Raw Material For Pulp Research Articles

Anatomical characteristic and fiber morphology of fibrovascular bundle of Indonesian nipa (Nypa fruticans) frond

Nipa (Nypa Fruticans) is a palm tree that grows in wetlands and mangroves. Nipa fronds possess lignocellulose and hold the potential as a viable source for producing composite boards, pulp, and paper. This research aims to identify the anatomical and morphological characteristics of nipah fronds fiber, especially in the fibrovascular bundle. Nipa fronds were observed in the radial and longitudinal directions. There are four zones in the radial direction, consisting of the outer zone (convex and concave), middle zone, and inner zone. The longitudinal positions consist of the bottom, intermediate, and upper. Anatomical characteristics were observed using a light microscope focused on the fibrovascular bundle's characteristics. Fiber morphology was measured at each position with 20 repetitions of each measurement. The results showed that the number of FVB increased from the outer zone, especially convex towards the middle and inner zone. Thus, the outer fronds are denser than the inner zone. Based on observations of fiber morphology, the concave (radial) zone in the intermediate position (longitudinal) has the longest fiber compared to the other parts. Meanwhile, the cell wall thickness is greatest at the bottom of the concave zone. The widest lumen diameter is the convex zone at the bottom position. This research can conclude that the FVB of nipa palm fronds, both longitudinal and radial, are included in quality class III, which is good enough to be used as raw material for pulp and paper.

Indonesia’s Pulp Export Performance In the China Market: An Analysis Using Almost Ideal Demand System Approach

Indonesia is one of the world's leading pulp producers. Both domestic consumption and global demand are increasing annually. As Indonesia seeks to meet the escalating global demand for pulp raw materials, China is emerging as a major destination for its exports, which underscores the strategic importance of this market. This study aims to evaluate the comparative advantage of Indonesian pulp exports and to identify the price, cross-price and expenditure elasticities of pulp demand in the Chinese market. Using the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) method and the Linear Approximation-Almost Ideal Demand System (LA/AIDS) model, this research analyzes annual time series data covering the period 2003-2022, focusing on the quantity and export value of chemical pulp (HS 470329). The results show that Indonesian pulp has a comparative advantage in the Chinese market, as indicated by Indonesia's RCA index greater than one. However, this comparative advantage is declining over time. At the same time, China's sustained increase in pulp consumption underscores the intensified competition among pulp-exporting countries for market share in China. Using the LA/AIDS model, the estimation results highlight a different dynamic in the Chinese pulp market: Japanese pulp emerges as a complementary product to Indonesian pulp, while Thailand and Brazilian pulp act as substitutes. These findings have valuable strategic implications for Indonesian policymakers and industry stakeholders in managing the complexities of global pulp trade dynamics

Comparative analysis of installations for heat treatment of non-food pulp raw materials by the influence of electrophysical factors

Relevance. The objectives of the work are to develop radio-hermetic installations and substantiate the effective design of the working chamber, which provides a comprehensive effect of electrophysical factors on non-food pulp raw materials to preserve feed value at reduced operating costs. Scientific tasks: 1) to develop installations with different designs of resonators; 2) to conduct a comparative analysis of the working chambers according to the main parameters; 3) to evaluate the technical and economic indicators of an effective installation in relation to the basic version.Methods. The effect of electrophysical factors on raw materials is realized in resonators with magnetrons and frequency generators of pulse-modeled high-frequency oscillations of 110 kHz, where a bactericidal flux lamp serves as a high-potential electrode.Results. Several continuous-flow radiohermetic installations with ultrahigh-frequency (microwave) power supply to non-standard resonators have been developed, inside which a complex effect of a high-intensity electric field, a bactericidal flow of UV rays and ozone is realized to reduce bacterial contamination of the product and neutralize odor during heat treatment of raw materials, the dimensions of which are consistent with the depth of penetration of the wave. Features of conical and biconic resonators − provide radio leakage in continuous operation by cutting off the tip at the level of the critical section, depending on the angle of inclination of the cone generator, and allow you to keep the standing wave inside the resonator. The combination of magnetron and cylindrical resonators increases the efficiency of the interaction of the electron flux with the microwave field, and an increase in the inductive volume, which is a “reservoir” of energy, increases the intrinsic quality of the resonator. A quasi-toroidal resonator, presented as a conical resonator in a toroidal resonator, having small overall dimensions and metal consumption, provides a traveling wave in the annular space, and a standing wave in the conical space. The high electric field strength in the capacitor part of the resonator and the corona discharge in the torus contribute to the disinfection of raw materials.

