Field Of Public Welfare Research Articles

A Brief History of the Early Development of China's Social Philanthropy Field and Its Impact on the Later Development of the Philanthropy Field

Although charity has been developed in China for decades, its basic value attributes have not been truly stimulated in Chinese society. If we look at the development of philanthropy in China alone, we will not only fail to touch the core of the problem, but also deviate from it. Based on a brief analysis of the early development history, this paper finds that the problem has been foreshadowed in the earliest historical development. Through a combination of qualitative research methods, this paper realizes that the key to improving and even solving the problems in the field of public welfare and charity in Chinese society does not lie in the problems of the field itself, but rather in the political behaviors and modus operandi behind the problems that appear to be public welfare and charity.

О ПРАКТИЧЕСКИХ ПУТЯХ ПРЕОДОЛЕНИЯ МОРАЛЬНОЙ АНОМИИ В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ КИТАЙСКИХ ОБЩЕСТВЕННЫХ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯХ

The pursuit of personal gain in the name of the public good is a typical characteristic feature of the moral anomie of public organizations (NGOs) in China. The root cause lies in the insufficient development of the culture of public welfare, weak self-restraint of public organizations and weak government supervision. The moral management of public organizations in modern China should not only emphasize the recognition of the value of members of public organizations for the purposes of public welfare of public organizations, improve the provision of an ethical system for public organizations and increase the cultivation of individual morality of members of public organizations, but also it is necessary to strengthen systemic punishments and rewards for the socially charitable behavior of social organizations and use rigidity settlement systems, deterrence and direction of social and charitable behavior of social organizations. Speaking in a substantive way, it is necessary to foster a culture of public welfare in public organizations and promote leadership orientation to the values of public welfare, combining institutional punishments and incentives to promote the management of the behavior of public organizations in the field of public welfare, strengthen government supervision and promote the management of the anomie of public welfare of public organizations, thereby contributing to the general promotion of overcoming the anomie in the field of public welfare of public organizations, as well as general advancement in other directions.

FORMATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE POLICY OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT TO ENSURE SOCIAL WELFARE AND HEALTH OF CITIZENS

The article defines that the health of citizens and public well-being is a key factor in economic and social development and is of the utmost importance for every state. Giving citizens the opportunity to control their health contributes to the improvement of the quality of life, without the active participation of the people themselves, many opportunities to strengthen and protect their health and increase the level of well-being are lost. The factors underlying the well-being of society also determine strategies that take this principle into account are more effective, because fair access to education, employment, and a decent level of income contribute to maintaining health. It is substantiated that health contributes to the increase of labor productivity, the formation of more effective labor resources, as well as the reduction of costs for sickness benefits and social assistance. The most effective way to ensure the health and social well-being of the population is the coordinated work of all sectors of the state, aimed at the social determinants of health. The effectiveness of the health care system and economic productivity are interconnected in the context of optimizing the use of resources in the field of public welfare. There are both direct and indirect effects of the health sector on socio-economic development, this is important in relation to how these activities affect people's health and their work productivity. It has been proven that many segments of the population lag behind in terms of health indicators, and often, in the event of socio-economic instability, these inequalities deepen. Changes in the social characteristics of morbidity, demographics and migration can slow down progress in improving health indicators, and solving this problem requires improving governance mechanisms and public policy as a whole. The insufficient level of social cohesion and financial uncertainty further complicate activities aimed at improving the health of citizens and their social security. It has been found that a number of state authorities cannot contain costs in modern conditions, when financial constraints make it increasingly difficult to find the necessary means for health care and social protection. Before developing the reform of the health care system, it is necessary to carefully analyze the economic and social interests, which are deeply transformed, as well as the possibility of a public and civil position. The formation of management strategies allows you to get a real effect on public well-being at acceptable costs in conditions of limited resources.

