Pulse Beetle Callosobruchus Maculatus Research Articles

Comparative effect of Callosobruchus maculatus (Pest) on different pulses

Experiments were undertaken in room circumstances on variety of pulses to investigate the seed damage and weight loss caused by pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. The pulses selected for the study of comparative effect of Callosobruchus maculatus were chick pea (desi chana) “Cicer arietinum”, golden gram (moong daal) “Vigna radiata”, field pea (matar) “Pisum sativum”, Lentil (Masur) “Lens culinaris” and Kabuli chana (Chola) “Cicer arietinum”. The selected five variety of pulses are infested with pulse beetles and kept the pulse boxes for forty-five days without disturbing the pulses.

Sensitivity of developmental stages of pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) to gamma rays

Sensitivity studies on effects of gamma radiation on different life stages of Callasobruchus maculatus (F.) werecarried out in a growth chamber at temperature of 30ºC and relative humidity of 70 per cent. Two days old eggs, grubs (fourand seventeen days old) and three days old pupae along with green gram seeds were exposed to gamma radiation in range of0-50 Gy, 0-60 Gy, 0-100 Gy and 0-100 Gy, respectively. The radiation doses like 15 Gy, 40 Gy, 100 Gy and 100 Gy wereeffectively prevented adult formation from treated pre-imaginal stages mentioned above. For adult beetles response wasassessed by selecting five pairs of four days old adult male and females along with 30 g greengram seeds kept as a food andwere exposed to gamma radiation in range of 0-140 Gy. The fecundity of adults decreased with the increase of irradiationdose. There was 54.02, 61.59, 69.07, 87.80, 94.36 and 97.45 per cent reduction in egg laying in adults exposed to 20, 40, 60,80, 100 and 120 Gy, respectively. The adults exposed to a radiation dose of 80 Gy and above were capable of egg laying butsuch eggs were not developed to form adult . Therefore, from this study we concluded that all stages of C. maculatus canbe killed at 120 to 150 Gy expose dosage of gamma radiation.

Efficacy and role of essential oils as bio-insecticide against the pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) in post-harvest crops

Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) is considered as the most harmful pulse beetle attacking stored grains. Since synthetic pesticides have numerous disadvantages to human health and to the environment, essential oils (EOs) as a natural alternative can provide great efficiency against this pest. This review provides an outlook on published research and reports about the use of EOs against C. maculatus . The physiological aspects of C. maculatus , its life cycle and the grains host of this species were discussed. Moreover, the mechanism of action of EOs and the methods used to evaluate their insecticidal effect were also highlighted in this review. Medicinal plants have been used for their insecticidal activity and for pests’ management since ancient times, and nicotine was reported as the first insecticide from plants . The results revealed that the EOs from 121 species belonging to 26 family possess insecticidal effects against C. maculatus , with Lamiaceae (30 species) and Asteraceae (22 species) as the most representative. The major EOs constituents reported in this review, are mostly from terpenoids and sesquiterpenoids classes. Inhalation/fumigant toxicity, contact toxicity and repellency test were the most frequent methods used for the insecticidal activity. EOs have an inhibitory action on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a role in the modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and an effect on octopaminergic receptors as main modes of actions. • Botanical products have been used in crop protection since ancient times. • Several methodologies of insecticidal effects have been reported in the literature. • The physiological aspect, life cycle, and distribution of C. maculatus are discussed in this review. • The EOs from 121 species belonging to 26 family possess insecticidal effects against C. maculatus. • Lamiaceae (30 species) and Asteraceae (22 species) are the most reported families.

Cloning, expression and characterization of arcelin and its impact on digestive enzymes of the stored product insect pest, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)

The pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus causes potential damage to legume crops by infesting the seeds, leading to a reduction of total protein content. Arcelin found in the wild accessions of the common bean, is an insecticidal protein that has the potency to hamper the metabolism of the bruchid beetle. The arcelin gene from the wild accession of Phaseolus lunatus was isolated and the ORF encoding 158 amino acids was cloned in pET-45b (+) vector. The recombinant clones were transformed in BL21 STAR (DE3) pLysS cells, and the expressed arcelin was purified using Ni-NTA column. The recombinant protein was used in preparing an artificial diet, and the insecticidal activity was elucidated against the bruchid pest C. maculatus. Adult emergence and seed damage were drastically reduced in the treated groups. The response towards ingested diet by digestive enzymes involved in metabolism was elucidated through quantitative gene expression. The highest expression was observed in the aminopeptidase, followed by upregulation of alpha-amylase, glycoside hydrolase family 31 and cathepsin D-like aspartic protease, and downregulation of cathepsin L-like cysteine protease. The recombinant arcelin demonstrates effective insecticidal activity against the bruchid beetle. The changes in digestive enzymes to counteract the anti-nutritional nature of the protein were the strategies of the insect defense mechanism.