Proximate, total phenolic, carotenoid, antioxidant activity, color, and FTIR analysis of red ginger powders (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) through the evaporation-crystallization process

Red ginger is a plant that is rich in antioxidants and is easily available in Indonesia. So far, red ginger has been used with various extraction methods by previous researchers, but the application of this process has not been able to be used by independent economic MSMEs. This research took place using evaporation-crystallization equipment as the main tool, accompanied by temperature variations (80 and 90°C) and granulated sugar as a crystallization agent (60 and 100%). The quality of the powdered red ginger product analyzed in this study showed good stability values for the fresh red ginger raw material before processing. The average value of the proximate content of red ginger products is 7.668; 12.116; 5.225; 0.422-1.708; 73.960% for moisture, ash, fat, protein, and carbohydrate content, respectively; and total glucose of 63.768 ppm. Meanwhile, the results of the phenolic and carotenoid content provide a significant reduction of up to 50%. The average content is 42.459 mg gallic acid/g; and 5.480 g respectively (including color - also a decrease in L, a, and b values) compared to the red ginger pulp raw material. The opposite value occurred in the DPPH antioxidant activity of red ginger pulp, the content of which was 2-3 times higher than fresh red ginger. These findings not only have an impact on the development of more health-beneficial food and beverage products but also encourage further understanding of the potential of bioactive compounds in ginger to support human well-being.

Characterization of lipophilic extractives in the wood of anthocephalus cadamba and anthocepalus macrophyllus from progeny trial

This study aims to determine the lipophilic component that affects the quality of pulp and paper products in wood of 10-year-old Anthocephalus cadamba (families 23, 11 and 6) and 5-year-old Anthocepalus macrophyllus (families 75, 85 and 2). The results showed that the main group of compounds that appeared frequently and were identified in the lipophilic fraction were fatty acids (palmitic, oleic, linoleic and stearic acids), fatty alcohols (eicosanol, heneicosanol and tetracosanol), sterols (β-sitosterol and campasterol), hydrocarbons (hexadecane, tricosene and cyclotetracosane), aldehydes, alongside minor amounts of triterpenoid. F11 and F2 can be promoted as raw materials for pulp and paper, while F6 and F75 are not recommended because of the high levels of lipids such as sterols, triterpenoids, hydrocarbons, fatty acids, and fatty alcohols.

Utilization of Non-Wood Fibers as Raw Materials for Pulp and Paper Production in Pakistan: A Review

Utilization of Non-Wood Fibers as Raw Materials for Pulp and Paper Production in Pakistan: A Review

Development of Raw Materials and Technology for Pulping-A Brief Review.

Paper is one of the most significant inventions in human civilization, which considerably advanced global cultural development. Pulping is a key step in the conversion of fiber raw materials into paper. Since its inception, pulping has rapidly evolved, continually adapting to technological advancements. Researchers are constantly investigating various types of raw materials for pulping. In this review, some of the materials employed in pulping are outlined, and the fiber content, pulping method, as well as the strength of wood and non-wood crop straw as pulping raw materials are analyzed and discussed. In addition, this review explores the effects of different materials under various pulping conditions and assesses the future trends in raw material selection for pulping while considering the current global environmental pressures.