An Empirical Study on Whistleblowers of Social Welfare

This study, based on the practical experiences of the whistleblowers within the social welfare field, aims to explore the whistleblowing process and to discover ways of providing support for the public reporting in the future. For this purpose, 8 informants in the social welfare field were interviewed in public welfare field, using qualitative research methods into 5 categories, 15 subcategories, and 46 concepts. These whistleblowers recognized the problem and decided that this must not be overlooked, and opted for whistleblowing, going through identity exposure, accusations, and other difficulties. However, changes in unjust circumstances or seeing efforts of the informants being recognized gives a feeling of relief and worthwhile. To activate these whistleblowings, first, the hindrances must be improved, second, the public system regarding whistleblowing must be supplemented, third, whistleblower must be thoroughly protected, and fourth, whistleblowing must be promoted actively. This study was conducted in a situation where it is difficult to access the whistleblowers of the social welfare field, and it gives significance in analysis based on actual experiences.

System of subjects of public power in the field of public welfare of persons with disability

System of subjects of public power in the field of public welfare of persons with disability

Examining of Relationship between Responsibility to Protect & Sovereignty of States in Light of Practice of International Community

With the end of the civil war and fading of military and ideological competitions of the superpowers and drastic changes in the international system, maintaining peace and security has been closely associated with the political, social economic and cultural structures of states and their behavior in observing the criteria of human rights. The Security Council as an organ, established for keeping Peace and Security has experienced great opposition to the sovereignty of states by using human rights rules as an alibi, and even has paved the way for military intervention. Normally, material breach of the human rights criteria and fundamental liberties can endanger the international peace and security. In this type of situations, the issue can be discussed in the Security Council with the request of the general assembly and the general secretary. IF the Security Council confirms a threat consequent to the material violation of human rights rules, it can enforce the required actions, regarding its obligations and authorities. The intervention of the Security Council as a representative of the international community with regard to taking decisions for humanitarian intervention in the context of the responsibility to protect and denying the absolute sovereignty of states on one hand and encouraging the states to guarantee the observance of civil rights of people and enabling them in the field of public welfare and even military intervention and protecting nations against tragedies such as genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes, on the other hand are significant challenges. Although the responsibility to protect is practiced in the direction of legitimate intervention in the domestic affairs of sovereign nation – states with the objective of protecting humanitarian rules, actually after 2001, the chances for humanitarian measures have been decreased. In this article, we will examine this issue that from the beginning of the third millennium what effects, the concept of responsibility to protect has had by limiting the sovereignty of states and redefining it, aligned with the humanitarian intervention by the Security Council?

Robust Stability Analysis for the New Type Rural Social Endowment Insurance System with Minor Fluctuations in China

The new type rural social endowment insurance system is one of the important policy arrangements in public welfare field in China. Quantitative research is theoretically and practically important for studying the new type rural social endowment insurance system. In this paper, based on the modern control theory, the linear control model for the new type rural social endowment insurance system is set up, and then the robust stability for the new type rural social endowment insurance system of China with minor fluctuations is discussed by using the linear control model.

Building Evidence: What It Takes and What It Yields

The author describes her 30 years of experience in the design and conduct of a series of large-scale randomized controlled studies in the field of public welfare. She describes how these studies came about, what lessons can be drawn about research methods, what was learned about the effectiveness of these programs (the National Supported Work Demonstration, the Demonstration of State Work/Welfare Initiatives, Aid to Families with Dependent Children, and Temporary Assistance to Needy Families), whether these studies impacted national social welfare policy, and what lessons can be applied from these studies to other fields. The use of randomized controlled studies is seen as the strongest research methodology to test large-scale social welfare policies.

Strategic interaction among the states: An in-depth look at the welfare "race to the bottom"

