Pulling-out Force Research Articles

The Analysis and Research on the Influncing Factors Affecting the Pulling-Out Force of a Certain Type of Sealing Covers

The Analysis and Research on the Influncing Factors Affecting the Pulling-Out Force of a Certain Type of Sealing Covers

Quality prediction of plunger components based on the finite element method during the neck-spinning process

To improve the neck-spinning processing quality of plunger components, a reliable finite element (FE) model was established and validated by the experimental spinning force. In the advanced FE model, an additional analysis step was added to obtain the pulling-out force, the axial clearance, and the swing angle of the plunger components after the neck-spinning process. Thus, the neck-spinning quality of the plunger components can be predicted. The results show that the simulated results using the FE model agree with the experimental results very well. The radial and axial spinning forces are approximate 3 and 2 times of the tangential spinning force, respectively. Finally, the influences of spinning parameters (e.g., feed rate and rotating speed) on the finished pulling-out force, axial clearance, and swing angle were evaluated in detail. The pulling-out force increases with increased feed rate, which tends to be stable with increased rotating speed. Compared with the stable tendency of axial clearance affected by feed rates, the axial clearance decreases significantly with increased rotating speeds. The swing angle of plunger components remains stable with different feed rate and rotating speed after the neck-spinning process.

Experimental study on an effective method for the friction property of fabrics by the comprehensive handle evaluation system for fabrics and yarns system

The main topic investigated in this paper is the effective measurement of the fabric friction property by the comprehensive handle evaluation system for fabrics and yarns (CHES-FY). The optimal system parameters of the CHES-FY were determined using an orthogonal experiment design based on the correlations between four curve parameters from the pulling-out force – the displacement curve of the CHES-FY and the friction coefficient tested by the Kawabata evaluation system for fabric surface tester. The repeatability and stability of the CHES-FY under settings of optimal system parameters were also analyzed. Moreover, the four curve parameters were used to cluster the smoothness/roughness handle of fabrics objectively by the k-means cluster method, and the clustering results of the k-means cluster method were compared with those of the subjective cluster method. Analysis of the results showed that the selected optimal system parameters were a good combination, and the CHES-FY with the optimal system parameters provided an effective and reliable evaluation to the friction coefficient and smoothness/roughness handle of fabrics.

Multivariate analysis of curve parameters to predict fabric stiffness handle from a pulling-out test

The Comprehensive Handle Evaluation System for Fabrics and Yarns (CHES-FY) is capable of measuring multiple physical and mechanical properties of fabrics, which are related to fabric handle. In this study, ten curve parameters were defined from the pulling-out force–displacement curve of the CHES-FY. Factor analysis was used to remove the co linearity of the curve parameters in order to better characterize the stiffness handle of fabrics. Three principal factors were established using the factor analysis, and the first principal factor was termed the stiffness index based on loadings of the curve parameters to the rotated factors. Comparisons between the evaluation results of the CHES-FY, cantilever test, and newly-developed dual subjective/objective assessments showed that the CHES-FY, together with the stiffness index resulting from the factor analysis, provided a fast and effective method to characterize a fabric’s stiffness handle, and the evaluation process of the CHES-FY appears to closely simulate the tactile response to stiffness when a person touches or pinches a fabric.

Effect of bending rigidity, Poisson’s ratio and surface friction of fabrics on the stretching step of the comprehensive handle evaluation system for fabrics and yarns

The main topic investigated in the present paper is the analysis of the effect of bending rigidity, Poisson’s ratio and surface friction of fabrics on the stretching step of the comprehensive handle evaluation system for fabrics and yarns (CHES-FY) by using a theoretical tensile model. Simulated pulling-out force–displacement curves of the stretching step for several cases were investigated and compared with the experimental curves. The results showed that bending rigidity and surface friction of fabrics were the important factors that affected the test results of the stretching step. The slope of the simulated pulling-out force–displacement curve becomes larger by including the bending rigidity and surface friction of fabrics. However, the effect of Poisson’s ratio was small and was able to be neglected in the formulation of the model. In addition, the relationship between the bending indices, i.e. ω and k, and the diameter of the testing pins was discussed. It has been confirmed that the effect of the bending rigidity of fabrics on the pulling-out force–displacement curve strongly depended on the diameter of the testing pins. The model also detected that the surface friction effect became more remarkable for fabrics with a high tensile modulus.

