Pulmonary Tuberculosis Disease Research Articles

Association of TLR-2 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to Pulmonary Tuberculosis at Northwest Ethiopian population, a case control study.

Background: Tuberculosis is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Polymorphisms in the TLR-2 gene have a diverse influence on the innate immune response and may result in the susceptibility of active pulmonary tuberculosis diseases among particular families, ethnicities, and races. However, the genetic variation in TLR2 in the susceptibility to PTB in our population has not been previously investigated. Thus, this study assesses the association of TLR-2 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to PTB in Northwest Ethiopian population.

Urine lipoarabinomannan concentrations among HIV-negative adults with pulmonary or extrapulmonary tuberculosis disease in Vietnam.

Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is a promising target biomarker for diagnosing subclinical and clinical tuberculosis (TB). Urine LAM (uLAM) testing using rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) has been approved for people living with HIV (PLWH), however there is limited data regarding uLAM levels in HIV-negative (HIV-ve) adults with clinical TB. We conducted a clinical study of adults presenting with clinical TB-related symptoms at the National Lung Hospital in Hanoi, Vietnam. The uLAM concentrations were measured using electrochemiluminescent (ECL) immunoassays and compared to a microbiological reference standard (MRS) using GeneXpert Ultra and TB culture testing. Estimated uLAM concentrations above plate specific calculated limit of detection (LOD) were considered uLAM positive. Additional microbiological testing was conducted for possible extrapulmonary TB (EPTB). Among 745 participants enrolled, 335 (44.9%) participants with presumptive pulmonary TB (PTB) and 6 (11.3%) participants with presumptive EPTB had confirmed TB disease. Overall, the S/A antibody pair had a sensitivity of 39% (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.33, 0.44) and a specificity of 97% (95% CI 0.96, 0.99) compared to the MRS. The F/A antibody pair had a sensitivity of 41% (95% CI 0.35, 0.47) and a specificity of 79% (95% CI 0.75, 0.84). S/A provided greater discriminatory ability compared to F/A for both individuals with presumptive PTB (AUROC: 0.74 vs 0.63, p<0.0001) and presumptive EPTB (0.76 vs 0.54, p = 0.045) when using the MRS. Among HIV-ve participants in an adult cohort in Vietnam, the concentrations of uLAM remained relatively low for people with clinical TB, which may present challenges for improving RDT sensitivity.

Computer vision applications for the detection or analysis of tuberculosis using digitised human lung tissue images - a systematic review

ObjectiveTo conduct a systematic review of the computer vision applications that detect, diagnose, or analyse tuberculosis (TB) pathology or bacilli using digitised human lung tissue images either through automatic or semi-automatic methods. We categorised the computer vision platform into four technologies: image processing, object/pattern recognition, computer graphics, and deep learning. In this paper, the focus is on image processing and deep learning (DL) applications for either 2D or 3D digitised human lung tissue images. This review is useful for establishing a common practice in TB analysis using human lung tissue as well as identifying opportunities for further research in this space. The review brings attention to the state-of-art techniques for detecting TB, with emphasis on the challenges and limitations of the current techniques. The ultimate goal is to promote the development of more efficient and accurate algorithms for the detection or analysis of TB, and raise awareness about the importance of early detection.DesignWe searched five databases and Google Scholar for articles published between January 2017 and December 2022 that focus on Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection, or tuberculosis pathology using digitised human lung tissue images. Details regarding design, image processing and computer-aided techniques, deep learning models, and datasets were collected and summarised. Discussions, analysis, and comparisons of state-of-the-art methods are provided to help guide future research. Further, a brief update on the relevant techniques and their performance is provided.ResultsSeveral studies have been conducted to develop automated and AI-assisted methods for diagnosing Mtb and TB pathology from digitised human lung tissue images. Some studies presented a completely automated method of diagnosis, while other studies developed AI-assisted diagnostic methods. Low-level focus areas included the development of a novel μ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\upmu$$\\end{document}CT scanner for soft tissue image contract, and use of multiresolution computed tomography to analyse the 3D structure of the human lung. High-level focus areas included the investigation the effects of aging on the number and size of small airways in the lungs using CT and whole lung high-resolution μ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\upmu$$\\end{document}CT, and the 3D microanatomy characterisation of human tuberculosis lung using μ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\upmu$$\\end{document}CT in conjunction with histology and immunohistochemistry. Additionally, a novel method for acquiring high-resolution 3D images of human lung structure and topology is also presented.ConclusionThe literature indicates that post 1950s, TB was predominantly studied using animal models even though no animal model reflects the full spectrum of human pulmonary TB disease and does not reproducibly transmit Mtb infection to other animals (Hunter, 2011). This explains why there are very few studies that used human lung tissue for detection or analysis of Mtb. Nonetheless, we found 10 studies that used human tissues (predominately lung) of which five studies proposed machine learning (ML) models for the detection of bacilli and the other five used CT on human lung tissue scanned ex-vivo.