This study analyzed interdependent behaviors among states in setting welfare benefits, behaviors often referred to as strategic interactions. Strategic interactions among states are believed to have led some state governments to to the bottom, o term used to describe state governments' decisions to cut welfare benefits when neighboring states have done the same. The study primarily examined the variations in strategic interactions by using spatial, temporal, and spatial-temporal statistical approaches. Findings suggest that both high and low benefit states pay attention to the generosity of their neighbors. Although more states have exerted pressure on benefit levels, this phenomenon has not abated over time nor has it intensified under welfare reform as anticipated by some economists. The present findings lead to the recommendation that a federal standard is warranted to eliminate some of the problems associated with decreasing benefits for families and children. Key words: block grants; to the bottom; strategic interactions; welfare. benefit levels; welfare migration ********** The field of taxation often cites the view that a local government's policy choices in one locale are the results of the actions of other local governments. In the field of public welfare, views of interdependent behaviors among states, often referred to as strategic interactions, have become more common in recent years (Besley & Case, 1995; Case, Hines, & Rosen, 1993; Figlio, Koplin, & Reid, 1999). These behaviors are believed to have led some state governments to exert downward pressure on welfare benefits for needy families. The term has been used widely to describe competition between states in setting welfare benefits. The term to the has been used to describe state governments' decisions to cut welfare benefits when their neighboring states have done the same (Figlio et al.). Some researchers maintain that under the current block grant structure, the race to the bottom has intensified because states bear the full cost of providing benefit payments to migrants from other states (Brueckner, 2000; Figlio et al., 1999). Along with time-limited welfare and stricter work and eligibility requirements, the enactment of the block grant structure occurred with the passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of 1996 (P.L. 104193). This act eliminated the open-ended federal matching grant as a funding mechanism for the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program, now entitled Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), commonly known as welfare. Under the block grant system, each state receives a lump sum from the federal government. The size of the grant is independent of the state's contribution during a particular fiscal year. Strategic interactions among states are explanations for states' choices to decrease their benefits in absolute or real terms (Figilio et al., 1999; Saavedra, 1998). Earlier studies failed to examine closely how the race to the bottom varied across individual states. Most important, earlier studies did not examine whether the race had intensified since the implementation of the block grant structure. The present study provides an in-depth look at the extent to which strategic interaction varied across neighboring states and how this interaction changed over years. Spatial, temporal, and spatial-temporal approaches were used for analyses. The article discusses whether the race to the bottom has intensified in recent years under the block grant structure. We closely examined how and the extent to which states and their neighbors changed their welfare benefit levels relative to the national average benefit level. Last, by using a tree-based regression approach, we divided the country into regions where benefit levels are relatively homogeneous within each region yet quite different between the regions. …

Social Development in Thailand: Past, Present and Future Roles of the Public Sector

The public sector has played a dominant role in Thailand's social development, using the eight national development plans as guiding principles for setting priorities and resource allocation. Each of the development plans has conceptually evolved over time: from expansion of basic facilities, integrating social policy in national development, mobilizing people participation in social development, and then, human and social development of the people. The public sector also accordingly shifted its role from being the leading actor in the provision of social services for the people, to minimize its role and become the facilitator of human and social development of the people. It is important to note that NGOs and CBOs have also played a pivotal role in the development process. Though the country faced the challenge of the 1997 economic crisis, and saw rapid change as a result of globalization, the situation helped re-enforce and justify the current concept of encouraging people participation in development. The country has thus undertaken major reform programmes, in order to comply with the Constitution of B.E.2540 (1997), guaranteeing rights to health, education, social protection, and a social safety net. I. Introduction Thailand has used national development plans as the framework for setting priorities and for resource allocation since the inception of its first Five-year National Development Plan over 40 years ago. While each plan reflects the priority pertaining to circumstances during a particular period, their concept and approach have evolved over a period of time. The conventional development approach usually compartmentalizes each aspect of development into managerial levels, ignoring its interdependent nature. For example, social development contains almost the same function and is based on the same principle for any government. But the recent Eighth National Development Plan adopts a strategy that places people at the centre rather than as a means to development itself. This concept requires a shifting role of the public in the overall process of national development. II. Overview of National Development Plans: A Framework of Public Sector Role Expansion of Facilities for Social Services: The First and Second Economic Development Plans (1961-71) During the 1960s, over 80 per cent of the population resided in rural areas. Agriculture dominated people's way of life, an existence of reliance and interdependence. Major export products consisted of rice, rubber, and timber. However, there was political instability in the Southeast Asian region, arising from polarized politics, communism vs. capitalism, etc. The government viewed this as a threat to national security. Meanwhile, the Thai people still suffered from a lack of basic necessities. Thus national security and economic stability were emphasized as development priorities. National Development Plans during this period had the single objective to stimulate economic growth. Therefore, the plans focussed on constructing basic infrastructure such as roads, ports, multipurpose dams, and electricity generation plants. It should be noted that the construction of road networks facilitated not only the transport of agricultural products to nearby markets, but also connected strategic remote areas throughout the country and generated a sense of belonging to the Kingdom of Thailand. Plans were project-oriented, using external loans. Though it was not explicitly spelled out as social policy, the plans identified basic social services - namely, community facilities and social welfare, public health, and education, to be provided during the period. For example, in the field of public welfare, the objective was to render assistance to those who could not fully help themselves, such as orphans, homeless children, juvenile delinquents, and other underprivileged or socially maladjusted youngsters. In addition, the plans set objectives for public health programmes to expand and improve facilities for medical care of the sick, and to promote the general health of the population by systematic control of communicable diseases, improvement of environmental sanitation, and provision of better maternity and child welfare services. …