Evaluation Of Indigenous Techniques Against Pulse Beetle Callosobruchus Maculatus (F.) In Black Gram

Indigenous techniques viz., match boxes @ 10 no, lime powder @ 15 g, camphor @ 1 g, common salt @ 200 g, cow dung ash @ 80 g, buffalo dung ash @ 80 g, cow dung powder @ 100 g, buffalo dung powder @ 100 g, goat pellet powder @ 100 g/kg grain, gunny soaked in cow urine, gunny soaked in buffalo urine were evaluated as grain protectants against pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) in stored black gram at the Post Harvest Technology Centre, Bapatla. There was no adult emergence and grain damage in the treatments of dung powders besides camphor and ash even after six months. Further, the germination of stored seed kept with camphor, dung ashes and powders were good which ranged between 84.33% and 92.33%. A total of 3622.67 adults emerged from the untreated grain in 180 days of storage and caused 57.67% grain damage which resulted in 4.67% germination only. Besides filling up of inter-grain space, keeping a surface layer of 2.5 cm of powdered materials like ash and cattle dung could prevent pulse beetles successfully.

Efficacy of Edible Oils and Dried Leaf Powders Against Callosobruchus Maculatus F. On Cowpea

Laboratory experiment was conducted to find out the efficacy of edible oils and dried leaf powders against the pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) on cowpea seeds. The results revealed that among the edible oils groundnut (Arachis hypogea) oil was the most effective with less seed damage (6.98%), weight loss (1.30%) and maximum feeding index (97.66%) followed by mustard (Brassicajuncea) and gingelly (Sesamum indicum) oil. Among the plant powders, neemAzadirachta indica resulted in less seed damage (19.65%), weight loss (26.64%), and high feeding index (50.63%) followed by Eucalyptus globulus and Ipomoea sp. Both edible oils and dried leaf powders do not affect the germination of cowpea seeds up to 60 days of treatment.

Fumigant toxicity of some plant volatile oils against pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus

Fumigant toxicity of five plant volatile oils viz., ginger oil (Zingiber officinale), patchouli oil (Pogoste moncablin), garlic oil (Allium sativum), cinnamon oil (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) and lemon oil (Citruslimon) were evaluated at 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5% and 1.0% concentrations against the egg, larva, adult of the pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus along with their effect on the oviposition. The results revealed that the fumigant toxicity indicated by the lowest egg hatching of 10% was observed with 1.0% concentration of C. zeylanicum and Z. officinale; also, maximum larval mortality of 90% was observed. The adult mortality was 90% with C. zeylanicum oil at 1.0% and 72.50% with Z. officinale oil at 1.0%. C. zeylanicum and Z. officinale at 1.0% concentration also resulted in minimum oviposition of 3.00 and 4.25 eggs, respectively in contrast to 74 to 78 eggs in untreated control.

Use of black pepper and clove against pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) in green gram

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of pepper powder, solvent extracted piperine and clove oil against pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus in stored green gram at the Post Harvest Technology Center, Bapatla, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh during 2015 and 2016. There were eleven treatments viz., pepper powder mixed with grain at four different doses i.e., 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4% (w/w), pepper powder in sachet @ 1 g and 2 g, cotton swab impregnated with piperine solution @ 3.0% (w/v), plywood piece impregnated with piperine solution @ 1.5% and 3.0% (w/v), plywood piece impregnated with clove oil @ 0.5 ml along with an untreated control. Significant differences were observed among the treatments in population buildup and grain damage due to different doses at exposure times. Grain mixing of pepper powder had a dose response relationship as the adult emergence decreased with dose of from 1 to 4% at all the exposure periods. The mean total emergence and the % grain damage were significantly less in the treatments. Among the pepper treatments, direct mixing of powder with grain was observed to be the most effective over surface placement of piperine extract through plywood pieces or cotton swab.

