Pump Area Research Articles

Potential health risks of inhaling hazardous chemical exposures at fuel stations: a pilot study in a hot, arid environment

In recent years, there has been a growing focus on the issue of exposure to hazardous chemical compounds and the potential health risks associated with them. Fuel stations play a critical role in society, supporting the transportation industry and serving the general public. However, the routine activities at these stations expose workers and customers to dangerous chemical compounds, posing potential health risks. As part of a pilot study, the exposure of workers and customers to hazardous chemical compounds at fuel stations in Kuwait, characterized by its hot and arid environment, was investigated. The study specifically looked at volatile organic compounds (VOC) concentration and their effects on human health. Three hundred-eight air samples were collected in a hot, arid environment, focusing on fuel stations. Two sampling methods were used in this pilot study: personal inhalation exposure using active sampling and workplace air sampling using passive sampling. Samples were collected in fuel filling areas, indoor control rooms, and through personal exposures, adhering to ISO procedures (EPA TO-17). The study also assessed the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to human health to potential exposure to hazardous hazardous chemicals. The findings revealed that hazardous chemicals levels in the pump area were lower than those in the indoor control rooms. Workers’ inhalation exposure to hazardous chemicals remained below the international occupational exposure limit (OEL). However, the study identified unsafe inhalation exposure levels to Benzene, which could have adverse carcinogenic effects. In contrast, exposure to ethylbenzene was found to be within safe limits, with no associated carcinogenic effects. This study underscores the importance of identifying the risks associated with exposure to hazardous chemical compounds to minimize human health risks and promote a safe working environment.

Cover collapse sinkhole formation is delayed in time and uncorrelated to distance from quarry in a long-term study of a karst basin

Collapse sinkholes are problematic for the hazards they bring to property, infrastructure, and human life but the prediction of their formation in time and space remains elusive. We make use of long-term data gathered in a small, highly monitored, hydrologically constrained basin; Primrose Creek, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, USA, to examine the relation between groundwater extraction, precipitation, terrain position, and cover collapse sinkhole development. The selected site is unique as a natural laboratory to explore induced sinkhole processes in that it is a clearly demarcated topographic basin with geological structural and lithologic boundaries; the stressor is extreme, has been plainly identified, and effectively captures all upstream runoff and groundwater; the groundwater withdrawals and water-level elevations have been closely monitored over a period of 20 years; and the general record of land conditions goes back more than a century. We evaluated the history of a carbonate-rock quarry, its development and expansion over many decades, as well as associated precipitation and ground-water level data, and cover collapse sinkhole occurrence within the basin. Interception of discrete high conductivity zones in the Paleozoic carbonate rocks by quarry expansion was an important factor in propagating collapse occurrence. Collapses occurred mainly, though not exclusively, along drainageways and at lithologic boundaries. They formed in time-based clusters with delay of up to several years. Surprisingly, distance of collapse formation from the pumping area was not directly correlated with time elapsed; i.e., collapses did not begin to form close to the quarry, and then later form farther away. Monitoring wells were unsuccessful in delineating the pumping zone of influence although some documented water table decline and response to weather and anthropogenic events. This comprehensive study shows that in order to successfully monitor and control impacts from quarry dewatering in Paleozoic carbonate rocks it is critical to 1) develop a detailed conceptual model of groundwater pathways, 2) try to avoid excavating into high permeability zones, 3) clearly document karst features when exposed, and 4) carefully site a suitable number of monitoring wells and collect data at short intervals.

Evaluation of the Drinking Water Quality Index in Dibis District – Kirkuk

In this study, a weighted mathematical model was utilized to evaluate the water quality of the filtration station in the Al-Dibs district. The assessment was conducted at five different sites from October 2023 to April 2024. Various characteristics of the water samples were measured, encompassing physical properties like turbidity, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, and electrical conductivity. Additionally, chemical properties such as pH, total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, chloride, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus were analyzed. Bacterial properties, including total bacterial count, coliform bacteria, and fecal bacteria, were also assessed. The study monitored various sites along the Lower Zab River, including the raw water collection point, water pumping area, Oil Quarter, Diyarbakır Quarter, and Kolan Quarter. Results revealed unsatisfactory water quality at the raw water collection point, while excellent quality was observed at the other sites (2, 3, 4, 5). The water quality index rankings were as follows: 18.10, 17.61, 47.96, 30.40.These findings suggest that the water treatment station effectively produces water suitable for daily sanitary purposes.