Calculation of Life Insurance Premiums with Markov Chain Applications for Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis Disease in Indonesia

This study aims to calculate the premium for Long Term Care (LTC) insurance on Annuity as A Rider Benefit products with a multi-status model. Pulmonary Tuberculosis is one of the major infectious diseases that contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality rates. Therefore, it is necessary to calculate insurance premiums that consider the health risks of sufferers. In this study, Markov chains are used to model the health status transition of individuals with Pulmonary Tuberculosis over time, considering several health states, such as healthy, sick, and dead. Tuberculosis epidemiological data in Indonesia is used to estimate the transition probabilities between health states. The case study used in this research is a 35-year-old man who participates in LTC insurance with a coverage period of 5 years. It is known that the value of compensation when a person dies is IDR 100,000,000. The interest rate used is 5%. The calculation results obtained annual premium for LTC insurance on Annuity as A Rider Benefit product is Rp294,333. Then the calculation of the annual net premium of this insurance is also calculated based on age and gender. When age increases, the premium will be greater, this is influenced by the greater chance of death when age increases. In addition, based on gender, it is found that the male premium is more expensive than the female gender. This is influenced by the chance of death of men is greater than women.

Rapid diagnosis of latent and active pulmonary tuberculosis by autofluorescence spectroscopy of blood plasma combined with Artificial Neural Network algorithm

The existing clinical diagnostic methods of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) usually have some of the following limitations, such as time-consuming, invasive, radioactive, insufficiently sensitive and accurate. This study demonstrates the possibility of using blood plasma autofluorescence spectroscopy and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithm for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of latent and active pulmonary TB from healthy subjects. The fluorescence spectra of blood plasma from 18 healthy volunteers, 12 individuals with latent TB infections and 80 active TB patients are measured and analyzed. By optimizing the ANN structure and activation functions, the ANN three-classification model achieves average classification accuracy of 96.3%, and the accuracy of healthy persons, latent TB infections and active TB patients are 100%, 83.3% and 97.5%, respectively, which is much better than the results of traditional Principal component analysis (PCA) and Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) method. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first research work of differentiating latent, active pulmonary TB cases from healthy samples with autofluorescence spectroscopy. As a rapid, accurate, safe, label-free, non-invasive and cost-effective technique, it can be developed as a promising diagnostic tool for the screening of pulmonary TB disease in the early stage.

Level of Students' Knowledge about Pulmonary TB in Elementary Schools X

Tuberculosis (TB) in children is an infection caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis with symptoms such as prolonged coughing, chest pain, and weight loss, which can interfere with children's health and growth. In terms of education, infected children often have to be absent from school to undergo treatment, which can cause learning delays and academic difficulties. Therefore, it is very important for elementary school children to know about pulmonary TB disease. This study aims to assess elementary school students' knowledge about tuberculosis (TB) and describe the demographic characteristics of the respondents. This type of research is descriptive. The research location is at Elementary School Sampling was carried out using a systematic sampling technique. The data collection instrument is a questionnaire. The results showed that the majority of respondents were aged 10–12 years (80.0%) and a small proportion were aged 6–9 years only (20.0%), the female gender was more numerous, namely (70.0%), while the male gender -men only (30.0%). Analysis of knowledge about TB shows that half of the respondents (50.0%) have poor knowledge, and only (12.5%) have good knowledge. It can be concluded that there is a need for more effective health education programs in schools to increase knowledge about TB among students, so as to reduce the risk of transmission and increase health awareness in the community.