Hemicellulose-rich paper-grade pulp as raw material for regenerated fibres in an ionic liquid-based process

Hemicellulose-rich pulp raw materials are avoided in the production of man-made cellulosic textile fibres due to hemicellulose reactivity with the currently used industrial solvent systems. Incorporation of hemicelluloses in regenerated fibres could, however, increase the share of used wood biomass and thus improve the environmental footprint of regenerated fibre products. Superbase ionic liquids have shown potential in dissolving and regenerating all the major wood polymers i.e. cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin into regenerated products. In this work, regenerated fibres were spun from hemicellulose-rich softwood and eucalyptus paper-grade pulps and eucalyptus dissolving pulp using a superbase ionic liquid [mTBNH][OAc]. Before dissolution and spinning, intrinsic viscosities of the paper-grade pulps were adjusted either enzymatically or by using a mild acid-treatment to improve dope rheology for dry-jet wet spinning. In fibre spinning, hemicellulose was found to regenerate in high yield and the obtained regenerated fibres had high dry tenacities (5.3 to 15 cN/dtex). The best mechanical properties were measured from fibres with high hemicellulose content (17.3% (w/w)). Pulp pretreatment was found to be critical for achieving good mechanical properties. Acid-pretreatment, which modified both cellulose and hemicellulose, yielded regenerated fibres with better mechanical properties compared to an enzyme-pretreatment which did not alter the hemicellulose structure. Removal of hemicellulose substituents and hydrolysis of hemicellulose backbone in acid-pretreatment may be the key to improved mechanical properties in hemicellulose-containing regenerated fibres. Enzymatic peeling and imaging with a xylan-specific monoclonal antibody (CCRC-M138) suggest that hemicelluloses were enriched to the outermost layers of the regenerated fibres.

Utilization of Coconut Pulp as Raw Material for Bioethanol Production

South Sulawesi has potential in the development of bioethanol from biomass because it has a plantation sector which is a mainstay sector with various types of commodities that can produce biomass. One biomass that has the potential as a raw material for bioethanol is coconut pulp. The reason for choosing coconut pulp as raw material for bioethanol production is because the cellulose rate is 36.08%; hemicellulose is 12.58%, besides that coconut is the main commodity crop in the plantation sector in South Sulawesi and its utilization will not interfere with food needs so that it will ensure smooth production of bioethanol. This study aims to produce bioethanol with coconut pulp raw materials using physical pretreatment namely autoclave. Autoclave pretreatment results are followed by fermentation using yeast for 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 days anaerobically and adding urea and NPK as nitrogen sources during the fermentation process. The result of fermentation was then distilled to obtain bioethanol for 12-72 hours. The highest bioethanol content was obtained after 13 days of fermentation which was 6,2683%. This pretreatment uses the influence of temperature and pressure to degrade lignin in coconut pulp to optimize fermentation results. Based on mapping the amount of coconut pulp, a coconut pulp supply network model can be produced at the upstream level including supply sources, depots and bioethanol plants.

Feasibility of utilization of eucalyptus leaves (Eucalyptus spp) from logging waste in industrial plantation forests to produce essential oils

Eucalyptus is a type of industrial plantation forest (HTI) tree that has high economic value. Almost all parts of eucalyptus can be used. In addition, wood can be used as raw material for pulp, leaves and twigs containing cineol can be used as raw material for essential oils. This study aims to analyze the feasibility of using eucalyptus leaves from a financial perspective for essential oil production in the plantation forest area of PT. Toba Pulp Lestari Tbk. The analytical method used is descriptive analysis, financial analysis with two selling price scenarios, namely the high target scenario and the low target scenario with the criteria of Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The results showed that the use of eucalyptus leaves as a raw material for essential oils from logging waste in plantation forest areas is financially feasible. With details of the high target scenario, it produces an NPV value of IDR 134,903,510,450 (USD 8,895,714.5), an IRR value of 33.01% and a BCR value of 3.76. The NPV value for the low target scenario is IDR 84,029,947,498 (USD 5,541,045), the IRR value is 21.90% and the BCR value is 2.72.

Preparation of Dissolving Pulp by Combined Mechanical and Deep Eutectic Solvent Treatment.

Grasses are potential candidate to replace wood as a raw material for pulping and paper making, and several processes have been developed to produce grass pulp. In this study, wheat straw was used as raw material, and the possibility of sequential treatment with a mechanical method and deep eutectic solvent (DES) to prepare high-quality dissolving pulp was explored. Firstly, the wheat straw was mechanically treated, and then the wheat straw was delignified using a choline chloride-lactic acid deep eutectic solvent. The results showed that the optimal treatment conditions of deep eutectic solvent were 110 °C, 6 h, and a solid-liquid ratio (ratio of pulp to DES) of 1:40. The removal rate of lignin was 82.92%, the glucose content of pulp was increased by 11.42%. The DES recovery rate was further calculated, and the results showed that the DES recovery rate was more than 50% with rotary evaporation. The pulp viscosity after bleaching was 472 mL/g, and the α-cellulose accounted for 81.79%. This treatment has advantages in biomass refining, and the total utilization rate of wheat straw reaches 72%. This study confirmed that combined mechanical and deep eutectic solvent treatment can effectively remove lignin from wheat straw to produce high-quality wheat straw dissolving pulp.