MHD peristaltic two-phase Williamson fluid flow, heat and mass transfer through a ureteral tube with microliths: Electromagnetic therapy simulation

The ureter typically experiences a frequency of one to five peristaltic contractions per minute. However, it is important to note that these contractions can be disrupted by various physical and mechanical irritants. Ionic contents in the urine make it electrically conducting and responsive to electromagnetic body forces. MHD can be deployed in bio magnetic therapy to control or mitigate symptoms associated with peristaltic pumping in the urinary system. This article therefore focuses on the hydromagnetic effects on flow patterns of urine with debris (monoliths). The mechanism of urine flow is largely coordinated by the kidneys. The flow inside the ureter is interrupted by microliths, which are generated by the sedimentation of excretory products. To simulate this, a two-phase formulation is adopted, comprising the electromagnetic urological viscous fluid phase and the particulate phase for solid grains. The peristaltic propulsion of two-phase liquid in the ureter is simulated as a sinusoidal wave propagation of incompressible non-Newtonian fluid. The Williamson viscoelastic model is deployed for the rheology. Heat transfer is also included with Soret thermo-diffusion and viscous heating effects. Long wave and low Reynolds number approximations are employed based on lubrication theory. The mass, momentum, energy and concentration conservation equations with associated boundary conditions are rendered non-dimensional via appropriate scaling transformations. A numerical solution is achieved via BVP4C MATLAB quadrature. Graphical visualizations of the velocity, temperature and concentration (solid grains) are given for the influence of suspension parameter ( ζ ), Hartmann number (M), Prandtl number (Pr), Weissenburg number (We), particle volume fraction (C), Eckert number (Ec), Soret number (Sr), Schmidt number (Sc). The novelty of the present work is therefore the simultaneous consideration of a generalized two-phase model, wall slip, non-Newtonian characteristics, cross diffusion, viscous dissipation, mass diffusion, magnetic body force and curvature effects in peristaltic urological transport, which has not been undertaken previously. The detailed simulations reveal that the flow velocity is reduced due to the presence of solid particles and the channel curvature, in comparison to the flow in an unobstructed channel devoid of solid particles. Enhancing the hydrodynamic slip parameter speeds up the movement of particles and fluid near the channel walls, boosts wall skin friction, raises pressure difference in the pumping area, and amplifies bolus magnitudes.The rise in peristaltic pumping results in a reduction in solid particle concentration, which is significant phenomena.This theoretical approach may aid in treating conditions such as Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs). The computations effectively demonstrate that significant manipulation of urological pumping characteristics can be achieved with an electromagnetic field. Some new features of two-phase ureteral dynamics are highlighted as relevant to magnetic therapy techniques, which may be beneficial to clinicians.

Assessment and Improvement of Emergency Rescue Service Accessibility under Urban Waterlogging Disasters