Real-world diagnostic accuracy of lipoarabinomannan in three non-sputum biospecimens for pulmonary tuberculosis disease

Development of a non-sputum test using readily-obtainable biospecimens remains a global priority for tuberculosis (TB) control. We quantified lipoarabinomannan (LAM) concentrations, a pathogen biomarker for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in urine, plasma and serum for real-world diagnostic accuracy of pulmonary TB among people living with and without HIV. We conducted a prospective diagnostic study among adults with TB symptoms in South Africa. We measured LAM concentrations in time-matched urine, plasma and serum with an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay using two capture antibodies (FIND 28 and S4-20). From the completed cohort, we randomly selected 210 participants (2 cases: 1 control) based on sensitivity estimates, and we compared diagnostic accuracy of LAM measurements against the microbiological reference standard. Urine and blood specimens from 210 of 684 adults enrolled were tested for LAM. Among 138TB-positive adults (41% female), median urine LAM was 137pg/mL and 52pg/mL by FIND 28 and S4-20, respectively. Average LAM concentrations were highest in HIV-positive participants with CD4+ T cells <200cells/mm3. Urine LAM by S4-20 achieved diagnostic sensitivity of 62% (95% CI: 53%-70%) and specificity of 99% (95% CI: 96%-100%). Plasma and serum LAM by FIND 28 showed similar sensitivity (70%, 95% CI: 62%-78%) and comparable specificities (90%, 95% CI: 82%-97%; 94%, 95% CI: 88%-99%). Diagnostic sensitivity of urine LAM by S4-20 was higher among participants without HIV (41%, 95% CI: 24%-61%) compared to HIV-positive participants with CD4 ≥200cells/mm3 (20%, 95% CI: 8%-39%). Detection of LAM was achievable in non-sputum specimens for pulmonary TB, but additional analyte concentration or signal amplification may be required to achieve diagnostic accuracy targets. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

CD4+ Effective Memory T Cell Markers GBP2 and LAG3 Are Risk Factors for PTB and COVID-19 Infection: A Study Integrating Single-Cell Expression Quantitative Trait Locus and Mendelian Randomization Analyses.

Observational studies indicate that variations in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) subsets are associated with an increased risk of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but causal validation is lacking. Here, we combined single-cell expression quantitative trait locus (sc-eQTL) and two-sample mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to elucidate the causal relationship between PBMC subsets and the occurrence of PTB and COVID-19 and verified by RT-qPCR. We observed an increase in the CD4+ Effective Memory T Cell (CD4+ TEM) cluster in both PTB and COVID-19 patients according to the single-cell transcriptional landscape of PBMC. Through MR analysis using an inverse variance weighted (IVW) method, we found strong evidence of positive correlations between CD4+ TEM cell markers (GBP2, TRAV1-2, and ODF2L) and PTB, and between markers (LAG3 and SLFN5) and COVID-19, especially highlighted by lead eQTL-SNPs of GBP2 (rs2256752, p = 4.76321 × 10-15) and LAG3 (rs67706382, p = 6.16× 10-16). Similar results were observed in validation sets, and no pleiotropy was detected in sensitivity analyses including weighted median (WM), MR-Egger, MR-pleiotropy residual sum and outlier, and leave-one-out analyses (all p > 0.05). We visualized the colocalization of marker-eQTLs and markers of PTB and COVID-19 genome-wide association study (GWAS) associations. Based on CellChat analyses, monocytes communicated predominantly with CD4+ TEM cells positively expressing PTB markers (GBP2, TRAV1-2, and ODF2L) and COVID-19 markers (LAG3 and SLFN5) in both PTB and COVID-19. Our data suggest a causal effect between two key CD4+ TEM cell markers (GBP2 and LAG3) and the risk for PTB and COVID-19 infection. Our findings provide novel insights into the biological mechanism for PTB and COVID-19 infection, but future single-cell studies are necessary to further enhance understanding of this find.