Numerical Solution of Penetration into Woven Fabric Target Impregnated with Shear Thickening Fluid

In this paper, yarn pull-out testing was performed to estimate the pulling-out force and the friction coefficient. Fabrics were impregnated with Shear Thickening Fluid (STF) of two types. Single fibre tensile tests were performed to determine the resistance of each fibre. The speed of pulling out was 500 mm/min and the samples were placed horizontally in a tensile device. The results indicated that the fabric impregnated in STF needed more force in order to get out of the fabric. Friction coefficients of three fabric types of raw fabric, fabric with dissolved fluid and fabric with STF were entered into an explicit dynamics finite element model along with the mechanical characteristic of a yarn. Ballistic range velocity was extracted for samples by the software and was compared with experimental results. The effects of the shear thickening fluid (STF) were considered as frictional effects.

Fuzzy comprehensive prediction of fabric stiffness handle based on quasi-three-point restraint test

A new method of measuring and evaluating fabric stiffness handle based on the comprehensive handle evaluation system for fabrics (CHES-FY) is introduced. The CHES-FY system can evaluate multiple mechanical properties and assess the fabric handle by a pulling-out test. In this article, a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model is established to grade fabric stiffness handle based on the feature indices extracted from the pulling-out force and displacement curve of fabric measured by CHES-FY system. The entropy method is suggested to determine the weighting-factor vector of feature indices. The fuzzy conversion matrix is obtained on a series of membership functions that are achieved by investigating 47 fabric samples for feature indices. The correlation of fuzzy evaluation, subjective evaluation and the Kawabata primary hand evaluation is estimated statistically. The results show that the fuzzy model with entropy method resulting from the selected feature indices provides a simple and effective stiffness handle grading method and the evaluation method of CHES-FY system appears to closely estimating the fabric tactile response the human fingers feel when touching and pinching wear fabric.

Determination of optimal system parameters to measure bending property of fabric based on the CHES-FY system

The main content of the paper is to determine the optimal system parameters to measure bending property of fabric based on the Comprehensive Handle Evaluation System for Fabric and Yarn (CHES-FY). Four system parameters of the CHES-FY system were selected, including space distance between a pair of jaws, space distance between Bi-U-shaped pins, vertical distance between a pair of jaws and Bi-U-shaped pins, and diameter of Bi-U-shaped pins. In order to both determine the sequence of significant influences of the four system parameters on bending property, and to determine the optimal values of the four parameters to measure bending property of fabric, the Orthogonal design method was adopted to set the four system parameters as four factors and to assign four levels to each factor. Correlations were conducted between bending property and the featured indices (slope and peak value) from the pulling-out force and displacement curves recorded by the CHES-FY system. Comparing results show that the featured indices have good relations with both bending rigidity and bending length measured by FAST-2 meter as well as drape coefficient. Range values and average values are used to assess the significant relation of both factors and factor’s levels with bending property of fabric. The sequence of significant influences of the four system parameters on bending property are diameter of Bi-U-shaped pins, space distance between Bi-U-shaped pins, vertical distance between a pair of jaws and Bi-U-shaped pins, and space distance between a pair of jaws. Moreover, the optimal parameters’ levels are also obtained to better measure bending property of fabric. It indicates that the optimal system parameters of the CHES-FY system are a highly effective combination in evaluating bending property of fabric.

Effects of parameters on mass index of the CHES-FY system

The main content dealt with in this paper is to discuss effects of parameters (bending rigidity, sample size and sensor resolution) on one featured index measured by the comprehensive handle evaluation system for fabrics and yarns (CHES-FY) system, which is named as mass index utilized to on-line evaluate mass of fabric so as to make quick inspection on evenness of fabric under coating and finishing. Based on the deformation shape of fabric in the weighting step of the CHES-FY system, the mass index was featured from the pulling-out force and distance curve. Comparisons between the mass index measured by the CHES-FY system and mass by electronic balance were conducted. It shows that good correlation exists between theoretical and experimental values. Furthermore, effects of bending property and specimen size as well as sensor resolution were discussed, which indicated that variation of the mass index exhibited quadratic relations with bending rigidity of fabric. Moreover, the mass index’s result could be significantly improved to precisely evaluate mass of fabric by selecting both high resolution of sensor and specimen size in width. It demonstrates that the mass index can be adopted to characterize mass of fabric, and the CHES-FY system can be utilized to have on-line and accurate inspection on mass of fabric.

Determination of featured parameters to cluster stiffness handle of fabrics by the CHES-FY system

The main content dealt with in this paper is to present a new apparatus which can be used to evaluate stiffness handle of textile materials. The comprehensive handle evaluation system for fabrics and yarns (CHES-FY) is the kind of apparatus developed into measuring stiffness handle of fabric based on the pulling-out force and displacement curves. The present work aims to feature indexes from the above curves to explain stiffness handle of fabric. These indexes, including slope and area as well as peak value, were featured from the pulling-out force and displacement curves to discriminate stiffness handle of fabrics by K-means cluster method. In order to verify the effectiveness, the subjective judgments were also made and compared with the objective K-means cluster method. The experimental results show that a good correlation exists between the subjective judgment method and objective cluster method. It indicates that the indexes featured from the pullingout force and displacement curves can be utilized to characterize stiffness handle of fabrics, and the CHES-FY system is feasible in measuring stiffness handle of fabrics.