With the acceleration of urbanization and the impact of climate change, the frequent occurrence of urban waterlogging not only leads to road closures and traffic congestion but also severely affects the timeliness of urban emergency rescue. To accurately assess and enhance the response capability of urban emergency rescue under storm-induced waterlogging scenarios, a hydrodynamic model of urban waterlogging was developed to simulate waterlogging conditions under various design rainfall scenarios. By identifying road waterlogging risks and blocked roads, as well as combining the Two-Step Floating Catchment Area (2SFCA) method, the accessibility of emergency rescue services for points of interest (POIs) with different vulnerabilities was evaluated. The Liwan District of Guangzhou City was selected as a case study for accessibility impact assessment and improvement simulation. The results indicate that with the increase in the return period of rainfall, both the area and depth of waterlogged regions increased and the number of roads affected by waterlogging rose, leading to an increase in the length of blocked roads from 11 km to 49 km, an increase of over 300%. Additionally, the number of POIs inaccessible to emergency rescue increased, while the number of accessible POIs decreased, resulting in a significant downward trend in overall accessibility. By deploying mobile pumping vehicles, the depth and area of waterlogging under different rainfall return periods were reduced by over 10%, the number of blocked roads decreased by more than 10%, and the number of accessible POIs increased by more than 12%. The findings highlight that storm-induced waterlogging not only hinders traffic flow but also reduces the response capability of emergency rescue services. Through the strategic deployment of mobile pumping vehicles, the accessibility of urban emergency rescue services under waterlogging conditions can be effectively improved, mitigating the impact of waterlogging on urban functions and public safety.

Characterization of spatiotemporal distribution of gas in the goaf of W-type ventilated working face

In order to solve the problem of gas over limit near the return air trough of W-type ventilated working face, a method combining numerical simulation and on-site measurement was used to study the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of gas in the goaf under the W-type ventilated mode, and the reliability of the model was verified. Delineate the gas-rich area and suitable pumping area in the goaf, by analyzing the pumping of the top plate high-level directional borehole in the area, optimize the best layout of the top plate high-level directional borehole. The results show: The gas concentration in the goaf gradually increases from shallow to deep in the direction, and increases rapidly in the range of 0–75 m; in the direction of inclination, it is approximately symmetrically distributed along the axis of the return air trough, and gradually decreases toward the air inlets on both sides. The gas concentration in the middle area of the working face is higher than 0.85%; in the vertical direction, the further away from the coal seam roof, the higher the gas concentration, but the growth rate decreases, and the range of high gas concentration gradually expands. The gas concentration of the goaf reflected by the changes in the concentration of the working face has gradually increased in the early stages of mining. and then changes periodically with the cycle of roof pressure in the later stage. There is a strong correlation between the amount of gas emission the goaf and the mining speed of the working face. The regularity of the simulation result is the same as the regularity of the measured results, and the absolute value of the relative error is within 10%, that the concentration of extraction from high-level directional borehole increases with the height of the arrangement, mixed and pure volume decreases with the height of the arrangement. Comparison of the average mixed volume, concentration, pure volume and total extraction volume of each high-level directional borehole, it can be seen that the average pure volume from 3#holes is 3.9 times higher than that from 1#holes, and the total extraction volume accounts for 29% of the total extraction volume from the drill site, it is obtained that the best layout of the high-level directional boreholes of the 3203 working face is between 25 and 35 m above the top board. During the high-level drilling period, the gas concentration in the return air trough was between 0.42% and 0.75%, which effectively prevented the occurrence of gas over limit accidents.

Scaling analysis of thermal bubble-driven micro-pumps from micro-scale to meso-scale

Thermal bubble-driven micro-pumps are an upcoming micro-actuator technology that can be directly integrated into micro/mesofluidic channels, have no moving parts, and leverage existing mass production fabrication approaches. As such, these micro-pumps hold great promise for micro/mesofluidic systems such as lab-on-a-chip technologies. To date, thermal bubble-driven micro-pumps have been realized discretely at the micro-scale (10’s of μm) and meso-scale (100’s of μm) which result in flow rates on the order of pL/pulse to nL/pulse respectively. However, no current work has studied how pump performance scales as a function of pump area. In this study, a systematic scaling analysis from micro to meso-scale (10-1000μm) of thermal bubble-driven micro-pumps is performed to develop reduced parameter one-dimensional (1D) models with pump area dependency. We present, for the first time, an empirical relationship between bubble strength and resistor area across 4 orders of magnitude that generalizes the prevailing reduced parameter 1D model. Namely, qo(A)=(1.253×10−12)A[kg⋅m/s] which was found to fit the data with an R2 value of 0.96. Previously, experimental data were required to estimate the bubble strength of a particular micro/mesofluidic channel with a thermal bubble-driven micro-pump of a given area. In this work, the developed empirical relationship estimates bubble strength as a function of resistor area thus eliminating the need for experimental data to perform a first-order analysis of thermal bubble-driven micro-pumps. We envision such reduced parameter 1D models as an important first-order design tool for micro/mesofluidic designers to predict the size of the pump area needed for a desired flow rate.