Hygienic Studies on the Silica Contained in Drinking Water

Silicosis poses a problem in the field of public welfare now. A member of reports indicate that silica causes arteriosclerosis. From the viewpoints of public hygiene, the author investigated the in vivo effects of silica taken by the oral route, namely by determining the quantity of silica contained in drinking water and its pattern of absorption in the living body. The results obtained were as follows : 1. Determinations were made on the quntities of silica containd in those drinking water samples collected in Kyogok Ucho, Hokkaido, in Tokyo-to, in Akiyama Muro, Yamanashi Prefecture, and in Gotenba City, Shizuoka Prefecture, with the result that apparent differences in the content of soluble silica were noted among the drinking water samples tested, In particular, the silica content of the drinking water sample collected in Kyogok Ucho, Hokkaido, was conspicuously high. 2. Each of the drinking water samples above indicated a high linear coefficient in the correlation between the soluble silica content (determined by means of the colorimetric silicomolybidate method) and the total silica content (determined by means of the gravimetric method). In the regression line, furthermore, these were significant differences noted among the drinking water samples tested. 3. In normal rabbits, a silicate (Na2SiO3) solution was immediately absorbed from the stomack and serum levels of SiO2 were increased. Also, its rapidly excretions into the urine were observed. 4. In normal rats, a silicate (Na2SiO3) solution was absorbed from the small intestines, particularly well from the duodenum. 5. Rats were given Na2SiO3 solution at dosages of 1mg. daily over a perioa of 25 weeks. They did not develop any differences from control rats in terms of the pattern of growth. Pathological findings on the artery were normal.

WELFARE SERVICES IN A CANADIAN COMMUNITY

field of the human helping professions. Social work's concern with application of social science to social work is evident throughout the volume, particularly in the Edward C. Lindenman memorial lectures by Grace L. Coyle's Bridge Between Social Work and the Social Sciences. Jessie Bernard's Neo-Marital Program, and Lawrence K. Frank's Change Through Group Experience. Social work has many causes which can and do inspire dedicated action. But broad social issues are not the number one concern of professionally trained social workers. As Evelyn Burns points out. in a down-to-earth presidential address. social workers tend to concentrate on the intensive treatment of individuals and groups. The field of corrections, the field of public welfare. Social Security, and the other public social services that try to deal with the sociopsychological consequences of poverty have only a small proportion of the profession's fully trained workers. S. J. Roney, director of the Bureau of Public Assistance. who writes about this neglected frontier of the profession, states that there has been no decline of family breakdown in these ever more prosperouls times. The number of divorced women increased eight times as fast as the total number of women in the population from 1900 to 1950. Similarly. there is an increase in the number of recorded illegitimate births. The American welfare state is far more a newspaper term than a reality. JOSEPH W. EATON-

Concerning High and Low Utilizers of Service in a Medical Care Plan, and the Persistence of Utilization Levels over a Three Year Period