Biomechanical Stability According to Different Configurations of Screws and Rods

Comparison of biomechanical strength according to 2 different configurations of screws and rods. To compare the biomechanical strength of different configurations of screws and rods composed of the same material and of the same size. Many complications related to instrumentation have been reported. The incidence of metallic failure would differ according to the materials and configurations of the assembly of the screws and rods used. However, to our knowledge, the biomechanical effects of implant assembly rods and screws with different configurations and different contours have not been reported. Biomechanical testing was conducted to compare top tightening (TT) screw-rod configuration with side tightening (ST) screw-rod configuration. All tests were conducted using a hydraulic all-purpose testing machine. All data were acquired at a rate of 10 Hz. Both screw systems used spinal rods of 6 mm diameter and were made of TiAl4V ELI material. Among 5 types of tests, 3 were conducted on the basis of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) F 1798 to 97 and F1717-10. The other 2 tests were conducted for comparing the characteristics between TT and ST pedicle screws according to modified methods from ASTM F 1717-10 and ASTM F 1798-97. All results including axial gripping capacity and yield forces were obtained using the same methods on the basis of the mentioned ASTM standards. In the axial gripping capacity test, the mean axial gripping capacity of the TT screw-rod configuration was 3332 ± 118 N and that of ST was 2222 ± 147 N in straight rods (P = 0.019). In 15-degree contoured rods, TT was 2988 ± 199 N and ST was 2116 ± 423 N (P = 0.014). In 30-degree contoured rods, TT was 2227 ± 408 N and ST was 1814 ± 285 N (P = 0.009). In the pulling-out test, the pulling-out force of ST was 8695 ± 1616 N and that of TT was 6106 ± 195 N (P = 0.014). In the rod-pushing test, the failure force of ST was 4131 ± 205 N and that of TT was 5639 ± 105 N. In the compressive fatigue test, the maximum load was 145 N in ST and 119 N in TT. In the cycle fatigue test, the fatigue strength of ST was higher than that of TT. In the rod-pushing test, the failure force of ST was 4131 ± 205 N and that of TT was 5639 ± 105 N (P=0.046). Two different configurations of rod-screw systems found statistically significant differences with axial gripping, pulling out, and fatigue failures. ST constructs improved fixation stability over TT constructs. It was concluded that ST configuration may reduce complications related to implantation.

An Analysis on the Effect of Fiber Entanglement in the Hydroentangled Nonwovens and the Initial Research of Influencing Factor

The hydroentangled nonwovens have be widely used today. But the basic research of the hydroentangled nonwoven technology is relatively weak. It is not very clear so far that how the fibers are entangled with each other in the spunlaced nonwoven fabrics. In this paper, the pulling-out behavior of single fiber from hydroentangled nonwoven was first studied and analyzed the stress situation of the entanglement points in order to investigate the entanglement of the fibers in the hydroentangled nonwovens. It is found that the bigger of the pulling-out force, the more fibers are broken and the resultant hydroentangled nonwovens show better tensile property. So the pulling-out force can be used to weight the fiber entanglement effect in the hydroentangled nonwovens. Moreover, in this paper we also discover the fiber performance which can influence the fiber entanglement effect during the hydroentangled process by the cohesive of fibers, and the theory instruction will be provided to develop new fibers in the spunlaced process.

<i>In Situ</i> Complex Testing of Fabrics Stiffness and Properties by a Senor

The two well known systems for measuring stiffness handle of fabrics are KES-FB and FAST both consisting of four meters, whose testing principles are multiple mechanical properties through multiple tests. It is expensive, time-consuming and no in-situ. The multiple properties through single test in principle is up-to-date technology of measurement science, which is an assembled measuring technology in-situ and measure multiple functions on the same part of a sample. The corresponding apparatus was developed for measuring weight, bending, friction, tensile/shearing and compression behaviour of yarns and fabrics (CHES-FY) and also for stiffness handle evaluation. The paper just presented the bending model, and the comparisons between characteristics including bending rigidity and stiffness from the pulling-out force and distance curve and results by KES-F & FAST systems were conducted. Conclusions showed high correlations and indicates the approach by CHES-FY be feasible and accurate in measuring bending rigidity and stiffness handle.