Single‐Mode Electrically Pumped Terahertz Laser in an Ultracompact Cavity via Merging Bound States in the Continuum

AbstractPhotonic bound states in the continuum (BICs) are highly localized optical modes that have found important applications in lasers, sensors, modulators, and harmonic signal generators. While possessing a higher quality factor (Q) as compared to leaky photonic modes, regular BICs (e.g., either symmetry‐protected or accidental BICs) normally require large cavity sizes and are usually sensitive to the fabrication imperfections that introduce lattice disorders. Moreover, the previous demonstrations of BIC lasers are mostly based on optical pumping and operated in the visible and near‐infrared regimes. Here, an electrically pumped BIC laser is demonstrated by merging two types of BIC modes based on a quantum cascade chip in the terahertz (THz) regime, which has an ultra‐compact size (with a pump area around 4λ2). The measured side‐mode suppression ratio (SMSR) can reach up to ≈20 dB, indicating a good single‐mode performance over the entire dynamic range. In addition, the emitted beam shows a nontrivial cylindrical vector beam profile, a typical topological feature of BIC lasers. This work would pave the way for practical use of the emerging BIC concepts in pursuing ultra‐compact and high‐performance electrically driven laser sources, which are highly desired in advanced optoelectronics and integrated photonics.

Dynamic modeling and optimization for powertrain shake characteristics of electric powertrain system with hydraulic engine mounts

Poor designed powertrain mounting system can lead to severe resonance when road excitation frequency is consistent with the natural frequency of the powertrain mounting system, which results in vertical vibration of the vehicle. In addition, double-layer vibration isolation and hydraulic engine mount (HEM) are widely used for vibration attenuation of electric powertrain. This paper focuses on the vertical vibration of electric vehicles under road excitation. An analytic model of powertrain shake characteristics considering the amplitude-frequency dependent nonlinearity of HEMs is established. Furthermore, the proposed nonlinear model is experimentally validated through rigid body modal test of the powertrain. Numerical simulation is carried out to investigate the influence of HEM parameters on powertrain shake characteristics. Simulation results demonstrate that the effective pumping area, upper chamber stiffness and inertia track effective cross-sectional area, and length of HEM have obvious impact on powertrain shake characteristics. Under the premise of ensuring vibration isolation performance under other conditions, optimization of the above HEM parameters can reduce peak value of car body vibration under road excitation and thus improve ride comfort.

Continuous-wave terahertz quantum cascade microlaser arrays operating on various bound states in the continuum.

We report on the continuous-wave (CW) operation of 1D terahertz quantum cascade (THz QC) microlaser arrays working on various bound states in the continuum (BICs). We first created a quasi-BIC state by breaking the inversion symmetry of the microlaser array, which enables flexible control of the radiation efficiency. The optimized multi-periods array exhibits single-mode emission with the maximum output power of 21 mW (at 30 K), and the maximum operation temperature (Tcw) of 45 K. To further increase Tcw, we created a hybrid-BIC state by hybridizing a quasi-BIC generated in a few-periods array and a high-Q surface plasmon polariton mode formed in an unbiased array. The hybridization minimizes the pumping area with no obvious degradation of the threshold current density. The reduced pumping area, together with the discrete distribution of microlasers, significantly decreases the device thermal resistance. Such scheme improves the Tcw up to 79 K with a low beam divergence of 17°×17°, and the output power remains 3.4 mW at 20 K. Our work provides a novel solution to control the output power, the operating temperature, and the beam quality of THz QC lasers in CW mode.