Mobilenet-based Transfer Learning for Detection of Eucalyptus Pellita Diseases

Currently, the pulp industry in Indonesia is ranked eighth in the world and the paper industry is ranked sixth in the world. One of the advantages in supporting the industry is that Indonesia has a large Industrial Plantation Forest (HTI) where the plants for pulp and paper raw materials originate. Eucalyptus pellita species belonging to the Myrtaceae family is one of the priority species for Industrial Plantation Forests (HTI) because of its adaptability and its wood can be used as raw material for pulp. Industrial Plantation Forests of this type can be found mainly in Kalimantan and Sumatra. This species shows good growth in stem shape, growth speed and good wood quality and has high germination and has a shorter cutting cycle of about 7-8 years so that it is quickly harvested. Prevention and treatment of leaf disease is one of the main processes of planting. Early diagnosis and accurate recognition of Eucalyptus Pellita disease can control the spread of the disease and reduce production costs and treatment costs. Disease detection on Eucalyptus pellita leaves can be done automatically faster by utilizing digital image processing and artificial intelligence. In this study, we propose a detection method with Deep Learning architecture. Our proposed method is based on pre-trained transfer learning using MobileNet. Image datasets from PT. Surya Hutani Jaya's land in East Kalimantan were used to train the model. The dataset is divided into three classes where 1 class is healthy leaves and 2 classes are sick leaves, namely Xanthomonas Bacteria and Cylindrocladium Fungi. With a dataset ratio of 70: 20: 10 the number of training datasets is 2370, validation is 591, and Testing is 177. Hyperparameter scenarios were carried out on the MobileNet model to optimize performance on the Eucalyptus Pellita leaf dataset. The experimental results show a fairly good accuracy, reaching 98%.

Suitability of Acrocarpus fraxinifolius as a Pulping Raw Material

The present study emphasized on wood trait indices of Acrocarpus fraxinifolius for understanding the suitability of the species for paper and pulp industries. The study was conducted at the College of Forestry, Ponnampet, Karnataka in 2020. The wood core samples were collected from the trees falling under 130 to 150 cm girth class, standing in coffee-based agroforestry systems of Kodagu, Karnataka, India. A total of 12 wood core samples were collected using the Presseler’s increment borer at breast height level. For wood fibre analysis the core portion was divided and three, i.e., near to the pith portion, middle and periphery, and made as a composite sample. Core samples were macerated using Jeffreys solution technique at Forest Product and Utilization Laboratory, College of Forestry, UAHS, Shivamogga. Fifty measurements on fibre parameters (Fibre length, Fibre width, Fibre wall thickness, and Fibre Lumen width) were recorded for each sample under a stereomicroscope with an inbuilt Image Analyzer. The mean fibre properties recorded, were used for calculating wood anatomical indices such as the Runkel ratio, Slenderness ratio, Flexibility coefficient, and Rigidity coefficient using standard formulas. The mean Runkel ratio, Slenderness ratio, Flexibility coefficient, and Rigidity coefficient were 0.580, 60.132, 63.290, and 0.184 respectively. The anatomical screening suggests that the species can be used as raw material for paper production, based on the indices. Further research is required to explore the mechanical and chemical properties of commercial exploitation for pulping.

Agricultural Residues as Raw Materials for Pulp and Paper Production: Overview and Applications on Membrane Fabrication.