EXPOSURE TO THE PHYSICAL CONDITIONS OF THE HOME ENVIRONMENT WITH PULMONARY TB DISEASE IN KALUMATA VILLAGE

Background: Pulmonary TB is included in the ten highest disease categories yearly in almost all health centers in Ternate City, North Maluku. In certain age groups, pulmonary TB can be a cause of death. Environmental factors, especially the physical environment of the house, can be determinants of pulmonary TB disease. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the incidence of pulmonary TB if exposed to the physical environment of the house and the home environment. Methods: This research is observational with a case-control study design. She was held in the Coastal Area of ​​Kalumata Village, Ternate City. The number of samples in this study were all pulmonary TB sufferers. Data were collected from observations, interviews, and measurements to determine exposure to the physical environment of the house and the incidence of pulmonary TB. The chi-square test is used to determine the relationship between the variables studied. Results: The study's statistical results showed that all the variables did not significantly relate to the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis associated with the physical condition of the house (p-value = 1.00 (&gt; ɑ = 0.05). Conclusion: There is no relationship between the incidence of pulmonary TB and the house's physical condition.

Analysis of Factors Affecting the Success of Pulmonary TB Treatment in the Working Area of Puskesmas Sukaramai, Pakpak Bharat District

Tuberculosis disease is still a global problem at this time, the WHO (World Health Organization) report in 2023, there were 9.6 million people in the world suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis and 1.5 million of them died. While the number of cases of pulmonary TB at the Sukaramai Health Center in 2023 was 321 total cases and 43 people recovered. The purpose of the study was to analyze the factors that influence the success of Pulmonary TB treatment in the Sukaramai Puskesmas Working Area, Royal District, Pakpak Bharat Regency. The research design used Analytical Survey method with Cross Sectional approach. The population in this study were all TB patients who sought treatment at the Sukaramai Health Center, namely 101 patients, all of whom were sampled using the total population technique. Data analysis used univariate analysis, bivariate with chi-square test and multivariate with logistic regression. The results of logistic regression research show that there is an influence of knowledge p = 0.000, family motivation p = 0.001 adherence to taking medicine p = 0.003 and side effects of drugs p = 0.010. While the dominant factor that influences the success of Lung TB treatment is knowledge p = 0.000 with an Exp(B) value of 60.141, meaning that knowledge has 60 times the risk compared to other variables. The conclusion of this study is that there is an influence of knowledge, family motivation, adherence to taking medication and side effects of drugs on the successful treatment of Pulmonary TB in the Working Area of ??the Sukaramai Health Center, Royal District, Pakpak Bharat Regency and variables that do not affect the distance of health services. It is recommended for patients with pulmonary tuberculosis to be more independent in undergoing pulmonary tuberculosis treatment, active in field counseling activities and using social media as a promotional medium, conducting home visits to patients' homes in an effort to monitor drug compliance in order to increase the acceleration of healing of pulmonary tuberculosis disease which is for their own health and the health of the family around them.

Impact of fine particulate pollution exposures on respiratory health in a megacity of Pakistan

Air pollution poses a substantial barrier to global environmental sustainability and citizen well-being. However, there is a lack of research that specifically examines the effects of short-term exposure to PM2.5 and its components on health outcomes in developing nations in Asia, regions often cited as having some of the most severe urban air quality issues globally. The present study evaluated the associations between PM2.5 components and hospital admissions (HA) and emergency room visits (ERV) for respiratory diseases in the megacity of Karachi, Pakistan. We measured PM2.5 constituents, including black carbon (BC) and ionic species (sulfate - SO42−; nitrate - NO3−; and ammonium - NH4+) at two sites (August 2008 to August 2009) in Karachi. The HA and ERV, respiratory disease outcome data, were collected from three local, large tertiary care hospitals. We assessed the lag structure of excess risk (ER) of the pollutants-outcomes association (0–6 single and cumulative lag days) using time-series quasi-Poisson models after adjusting for temperature, humidity, and day of the week. Among a total 13,827 patients, the highest ERs for all respiratory urgent care use (UCU) were observed for PM2.5 (10.3, 95% CI: 2.59%-18.59), NH4+ (9.58%, 95% CI: 1.50%–18.30%), air quality index (9.11%, 95%CI: 2.54%–16.09%) and SO42− (7.26%, 95% CI: 1.03%–13.87%) within 0–4 lag days. Additionally, patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), tuberculosis (TB), or other pulmonary diseases and older or male patients were more vulnerable to these pollutants. This first study in Pakistan found that PM2.5 and its constituents were associated with respiratory HAs and ERVs for the inhabitants of the megacity of Karachi. These associations varied by different PM constituents, disease subtypes, age, and gender. Our results provide important information to policymakers for developing regulations for improving air quality and public health. Further studies are urgently needed in other developing countries to disentangle the air pollution health effects.

Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis transrenal DNA in urine samples among adults in Peru

Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) relies on a sputum sample, which cannot be obtained from all symptomatic individuals. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) transrenal DNA (trDNA) has been detected in urine, an easily obtainable, noninvasive, alternative sample type. However, reported sensitivities have been variable and likely depend on collection and assay procedures and aspects of trDNA biology. We analyzed three serial urine samples from each of 75 adults with culture-confirmed pulmonary TB disease in Lima, Peru for detection of trDNA using short-fragment real-time PCR. Additionally, we examined host, urine, and sampling factors associated with detection. Overall per-sample sensitivity was 38 % (95 % Confidence Interval [CI] 30–45 %). On an individual level (i.e., any of the three samples positive), sensitivity was 73 % (95 % CI: 62–83 %). Sensitivity was highest among samples from patients with smear-positive TB, 92 % (95 % CI: 62–100 %). Specificity from a single sample from each of 10 healthy controls was 100 % (95 % CI: 69–100 %). Adjusting our assay positivity threshold increased individual-level sensitivity to 88 % (95 % CI: 78–94 %) overall without affecting the specificity. We did not find associations between Mtb trDNA detection and individual characteristics or urine sample characteristics. Overall, our results support the potential of trDNA detection for TB diagnosis.

Education on Correct Cough Ethics in An Effort to Prevent the Transmission of Pulmonary TB Disease at Galang Health Center

Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a type of dangerous and infectious disease that is very important and causes serious health problems in many countries, including Indonesia. This disease is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis which can attack through the air when another infected person sneezes, coughs or talks. Pulmonary TB can infect anyone, especially individuals who live in densely populated areas and have weak immune systems. Implementing correct cough etiquette is very important to prevent transmission of pulmonary TB. Correct cough etiquette includes the habit of covering your mouth and nose with a tissue or the inside of your elbow when coughing or sneezing, and washing your hands afterwards. The purpose of this education is to examine the importance of education regarding correct cough etiquette and increase knowledge of pulmonary TB sufferers at the Galang Community Health Center while also supporting the government's efforts to achieve the target of eliminating TB as a public health problem in Indonesia. The method used includes a pretest before implementing education, followed by an explanation of material regarding correct cough etiquette, and then ending with a posttest. This educational activity was carried out at the Galang Community Health Center, Deli Serdang Regency with the participation of 24 participants. Before the education was carried out, the majority of participants had poor knowledge (60%), but after the education, the majority of participants showed good knowledge (95%) and understood the principles of correct cough etiquette. It was concluded that the education participants' knowledge increased, whereas previously the majority was lacking and after the education was given the majority had good knowledge. It is recommended that we continue to apply good cough etiquette and it is hoped that there will be a significant reduction in the transmission of pulmonary TB so that it can improve the quality of public health.

‘Destroyed Lung’: A Marker of Sequel of ‘Far Advanced’ Radiological Type of Pulmonary Tuberculosis’

Pulmonary Tuberculosis is caused by bacilli mycobacterium tuberculosis and known to infect human race since the dawn of history and archaeological evidence has traced its association in neolithic times. Tuberculosis is the most common infectious lung disease in India with significant mortality and morbidity. Tuberculosis can cause diverse thoracic presentations ranging from nodules, consolidations&amp; cavitation, mediastinal adenopathy, pleural effusion to diffuse endobronchial disease presenting like bronchial asthma. Due to diverse presentations, diagnosis is many times delayed due to lack of suspicion by treating general physicians and rational treatment not offered in time. In spite of awareness by government organizations and considered as a ‘global health issue of concern’ by the World Health organization, tuberculosis is still considered as a social stigma. Destroyed lung is described in literature and known as a complication of pulmonary tuberculosis. Destroyed lung is defined as combination of pleural and parenchymal lung destruction with cavitation, bronchiectasis, loss of lung volume and mediastinal herniation to diseased side. In this case series, we have reported two cases with history of pulmonary tuberculosis in the past and received adequate anti-tuberculosis treatment. Both were having residual chronic lung disease and symptoms causing significant impact on quality of life with recurrent hospitalization, hospital visits and cost of care. One patient has a history of delayed diagnosis and ATT was started after maximum lung destruction due to a tuberculous process that has already occurred. In this patient tuberculosis was cured but residual lung damage or sequel presenting as destroyed lung. In the second case, tuberculosis was diagnosed in adequate time but the patient has defaulted due to adverse events of ATT and he has taken medications as per his own tolerance. Neither adherence nor compliance was acceptable in the second case and resulted in a partially treated case of pulmonary tuberculosis. Ongoing lung destruction in the second case would be the cause for destroyed lungs in absence of irrational medicines in today’s era of good quality ATT. Destroyed lung is preventable with early diagnosis, prompt evaluation with microscopy and nucleic acid amplification tests and treatment with universally available, acceptable and affordable free ATT as National guidelines. 'Destroyed lung' are having a significant impact on quality of life and health expenditure and are considered as ‘radiological stigma’ of Tuberculosis. Radiological classifications of tuberculosis are less used now, and, it can be justified in grading of disease severity and aggressive treatment planning. Radiological classifications also help in predicting complications such as ‘destroyed lung’ during evolution of advanced pulmonary tuberculosis disease which can be prevented with timely diagnosis and use of rational treatment with good clinical and radiological outcome.