Lifetable of Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) on Three Hosts

Lifetable of pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) worked out on cowpea, chickpea and soybean revealed that the intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) on cowpea was 1.99x higher than on chickpea and 2.79x higher than on soybean. The shorter generation time and higher intrinsic rate of increase shortened the population doubling time to 5.93 days on cowpea as compared to 11.72 days on chickpea and 16.50 days on soybean. Based on the rm values and doubling time, the most suitable host was found to be cowpea followed by chickpea and soybean. On all the three hosts studied, the maximum contribution towards stable age distribution was made by the immature stages. The computation of lifetable expectancy data clearly indicated that the life expectancy of C. maculatus declined gradually with the advancement of age.

Behavioral responses of Callosobruchus maculatus to volatile organic compounds found in the headspace of dried green pea seeds

There is growing evidence that insects rely on chemical cues to locate food, hosts, predators, and potential mates. The pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus has been recognized for decades as the major post-harvest insect pest of legume seeds. In a previous study, we identified five volatile organic compounds in the headspace of dried green pea seeds as electroantennographically active in C. maculatus antennae: 1-pentanol, 1-octen-3-ol, (E)-2-octenal, nonanal, and 3-carene. Some of these compounds used individually elicited attraction toward C. maculatus adults. However, since volatile compounds are generally perceived by insects as blends, we hypothesized that C. maculatus might particularly show attraction to different mixtures of the aforementioned compounds. To test this, we examined the behavioral response of C. maculatus toward a quinary, a quaternary, two ternary, and three binary mixtures in a dual choice Y-tube olfactometer. The results seem to indicate that in a dual choice situation, the first choice made by the beetles is an indication of the attractive or repellent properties of the mixture tested. In most cases, a positive response of C. maculatus to the mixtures of volatiles was observed. Females were attracted to five mixtures, while males were attracted only to two binary mixtures consisting exclusively of aldehydes. The other mixtures caused C. maculatus to respond negatively, suggesting they were repellent. Further investigations with the attractive mixtures should be done in real storage conditions with the aim of developing a trap for the pulse beetle, C. maculatus.

Insecticidal activity and chemical composition of the Morinda lucida essential oil against pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus.

Insecticidal activity of essential oil extracted from Morinda lucida was tested on pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus, which is a pest that causes serious damage to several pulses. The insecticidal activity was compared with two pesticides, Phostoxin and Primo-ban-20. 120 mixed sex adult C. maculatus were introduced, along with 30 g of cowpeas. Four concentrations (0.40, 0.20, 0.10, and 0.05 μg/mL) of the M. lucida essential oil, Phostoxin, and Primo-ban-20 were tested. Essential oil chemical composition was analyzed by GC-MS. M. lucida essential oil showed a high toxicological effect, producing 100% mortality after 72 hours at a dose of 0.20 μg/mL. M. lucida essential oil had a potent insecticidal activity (LC90 = 0.629 μg/mL) compared to both pesticides, Phostoxin (LC90 = 0.652 μg/mL) and Primo-ban-20 (LC90 = 0.726 μg/mL), at 24 h. The main compounds of the essential oil were the oxygenated monoterpenoids, 1,8-cineole (43.4%), and α-terpinyl acetate (14.5%), and the monoterpene hydrocarbons, mostly sabinene (8.2%) and β-pinene (4.0%). Results clearly indicate that M. lucida essential oil can be used as an effective alternative for pulse beetle C. maculatus control, and it could be tested against other pulse beetles affecting Asia and Africa and throughout the world, thereby reducing use of synthetic pesticides.