The need for pulp and paper has risen significantly due to exponential population growth, industrialization, and urbanization. Most paper manufacturing industries use wood fibers to meet pulp and paper requirements. The shortage of fibrous wood resources and increased deforestation are linked to the excessive dependence on wood for pulp and paper production. Therefore, non-wood substitutes, including corn stalks, sugarcane bagasse, wheat, and rice straw, cotton stalks, and others, may greatly alleviate the shortage of raw materials used to make pulp and paper. Non-woody raw materials can be pulped easily using soda/soda-AQ (anthraquinone), organosolv, and bio-pulping. The use of agricultural residues can also play a pivotal role in the development of polymeric membranes separating different molecular weight cut-off molecules from a variety of feedstocks in industries. These membranes range in applications from water purification to medicinal uses. Considering that some farmers still burn agricultural residues on the fields, resulting in significant air pollution and health issues, the use of agricultural residues in paper manufacturing can eventually help these producers to get better financial outcomes from the grown crop. This paper reviews the current trends in the technological pitch of pulp and paper production from agricultural residues using different pulping methods, with an insight into the application of membranes developed from lignocellulosic materials.

Recent advances in use of 4- coumarate coenzyme a ligase (4CL) as target gene for improving delignification of paper pulp in Leucaena leucocephala in Indian perspective: A review & case study

Lignin provides support to plants by filling the gaps in cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin components but it is an undesired ingredient of pulp as it imparts black to brown colour to the pulp during paper making process. To remove lignin a lot of chemicals and bleaching agents are used which contribute to major fraction of environmental pollution as well as cost determination of paper making process. In India majorly Leucaena leucocephala is employed for obtaining pulp raw material owing to its properties suited for paper production such as vessel percentage, felting power, runkel ratio, tensile strength etc which is better than other commonly employed sources for paper pulp as raw material. In this review paper we focused on recent advances in the use of 4CL enzyme as target gene towards achieving model designer Leucaena leucocephala trees which can be a possible solution to this problem significantly minimizing the environmental pollution and cost of production. It is known from previous studies that better S/G lignin monomer ratio favours easy extractability of lignin from pulp. Different isoforms with different substrate specificities are known in different plants and knowledge of this differential substrate specificity in conjunction with regulation of expression of these isoforms can help in attaining desired S/G lignin monomer ratio. Thus, these model designer plants would be capable of naturally producing easily amenable lignin towards delignification by altering the S/G lignin ratio and can significantly cut the environmental pollution and cost determining factors for paper production.

Fiber Quality of Betung Bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) from Forest Area with Special Purpose (FASP) Pondok Buluh, Simalungun, North Sumatera

The FASP Pondok Buluh is located in Dolok Panribuan District, Simalungan Regency, Sumatera Utara, which has uniqueness due to the number of bamboo species found in this area, such as Betung Bamboo. This bamboo has a long fiber and is suitable for pulp and paper materials. This research aims to measure the dimension of Betung Bamboo and its fiber derivatives value for the eligibility of pulp and paper material. A total of 3 stems of Betung Bamboo were cut, and samples were taken in the form of a disc with a length of 5 cm at heights of 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 meters. Then the sample was cut into sticks, and separated fibers were made using the maceration process. Furthermore, the dimensions of the sample were measured using a light microscope, namely fiber length, fiber diameter, and fiber wall thickness, and then the measurement for the fiber derivatives value of the bamboo fiber. The results of this research obtained the average dimension of bamboo fiber is 2402 μm for fiber length, fiber diameter is 18.18 μm, lumen diameter is 8.73 μm, and fiber wall thickness is 4.91 μm. The fiber length graph shows the decreased fiber length along the bottom to the top of the bamboo culm and the wavy trend for the fiber diameter on some bamboo heights. The measurement of the fiber derivatives values obtained the average Runkle ratio 1.15, felting power 133.63, mulhsteph ratio 76.91%, rigidity coefficient 0.27, and flexibility ratio 0.48. Then the quality class of bamboo fiber was determined. A score of 275-325 was obtained with quality class II, meaning that Betung Bamboo is grown in the Pondok Buluh area. It is suitable for use as raw material for pulp and paper because it has long fibers, is easy to flatten when milled, and has good fiber bonds.