Jacobian Algorithm on Features Selection and Evaluation of CHES-FY System

The main content dealt with in the paper was to adopt fuzzy algorithm to select features for characterizing multiple physical properties, which were acquired from the pulling-out force and distance curve by a new apparatus. It was a comprehensive handle evaluation system for fabrics and yarns (CHES-FY), which can reflect weight, bending, friction and tension properties as well as stiffness tactile. The paper presented the structure and principle of the CHES-FY system, and the Jacobian algorithm and Karhunen-Loève (K-L) transformation were used to obtain several features selected from the pulling-out force and distance curve for the experimental fabrics. These features were proved to be effective in characterizing weight, bending, friction and tensile properties of fabric by comparisons with measured results by standard testers. There existed good correlations in utilizing these features selected by fuzzy algorithm to evaluate physical behaviour of fabrics. It indicated that it was greatly helpful for fuzzy method in the application of textile fabrics fields.

Study on strength property of fabric under low-stress condition

A testing method for tensile under low-stress condition based on the characterization system of the handle properties of fabrics and yarns (CHS-FY) was introduced. The CHS-FY system measured weight, bending, as well as frictional and tensile behaviour by one pulling-out test. In addition, it characterized the tactile handle of fabrics and yarns. This article analyses tensile measurement of fabrics based on CHS-FY. The theoretical analysis and modeling to tensile were performed by structural analysis, and the corresponding formulae of tensile elastic constants (E 1 and E 2) before and after friction force involved were obtained. In addition, the tensile indexes were obtained through pulling-out force and distance curve in the CHS-FY tensile step, which include slope, work, linearity, and extension of tensile between sample and the surface of three-point beam structure. Comparisons and correlations of tensile indexes for theoretical and experimental results were conducted. Correlation coefficients between tensile elastic constants (E 1 and E 2) and (E 3) measured by CHS-FY and KES-FB1 were found to be 0.857 and 0.870, respectively. The comparison of theoretical and experimental results indicate that the theoretical modeling of tensile is effective and accurate in measuring tensile indexes and the CHS-FY system can be utilized for characterizing the tensile properties of fabrics.

The investigation of influence of adhesion promoters on adhesion bond between vulcanisate and zinc coated steel cord in products based on mixtures of natural and 1,4-cis-polybutadiene rubber

The mixtures of elastomer compounds based on natural and 1,4-cispolybutadiene rubber of 80:20 ratio, were used for the investigation of adhesion promoters influence on adhesion of vulcanisate to steel cord. Ni-stearate and resorsynol-formaldehyde resin combined with hexamethylenetetramine in various mass ratios were included as adhesion promoters. Elastomer mixtures were prepared using a laboratory double mill, and the rheological and vulcanization characteristics were examined on a vulcameter provided with an oscillating disc, a higher temperature of 145 ?C. The crosslinking of the mixture was carried out by press, at a temperature of 145 ?C and specific pressure of 40 bar, in period of 45 minutes. A wide number of standardized methods for physical mechanical characterization of vulcanization prior and after accelerated aging were used. The adhesion of vulcanizate bond with zinc coated steel cord was determined according to the so called H-test, by measuring the pulling-out force of the cord from the vulcanized block, and the degree of coverage of cord with vulcanizate after separation. The results of examinations show significant dependence of physico-mechanical characteristics and adhesion forces on the type and amount of used adhesion promoters in experimental elastomer mixtures.

Surface friction effects related to pressforming of continuous fibre thermoplastic composites

Abstract In the pressforming of thermoplastic composite sheet, the heated laminate is rapidly formed into a mould. The moulding force is transmitted using either matched metal dies or by a rubber pad/metal mould combination. Friction must occur between the metal or rubber mould surface and the heated composite as the laminate moves across the tool surface until it is fully formed. This paper describes work carried out to characterize and measure these frictional forces. Composites such as unidirectional carbon fibre-reinforced poly(ether ether ketone) and glass fibre fabric-reinforced PA-12 have been tested, with rubber and tool steel as the mould materials. Two methods of testing were used, one comprising two fixed heated platens, between which the surfaces to be tested were placed while the composite was sheared from between the surfaces. Pulling-out force was achieved using a variable velocity shearing rig and by using dead-weight loading. A heated friction sled was also built which allowed various samples of metal and rubber material to be dragged across a heated composite sheet. The effects of varying surface temperature, normal pressure, surface fibre orientation and mould release agent were investigated. An adhesive bond was found to occur if the surfaces were left in contact during heating. By varying the shearing velocity, the friction between the composite and tool surface was found to be hydrodynamic in nature, i.e. velocity-dependent, at forming temperature.