HE unequal distribution of episodes of illness and physical and social disability in various population groups has been the subject of intensive investigation for years. These studies have demonstrated repeatedly that small groups account for disproportionately large shares of the adverse events experienced by the population and that there is a tendency for high incidence groups to remain high for extended periods of time. A distinguishing characteristic of inquiries in more recent years has been the application made of this type of observation to specific medical care, industrial, health and welfare problems. Thus, the uneven distribution of medical costs in the population (1) has spurred much of the interest in the extension of health insurance to all types of physician services. The concentration of the bulk of industrial absenteeism and illnesses in a minority of employees has led to questions of direct concern to management as well as to more general questions regarding the role of the social and interpersonal environment in the occurrence of these episodes. (2) In the public welfare field, the receipt by a relatively few disabled indigent families of most of the expenditures for community health and dependency services has resulted in concerted efforts to find better methods of prevention or control. (3) Two observations of the utilization experience of members of the Health Insurance Plan of Greater New York (HIP)

Merit System Examinations for the Local Public Welfare Field

Previous articleNext article No AccessMerit System Examinations for the Local Public Welfare FieldJohn HolmgrenJohn Holmgren Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Social Service Review Volume 23, Number 1Mar., 1949 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/637168 PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING AND MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK

The establishment of the first official school of social work in Brazil marks another development in the health and public welfare field in South America. Since 1939 the government, through the Board of Health and Public Welfare, has maintained several courses in social work, both for professional workers and for volunteers. Now the school is set up, providing for a curriculum of two to three years, depending on the kind of training desired. The school has a three year course for supervisors of social workers and a two-year course for case workers, nutritionists, and puericultores. The last are workers who will deal particularly with problems of child welfare. Students are to be admitted to the school upon graduation from a secondary school. The development of social work as a profession is spreading rapidly in South America and the opening of the new school in Rio de Janeiro marks another milestone. Public Health Courses Have Accredited Standing Public health has become a specialty in the past few decades and therefore the various professions in the public health field have special educational requirements. For example, physicians trained in the clinical branches of medicine who wish to enter a public health career must acquire competence in public health administration (inclusive of maternal and child health), epidemiology, vital statistics, community organization and health education; they must have knowledge of the social and economic factors influencing health, the various environmental factors and their control, the principles of sound industrial hygiene and the current practices in the control of certain specific diseases.

The Concept of Role in Social Work

T HE INFLUENCE of psychiatry upon social work during the past quarter of a century has been extraordinarily stimulating and fruitful. No one who has read case records, starting at the end of the first World War and coming down to the present, can fail to be struck by the great gains made in the understanding of human nature as a result of that stimulus. There is, however, ground for questioning whether psychiatry has not already made its maximum contribution to social work at the stage now reached by both arts. An affirmative answer would not mean that further experimentation on the border between case and group work on the one hand and the deeper psychiatric therapies on the other will not continue to yield significant insights. It would merely imply that social work has absorbed as many of the psychiatric concepts as can be used generally in its professional services today. The recently awakened interest in administration in many lines of activity is reflected in the discussions of the administration of public relief and has brought new life into the consideration of policy making and professional-client relationships, especially in the public welfare field. It is for the types of social work that lie between the therapeutic care of markedly disturbed individuals and the administration of assistance as defined by law, that there seems to be need for the development of new theoretical analyses. It is in that middle ground where most social work takes place that sociology might be expected to make whatever contribution it can to the practical art with which it is so closely allied in popular thinking. This particular study has resulted from attempt to evaluate the possibilities of inter-stimulation between the two fields. A concept, of which both sociology and social work are making increased use and which they might well explore together, is that of role. It has been defined by Cottrell as an internally consistent series of conditioned responses by one member of a social situation which represents the stimulus pattern for a similarly consistent series of conditioned responses of the other(s) in that situation.' This might be called a unit or specific role, and it is with such roles limited to specific situations that this paper is primarily concerned. Cottrell's definition implies that the role is cultural in nature and that it is always related to the learned roles of other actors in a given situation. A comparison of Cottrell's definition with that of Kingsley Davis, derived from the earlier study of status and role by Linton, indicates that the concept of cultural role needs further clarification.2 In addition, there is growing recognition of the fact that there are societal as well as cultural roles but there is to be found in sociological literature little systematic knowledge in regard to their nature. Cottrell's definition also raises the question as to how the role patterns of the various members in a given situation are fused in a consistent interrelation of responses. The point of this brief discussion of concepts is merely to suggest the desirability of a further study of roles, role systems and the processes of role inculcation. Turning to the practice of social work, the sociologist might well begin with the examination of some well defined role patterns. Much light is thrown upon various theoretical problems by the consideration, for exam-