2D tunable all-solid-state random laser in the visible

A two-dimensional (2D) solid-state random laser emitting in the visible is demonstrated, in which optical feedback is provided by a controlled disordered arrangement of air-holes in a dye-doped polymer film. We find an optimal scatterer density for which threshold is minimum and scattering is the strongest. We show that the laser emission can be red-shifted by either decreasing scatterer density or increasing pump area. We show that spatial coherence is easily controlled by varying pump area. Such a 2D random laser provides with a compact on-chip tunable laser source and a unique platform to explore non-Hermitian photonics in the visible.

(443) A Randomized Prospective Evaluation of Next-generation Sequencing Versus Traditional Cultures for Clinically Infected Penile Prostheses: Impact of Microbial Identification on Outcomes

Abstract Introduction Traditional culture is the current standard-of-care to determine therapeutic antibiotics for patients suffering from penile prostheses (PP) infections. However, approximately 50% of PPs removed for infection are culture negative. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of DNA has proven to be beneficial in its thorough analysis of biofilm composition and determination of the relative abundance of specific microbes. In this prospective, multicenter, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial, we hypothesize that the use of NGS will lead to better therapeutic strategies that will result in improved patient outcomes by determining the microbial composition of infected PP. Objective We present our early results from our prospective study that compares outcomes of microbial identification between NGS versus culture for clinically infected PP. Methods Upon institutional review board approval, adult men undergoing treatment for mild to moderate PP infection are enrolled after providing informed consent. Enrollees are randomized to one of two analytic arms – traditional culture or NGS, using Captivate by ClinCapture. Patients with severe infection requiring urgent explantation are excluded. Traditional culture and NGS samples are collected upon clinical presentation prior to initiation of antibiotics. Specimens of infected fluid were collected, stored in sterile packaging, and transported for both traditional culture at the institutional laboratory and NGS testing (MicroGenDX, Lubbock, TX). Patients are started on set empiric antibiotics and randomized to traditional culture or NGS. Patients with a positive culture or NGS result will receive treatment-specific antibiotics, while patients with negative results continue empiric antibiotics for two weeks. For patients randomized to the NGS arm, positive results will undergo central infectious disease (ID) review, and antibiotics initiated based on their recommendations. Patients will follow up within ten days of antibiotic initiation and at six months to complete a safety and compliance questionnaire which assesses symptoms, device function, and patient satisfaction. Results To date, two patients have been enrolled. The first patient was randomized to the culture arm and presented with mild tenderness and drainage around the scrotal pump area for five days but remained afebrile. His culture resulted as Citrobacter koseri. He started empiric treatment with amoxicillin-clavulanate which was changed to ciprofloxacin based on culture results. The second patient was randomized to the NGS arm and presented with four days of bloody and purulent drainage from the scrotal pump area. Although he was afebrile, he had moderate tenderness, swelling, and erythema in his scrotum. NGS identified multiple organisms (data remains blinded). He was started on empiric trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole but was treated successfully with a course of cefdinir and doxycycline per ID. Both patients had primary implants and did not require device removal. On the post-treatment questionnaire, both patients reported that their devices were working and endorsed high satisfaction rates. Conclusions This is the first prospective, randomized controlled trial comparing the utility and outcomes of NGS and culture for the identification of microbes in clinically infected PP. Currently, recruitment is ongoing. We hope that this trial will demonstrate a clinical benefit of NGS in characterizing distinct microbiomes of infected PP to tailor antimicrobial therapy. Disclosure Yes, this is sponsored by industry/sponsor: MicroGenDX Clarification Industry funding only - investigator initiated and executed study Any of the authors act as a consultant, employee or shareholder of an industry for: MicroGenDX

Manipulating Laser Modes in Diffusive Disordered Systems by Precisely Designing the Boundary of the Local Pump