Identifying quantitative sncRNAs signature using global sequencing as a potential biomarker for tuberculosis diagnosis and their role in regulating host response

ObjectivesThe study aimed to identify a quantitative signature of circulating small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) as a biomarker for pulmonary tuberculosis disease (active-TB/ATB) and explore their regulatory roles in host-pathogen interactions and disease progression. MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study recruiting subjects diagnosed with active-TB (drug-sensitive and drug-resistant) and healthy controls. Sera samples were collected and utilized for preparing small RNA libraries. Quantitative patterns of circulating sncRNAs (miRNAs, piRNAs and tRFs) were identified via high-throughput sequencing and DeSeq2 analysis and validated in independent active-TB cohorts. Functional knockdown for two selected miRNAs were also performed. ResultsA diagnostic signature of four sncRNAs for both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant active-TB cases was validated, exhibiting an AUC of 0.96 (95% CI: 0.937–0.996, p < 0.001) with 86.7% sensitivity (95% CI: 0.775–0.932) and 91.7% specificity (95% CI: 0.730–0.990) in ROC analysis. Functional knockdown demonstrated regulatory roles of hsa-miR-223-5p and hsa-miR-10b-5p in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) growth and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-6 and IL-8). ConclusionThe study identified a diagnostic tool utilizing a signature of four sncRNAs with high specificity and sensitivity, enhancing our understanding of sncRNAs as ATB diagnostic biomarker. Additionally, hsa-miR-223-5p and hsa-miR-10b-5p demonstrated potential roles in Mtb pathogenesis and host-response to infection.

Parallel use of low-complexity automated nucleic acid amplification tests on respiratory samples and stool with or without lateral flow lipoarabinomannan assays to detect pulmonary tuberculosis disease in children

Parallel use of low-complexity automated nucleic acid amplification tests on respiratory samples and stool with or without lateral flow lipoarabinomannan assays to detect pulmonary tuberculosis disease in children

Bayesian estimation of the time-varying reproduction number for pulmonary tuberculosis in Iran: A registry-based study from 2018 to 2022 using new smear-positive cases

IntroductionTuberculosis (TB) is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases in the world, causing major public health problems in developing countries. The rate of TB incidence in Iran was estimated to be 13 per 100,000 in 2021. This study aimed to estimate the reproduction number and serial interval for pulmonary tuberculosis in Iran. Material and methodsThe present national historical cohort study was conducted from March 2018 to March 2022 based on data from the National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Registration Center of Iran's Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME). The study included 30,762 tuberculosis cases and 16,165 new smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Iran. We estimated the reproduction number of pulmonary tuberculosis in a Bayesian framework, which can incorporate uncertainty in estimating it. Statistical analyses were accomplished in R software. ResultsThe mean age at diagnosis of patients was 52.3 ± 21.2 years, and most patients were in the 35–63 age group (37.1%). Among the data, 9121 (56.4%) cases were males, and 7044 (43.6%) were females. Among patients, 7459 (46.1%) had a delayed diagnosis between 1 and 3 months. Additionally, 3039 (18.8%) cases were non-Iranians, and 2978 (98%) were Afghans. The time-varying reproduction number for pulmonary tuberculosis disease was calculated at an average of 1.06 ± 0.05 (95% Crl 0.96–1.15). ConclusionsIn this study, the incidence and the time-varying reproduction number of pulmonary tuberculosis showed the same pattern. The mean of the time-varying reproduction number indicated that each infected person is causing at least one new infection over time, and the chain of transmission is not being disrupted.