Insecticidal and biological efficacy of two vegetable oils against Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) under laboratory conditions

Bioefficacy of two vegetable oils, namely ethyl oleate and Acorus calamus, were conducted against the pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabr.) under a constant temperature of 29 ± 1 °C and a relative humidity of 65 ± 5% R.H. Four concentrations (0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0%) of each oil were used against the adult and tested their latent effect on the immature stages of the beetle. The results obtained show insecticidal effect of both ethyl oleate and A. calamus oil; however, A. calamus oil proved to be more toxic to the adults at all the concentrations tested in comparison to the ethyl oleate oil. As the concentration of the oils decreased, the percentage mortality decreased. The obtained results concentrated on biological efficacy of the oils tested against the adults. Both oils affected the longevities of both male and female C. maculatus adults in comparison to the control. The oviposition periods of the adult female were affected significantly in comparison to the control. A. calamus oil prohibited oviposition completely at high concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0% and caused complete sterility to the females. Lower concentrations decreased the oviposition period greatly and reduced the number of eggs laid in comparison to the control. Ethyl oleate had an inconsiderable latent effect on the incubation period as well as the percentage of hatching of the resulting eggs. A. calamus oil decreased the percentage of egg hatchability with serious increase in the percent sterility. The two tested oils had slight extension in either larval or pupal stage of the resulting progeny of C. maculatus. Both oils show oviposition deterrency towards C. maculatus adults. The oviposition deterrent index was 100% when mung bean seeds were treated with A. calamus oil. The bruchid females laid all eggs on control seeds and no eggs were laid on treated seeds.

Effect of hot and cold treatments for the management of Pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab) in pulses

Effect of hot and cold treatments for the management of Pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab) in pulses

Preliminary Results on Evaluation of Chickpea,Cicer arietinum, Genotypes for Resistance to the Pulse Beetle,Callosobruchus maculatus

The chickpea, Cicer arietinum L. (Fabales: Fabaceae), seeds are vulnerable, both in the field and in storage, to attack by seed-beetles. Beetles of the genus Callosobruchus are major storage pests of chickpea crops and cause considerable economic losses. In the present study, a total of 11 chickpea genotypes including five ‘kabuli’ (Mexican white, Diyar, CA 2969, ILC 8617 and ACC 245) and six ‘desi’ chickpeas (ICC 1069, ICC 12422, ICC 14336, ICC 4957, ICC 4969 and ICC 7509) were evaluated for resistance to the pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Resistance was evaluated by measuring percent damage to seeds. Damage to seeds by C. maculatus was manifested by the round exit holes with the ‘flap’ of seed coat made by emerging adults. Of the 11 genotypes tested, only one (ICC 4969) exhibited a complete resistance to C. maculatus in both free-choice and no-choice tests; no seed damage was found over the test period. In general, the ‘desi’ chickpeas were more resistant to C. maculatus than the ‘kabuli’ chickpeas. Among the tested chickpea genotypes, only ICC 4969 can be used as a source of C. maculatus resistance in breeding programmes that could then be grown in organic cultivation free from pesticides.

Laboratory evaluation of the toxic properties of forest anchomanes, Anchomanes difformis against pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Abstract Laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the efficacy of crude stem extracts of forest anchomanes, Anchomanes difformis (P. Beauv.) a plant occurring in West African forests, against the pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius). Crude stem extracts at 3% concentration showed high contact toxicity to adult beetles within 24 h after application, while it was moderately toxic to the beetles at the lowest (1%) concentration. At the highest application rate, the plant extract provided good protection to grains stored for 90 days. Grain viability and water absorption capacity were not affected by treatments with ethanol extracts of A. difformis. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to biopesticide‐means of controlling cowpea bruchids.

Comparative Efficacy of Some Indigenous Plant Extracts against the Pulse Beetle Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

ABSTRACT The efficacy of nine plant species belonging to seven families have been evaluated in the form of aqueous extracts for their insecticidal, anti-ovipositional and ovicidal properties against the pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus F., infesting cow pea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Small gunny bags were treated with a 10% concentration of each extract. Cowpea seeds (50g) were stored in the treated bags and two pairs of neonate adults of C. maculatus were introduced into plastic containers containing the treated bags. Cowpeas protected with the aqueous extracts of Coleus aromaticus Berth., Morinda tinctoria Buch-Ham., and Cassia siamea Lam. were found to be effective in reducing egg laying, adult emergence and percent reduction in weight loss. Among the ten plant extracts screened, Crateva adansonii DC (Buch-Ham) M. Jacobs., and Abrus precatorius L., were not effective against these beetles during the post harvest storage under laboratory conditions for 60 days.