AbstractManipulating laser modes in diffusive random systems is crucial to understanding the optical physics of disordered structures. However, the laser modes in diffusive random lasers are highly extended and correlated, making their manipulation difficult. Herein, this work reveals the critical role of the pump boundary on the governing mode interaction and emission characteristics of diffusive random lasers (RLs). By increasing the ratio between the square root of the pump area and the circumference of the pump region, the strongly correlated nonresonant laser mode with a continuous spectral distribution is transformed into an independent resonant laser mode with a discrete frequency distribution. A critical ratio of 5.76 is demonstrated as the transition point for pump spots with arbitrary shapes. This pump strategy provides a universal guideline for regulating laser modes in diffusive RL systems that can be applied to multifunctional lasers to clarify the behavior of light in disordered structures.

Thirty-four years of Landsat monitoring reveal long-term effects of groundwater abstractions on a World Heritage Site wetland

Wetlands are among the most biodiverse yet endangered ecosystems on Earth. Despite being the most important wetland in Europe, the Doñana National Park (southwestern Spain) is no exception, and the increase of nearby groundwater abstractions for intensive agriculture and human supply has raised international concerns about the conservation of this iconic wetland. It is thus needed to assess wetlands' long-term trends and responses to global and local factors to make informed management decisions. In this paper, we used 442 Landsat satellite images to analyze the historical trends and drivers of the date of desiccation and maximum flooded area in 316 ponds located in Doñana National Park during a 34-year period (1985–2018) and found that 59 % of the ponds studied are currently desiccated. The use of Generalized Additive Mixed Models (GAMMs) showed inter-annual variation in rainfall and temperature as the most important factors determining pond flooding. However, GAMMS also showed that intensive agriculture and the nearby tourist resort were related to the desiccation or shrinking of ponds all over Doñana, finding that the strongest negative flooding anomalies (i.e. ponds flooding less than explained by climate alone) were located in proximity to pumping areas. These results suggest that current levels of groundwater exploitation may be unsustainable and require urgent measures to control abstractions to ensure the integrity of the Doñana pond network, and the persistence of >600 wetland-dependent species.

Suppression of thermally induced lensing in composite disk active elements by shaping a heat-removing plate

We propose an original method of suppressing thermally induced beam distortions in composite active elements of disk geometry. The main idea of the method is to use a heatsink of special geometry to provide heat removal from the active element only in the pump area. In this way, the heat flows and temperature gradients in the thick active element, and, as a consequence, thermally induced distortions are reduced. The wavefront distortions, temperature, and gain in the composite element mounted in a profiled heatsink have been simulated numerically and measured in experiment. A 2.5-fold reduction of thermally induced lensing compared to a flat heatsink was demonstrated in the experiment at the same small signal gain.

What is a static head measurement? Evaluating structural error and implications for regional groundwater modeling

AbstractMost groundwater modelers avoid using static heads measured from active production wells because they can introduce a bias into model calibration. However, in the deep confined Cambrian‐Ordovician Sandstone Aquifer System in the Central Midcontinent of North America, dedicated observation wells are sparse and remote from areas of most concentrated pumping. As a result, in areas where drawdown is the greatest and modeling is most needed, only static heads from production wells are available for calibration. This paper evaluates two leading sources of discrepancies in using production well data, spatial and temporal structural error (S.E.). A simple Theis solution is used to evaluate the potential magnitude of spatial S.E. when calibrating a regional MODFLOW model with coarse cell resolution. Despite theoretical analyses indicating that spatial S.E. could be significant, statistical analysis of the model results suggests that temporal S.E. is dominant. Long (ranging over decades) or frequent (monthly) head datasets are key in understanding temporal S.E., to better capture water‐level variability. In this study, the range in static head observations impacted estimates of the remaining time a well could extract water from the aquifer by 0.1 to 16.0 years. This uncertainty in future water supply is highly relevant to stakeholders and must be assessed in hydrographs depicting risk.