The Place of Research in the Long-Time Planning of a State Program for Public Welfare

PROBABLY no other area of social action has undergone such rapid and profound change in the last decade as the field of public welfare. The overwhelming experiences of the depression years forced into the discard the traditional concept that the problem of public dependency is one of individual maladjustment; that some lack in the individual is responsible for his plight. Primary responsibility for the alleviation of dependency is now quite generally recognized to be society's rather than the individual's, and return to the laissez faire attitude toward the problems of poverty is unthinkable. Public welfare is gradually getting away from the old idea that grudging grant of relief, barely sufficient to keep the body alive, is all that the needy person has right to expect of society. Today our thinking tends in the direction of minimum physical and cultural requirements commensurate with our standards of human dignity. The increasing scope of public welfare, the realization that many of the problems thought at first to be of an emergency character must be considered as permanent, and the very magnitude of these problems, have greatly stimulated interest in defining their exact nature and inquiring into their causes. Research as mechanism for the finding and sifting of facts is becoming more and more recognized as necessary arm of public welfare administration. What precisely is research? Thorsten Sellin has described it as signifying a search, by means of approved and standardized scientific methods, for relevant knowledge which may form the basis for generalizations applicable beyond the particular problems investigated. Social research implies the use of scientific methods in the study of scientific data. It is perhaps well to draw distinction between social research in its broad general aspects and in its more restricted application to the field of social welfare. Social research encompasses the entire social-economic environment whereas research in social welfare covers only those social problems with which organized social welfare must deal. Re-

Experience in County Public Welfare Organization and Administration as a Basis for Planning in Illinois

RECENT events in the field of public welfare have stimulated new interest and concern among the welfare leaders of Illinois in a county unit plan of welfare and administration. Along with the general added significance of welfare problems during the depression, the experiences of the Illinois Emergency Relief Commission, the transfer in large measure of the emergency relief administration burden to the townships,' and the new social security legislation have added to this concern. The idea of a county unit plan for the administration of welfare activities is not altogether new in Illinois. In i9i2, Professor E. C. Hayes in his presidential address, as-president of the Illinois Conference on Public Welfare, stressed the need for a type of county wide organization in the interest of improved standards of welfare service.2 Wilfred S. Reynolds in the presidential address of the same body in I9I7 set out the principle of county boards of public welfare for the state.3 In I92o a Special Children's Committee, appointed at the request of the State Conference by the Director of the State Department of Public Welfare, reported among its 46 recommendations one for county units as a basis of local public welfare administration. This recommendation is quoted below as an interesting bit of pioneering: In order to crystallize the potentialities of the counties and local communities, both rural and urban, it is recommended that the Department of Public Welfare promote the formation by the officials and citizens of local committees which might be known as County Boards. Experience in other states has shown that such boards do much to prevent duplication of effort, and to arouse interest, and lead to a common understanding of community resources and responsibilities and a fine spirit of cooperation in service for the common good.4

Social Statistics and Research in the Public Welfare Field

Social Statistics and Research in the Public Welfare Field

Opportunities for Social Research in the Public Welfare Field

Next article No AccessOpportunities for Social Research in the Public Welfare FieldEmil Frankel, Emma O. Lundberg, David M. Schneider, Louise C. Odencrantz, Horatio M. Pollock, Thorsten Sellin, and Katherine F. LenrootEmil Frankel Search for more articles by this author , Emma O. Lundberg Search for more articles by this author , David M. Schneider Search for more articles by this author , Louise C. Odencrantz Search for more articles by this author , Horatio M. Pollock Search for more articles by this author , Thorsten Sellin Search for more articles by this author , and Katherine F. Lenroot Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Social Service Review Volume 6, Number 3Sep., 19321932 Proceedings of the American Public Welfare Association Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/631089 Views: 2Total views on this site PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.