Fiber Quality of Yellow Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris vitata) from Forest Area with Special Purpose Pondok Buluh, Simalungun Regency, North Sumatera Province

Forest Area with Special Purpose (FASP) Forest Training Pondok Buluh has a forest area of around 1.272 ha, with much plant species diversity, such as Yellow Bamboo. Bamboo can be used as a material that has the potential as a raw material to replace wood in several uses, one of which is pulp and paper. This study aims to analyze the dimension and derivation of fiber dimensions of the yellow bamboo that grows in FASP Pondok Buluh. The method used in this study is to get the maceration process of the bamboo sticks from yellow bamboo, then observe under a microscope to see the dimension of the fiber, then calculate the value of the derivative of its fiber dimensions. The results of this study obtained the average dimension of yellow bamboo fiber is 1945 μm in fiber length, fiber diameter is 12.75 μm, lumen diameter is 4.20 μm, and fiber wall thickness is 4.28 μm. Then calculated the fiber dimension derivative and obtained a Runkle ratio of 2.32, felting power of 152.61, muhlsteph ratio of 88.73%, coefficient of rigidity of 0.34, and flexibility ratio of 0.32. Based on the result of the derivative of the fiber dimensions, yellow bamboo gets a score of 225-275, which is included in quality class II. This means that the yellow bamboo that grows in the Pondok Buluh area can be used as a raw material for pulp and paper.

The use of various composition media and additional compost to stimulate the growth of jabon putih (Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser) seedlings

Jabon putih (Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser) is a species of forest plant that is widely grown for pulp raw material of paper and carpentry wood, in plantation forests, village forests, and community lands, so it is necessary to prepare good quality seedlings. This research was conducted for the propagation of jabon putih seedlings by stimulating their growth using various media compositions and compost doses. This research was carried out in the nursery area of the Environmental and Forestry Research and Development Center of Makassar for three months, from October 2019 to January 2020. This study used a completely randomized design with a factorial pattern with four replications. The treatment used various media compositions consisting of soil, sand, husks as the first factor, and compost dose as the second factor. The variables observed were the growth of seedlings including height, stem diameter, and number of leaves. The interaction of media composition and compost dose had a significant effect on the growth of jabon putih seedlings in the nursery. The best media composition was a mixture of soil, husks, and sand with a ratio of 2:1:1 and the provision of 40 g of compost per polybag, which could increase the growth of seedling height by 68.62%.

IMPACT OF FINANCIAL DISTRESS ON STOCK PRICE: THE CASE OF PULP & PAPER COMPANIES REGISTERED IN INDONESIA STOCK EXCHANGE

Cellulose is an organic component that is widely found in wood fibers. Cellulose is the main component in the pulp/paper industry. As in wood, the raw material for pulp contains cellulose fibers. Cellulose is often used and processed to produce various types in the paper industry. Pulp is the primary material for different paper products, ranging from factories’ boards to daily necessities such as paper, tissue, tea bags, and magazines. Meanwhile, paper is a new change in literature and language that has played a significant role in the history of the development of human civilization. The pulp and paper industry in Indonesia provides a reasonably good contribution to the Indonesian economy. Several pulp & paper companies are listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The results of previous studies indicate that several pulp & paper companies are in a stage of financial difficulty. This study aims to prove empirically that the Z-score as a measure of the company's economic challenges affects stock prices. The results showed that the Z-score affected stock prices. From several ratios that make up the Z-score, it is known that the ratio of working capital to total assets, market value of equity to book value of debt, and sales to total assets have a significant effect on stock prices.

Preparation of in-situ modified diatomite and its application in papermaking

In the paper industry, adding fillers can replace plant fibers in pulp, which is beneficial to environmental protection and cost reduction. However, the large-scale use of inorganic fillers can interfere with interfiber bonding, thereby affecting the physical properties of paper. Due to the loss of fillers and paper fibers, the pollution of paper machine white water is aggravated. In order to improve the above situation, diatomite was used as the matrix and modified by Al(OH)3 in-situ precipitation. In this study, modified diatomite was used as a papermaking filler. Paper properties, retention and the chemical oxygen demand in papermaking wastewater were also evaluated. The results show that, compared with the blank control, the modified diatomite filler could effectively improve the retention rate and reduce the pollution of paper machine white water while maintaining the physical strength of the paper. Among them, the fiber retention rate of pulp raw material could reach 98.05% and the chemical oxygen demand content of paper machine white water was 30.10 mg L−1.