Mapping regional subsidence rate from electricity consumption-based groundwater extraction

Study regionChoushui River alluvial fan in central Taiwan. Study focusExcessive land subsidence is occurring in the Choushui alluvial fan, Taiwan. Groundwater pumping in the region is not monitored so pumping volumes are estimated from information based on electricity consumption. Groundwater pumping data alone cannot be used to accurately estimate the spatial rate and distribution of subsidence due to the low spatial correlation between estimated pumping volumes and subsidence from heterogeneous geologic materials. Time-dependent spatial regression is a reliable tool for estimating the spatial distribution of annual rate of subsidence based on spatial mapping of pumped groundwater volumes and monitored land subsidence. New hydrological insights for the regionEstimates of pumping quantities indicate that the locations of subsidence from overexploitation of groundwater from the underlying aquifer system is not always spatially correlated with major pumping areas or with the observed locations of maximum water-level drawdown. Considering time-dependent spatial regression models, the average RMSE of annual subsidence is 0.65 cm for the Choushui alluvial fan, indicating the high level of correlation between measured and estimated subsidence. These findings show that annual subsidence can be reliably estimated and predicted under the field pumping conditions of the study site. The influences of reduced withdrawals based on the relation between annual subsidence and pumping volumes can be evaluated for improved best management practices.

Augmenting the National agroecosystem model with physically based spatially distributed groundwater modeling

We present an integrated hydrologic modeling approach for the conterminous United States using the SWAT + models of the National Agroecosystem Model (NAM). The NAM is a field-based, national scale hydrologic model to aid in conservation planning and policy. We augment the NAM by simulating groundwater storage and flow in a physically based spatially distributed manner using the gwflow module. We also present a scripting tool that automates the creation of gwflow inputs for each 8-digit hydrologic unit code (HUC8) SWAT + model. Key calculated groundwater inflows and outflows include recharge, pumping, groundwater-lake exchange, groundwater-surface water exchange, transfer to soils, and boundary inflow. We demonstrate the approach for six HUC8 watersheds located in various regions of the United States, focusing on areas of groundwater pumping, tile drainage, intensive groundwater-surface water interactions, and high precipitation. The presented framework can be used to establish models for scenario analysis of climate, management, and land use.

Use of graphical and multivariate statistical methods to show a marine intrusion and salinization of a coastal water table: case study of the township of Abomey-Calavi, Benin

A robust classification scheme for partitioning water chemistry samples into homogeneous groups is an important tool for the characterization of hydrologic systems. In this paper we test the performance of the many available graphical and statistical methodologies used to classify water samples including: Piper diagram and diagram of Schoeller and Berckaloff. All the methods are discussed and compared as to their ability to cluster, ease of use, and ease of interpretation.The combination of graphical and statistical techniques provides a consistent and objective means to show that groundwater in the district of Godomey in the municipality of Abomey-Calavi is contaminated by sea water. This study reveal Togbin to be the area of intrusion of seawater into groundwater. This study has helped in setting the boundaries where seawater intrusion into groundwater occurs in the township of Abomey-Calavi. These results confirm the findings of Boukari et al., in 1996, who detected an early saline intrusion in this Godomey pumping area.

Fluorescence Radiation and Thermal Effect at the Edge of the Disk-Shaped Laser Crystal

The fluorescence radiation property at the edge of the thin disk crystal is very important to the design of thin disk lasers. In order to study this effect, in this paper, we established a theoretical model to describe the edge fluorescence radiation process in thin disk lasers. Subsequently, we used a thin disk crystal with indium absorption cladding to quantitatively test the edge fluorescence intensity. The significant difference between measured and simulated data can be described as P (probability value) < 0.1 at the edge when the measured temperature is lower than the melting point of the metal cladding, and P < 0.05 at the pump area. Finally, we analyze the influence of the edge fluorescence radiation on the thin disk laser operation, and the results show that the edge thermal effect will reduce the conversion efficiency of the disk laser by 20%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first quantitative study on the edge radiation intensity of disk lasers. The research can provide theoretical guidance for the designing and packaging process of crystal elements in thin disk lasers.