pollution in groundwater. Some alternatives are physical such as grouting, or slurry walls. Others could be hydrodynamic containment by injection or pumping wells. Injection wells are used to confine a pollutant in place or dilute its concentration by injecting clean water into the aquifer. Pumping wells are used to discharge the pollutants out of the groundwater reservoir or act as interceptors. In this research, the hydraulic characteristics and behavior of the hydrodynamic methods are investigated by using numerical simulation. In this investigation, the numerical model MT3D has been integrally used with the flow model MODFLOW. Injection/pumping rate, screen length and layer, and the number of wells are considered. The results have shown that increasing the rate or the number of injection/pumping wells permits less pollution spread. Changing the screen length of the injection/pumping wells is not effective in preventing pollution from spreading in the long term. Changing the number of wells has more effect on a containment spread. Injection wells can prevent the spread of contaminants more than pumping wells.