Prediction of The Number of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Disease Using The Moving Average Forecasting Method And Time Series Decomposition

Abstract: Indonesia is the third country with the largest number of deaths due to pulmonary tuberculosis infection. In order to suppress the spread of tuberculosis in Indonesia, in 2021 the government launched a tuberculosis control program which aims to prevent and reduce the spread. One effort to assess whether the program that has been implemented is operating well or not is to forecast the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis. This research aims to predict the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis to provide useful information for health workers and related parties in efforts to prevent and control pulmonary tuberculosis at Hospital X, Malang City in 2024. The method that will be used to predict the number of tuberculosis sufferers is a moving average. and time series decomposition. The multipicative decomposition method produces the smallest MAPE, namely 15.37%, which is in the good category compared to additive and moving average decomposition. In 2022 and 2023 there will be a significant spike in pulmonary tuberculosis cases at Hospital X Malang City and men have a higher risk factor than women. Most cases of pulmonary tuberculosis infection occur in the elderly (46-65 years) and adults (26-45 years) age groups.

Subclinical tuberculosis: a meta-analysis of prevalence and scoping review of definitions, prevalence and clinical characteristics.

This scoping review aimed to characterise definitions used to describe subclinical tuberculosis (TB), estimate the prevalence in different populations and describe the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes in the scientific literature. A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed. We included studies published in English between January 1990 and August 2022 that defined "subclinical" or "asymptomatic" pulmonary TB disease, regardless of age, HIV status and comorbidities. We estimated the weighted pooled proportions of subclinical TB using a random-effects model by World Health Organization reported TB incidence, populations and settings. We also pooled the proportion of subclinical TB according to definitions described in published prevalence surveys. We identified 29 prevalence surveys and 71 other studies. Prevalence survey data (2002-2022) using "absence of cough of any duration" criteria reported higher subclinical TB prevalence than those using the stricter "completely asymptomatic" threshold. Prevalence estimates overlap in studies using other symptoms and cough duration. Subclinical TB in studies was commonly defined as asymptomatic TB disease. Higher prevalence was reported in high TB burden areas, community settings and immunocompetent populations. People with subclinical TB showed less extensive radiographic abnormalities, higher treatment success rates and lower mortality, although studies were few. A substantial proportion of TB is subclinical. However, prevalence estimates were highly heterogeneous between settings. Most published studies incompletely characterised the phenotype of people with subclinical TB. Standardised definitions and diagnostic criteria are needed to characterise this phenotype. Further research is required to enhance case finding, screening, diagnostics and treatment options for subclinical TB.

WEB-Based Empowerment of Individuals to Detect Health Status and Follow-Up Treatment

The high morbidity and mortality rate of the community is due to lack of knowledge in detecting health status and inability to make decisions to overcome health problems, causing delays in treatment. Providing education in the form of simulations and applying patents of a method of increasing independence for detecting health status and following up on appropriate treatment and patents of WEB site-based self-care methods is the application of information and communication technology in nursing services which is one solution to overcome this because it can optimize individual independence so that distance, time, place, and cost are not an obstacle to getting nursing services and achieving SDGs 3; ensuring a healthy life and improving the welfare of the population. Community service uses interview methods, health promotion about upper respiratory tract infections, hypertension, infections, rheumatism, dental caries, skin infections, refractive errors, pulmonary tuberculosis, pulp and pariapical tissue diseases and cataracts. Followed by simulations, assistance to all participants in using the WEB https://ariganursingselfcare.com/, observation and monitoring of the application of WEB to increase independence in detecting health status and following up on treatment. Community service was carried out from August to October 2023 in the community in the Medan Sunggal Health Center working area with a total of 173 people. The results showed 113 (65%) respondents were independent in detecting health status and following up on treatment, but there were still 60 (35%) respondents who needed continuous assistance in applying the WEB.