Public Web Pages Research Articles

Large language model answers medical questions about standard pathology reports.

This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of large language model (LLM) in answering pathology questions based on pathology reports (PRs) of colorectal cancer (CRC). Four common questions (CQs) and corresponding answers about pathology were retrieved from public webpages. These questions were input as prompts for Chat Generative Pretrained Transformer (ChatGPT) (gpt-3.5-turbo). The quality indicators (understanding, scientificity, satisfaction) of all answers were evaluated by gastroenterologists. Standard PRs from 5 CRC patients who received radical surgeries in Shanghai Changzheng Hospital were selected. Six report questions (RQs) and corresponding answers were generated by a gastroenterologist and a pathologist. We developed an interactive PRs interpretation system which allows users to upload standard PRs as JPG images. Then the ChatGPT's responses to the RQs were generated. The quality indicators of all answers were evaluated by gastroenterologists and out-patients. As for CQs, gastroenterologists rated AI answers similarly to non-AI answers in understanding, scientificity, and satisfaction. As for RQ1-3, gastroenterologists and patients rated the AI mean scores higher than non-AI scores among the quality indicators. However, as for RQ4-6, gastroenterologists rated the AI mean scores lower than non-AI scores in understanding and satisfaction. In RQ4, gastroenterologists rated the AI scores lower than non-AI scores in scientificity (P = 0.011); patients rated the AI scores lower than non-AI scores in understanding (P = 0.004) and satisfaction (P = 0.011). In conclusion, LLM could generate credible answers to common pathology questions and conceptual questions on the PRs. It holds great potential in improving doctor-patient communication.

Illegal Online Gambling Site Detection using Multiple Resource-Oriented Machine Learning.

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to faster digitalization and illegal online gambling has become popular. As illegal online gambling brings not only financial threats but also breaches in overall cyber security, this study defines the concept of absolute illegal online gambling (AIOG) using a machine-learning-driven approach with information gathered from public webpages. By analysing 11,172 sites to detect illegal online gambling, the proposed model classifies key features such as URLs (Uniform Resource Locator), WHOIS, INDEX, and landing page information. With a combination of text and image analyses with machine learning-driven approach, the proposed model offers the ensemble combination of attributes for high detection performance with the verification of common attributes from metadata in online gambling. This study suggests a strategy for dynamic resource utilization to increase the classification accuracy of the current environment. As a result, this research expands the scope of hybrid web mining through constant updating of data to achieve content-based filtering.

“Make a reasonable effort”: Translation policy for Texas state websites

AbstractLanguage plays a key role in democracy. In fact, the role of language in democratic societies is so crucial that scholars have addressed it thoroughly through different lenses, ranging from law to language policy. This article, in turn, seeks to add to the scholarship on democracy and language rights by considering the role of translation policy in the development of linguistically inclusive public web pages. To that end, the study considers the State of Texas's translation policy as it relates to its online presence. Specifically, it approaches translation policy by looking at translation management, translation practice, and translation beliefs as observed in the efforts that state government agencies in Texas make when localizing their websites for the inclusion or integration of linguistic minorities. In so doing, it explores the relationship between written rules and the belief in providing language access in government agencies and how this affects the practice of translation in websites.

Uma nova base cienciométrica de publicações científicas em Revistas Brasileiras de Relações Internacionais (1997-2021)

Abstract In this article, we present a new dataset covering metadata on 14 Brazilian International Relations (BIR) journals and more than 5000 articles published between 1997 and 2021. We collected the data by harvesting the journals’ public web pages via web scraping and later cleaned and structured the information in a rectangular format. A complete understanding of the International Relations field in Brazil requires a deep analysis of the ecosystem of IR academic journals and engaging explicitly and exclusively with scientific articles published in such venues. But, as of today, scientometric analysis covering BIR is rare and limited, as primary indexing sources and popular databases do not fully cover Brazilian International Relations journals. By presenting and publishing the dataset we aim to overcome such a barrier and encourage further scientometric studies in the country.

Sixty Years of Manned Spaceflight—Incidents and Accidents Involving Astronauts between Launch and Landing

Introduction: Since Gagarin became the first human to travel into space and complete one orbit around the Earth, on 12 April 1961, the number of manned spaceflights has increased significantly. Spaceflight is still complex and has potential risk for incidents and accidents. The aim of this study was to analyze how safe it is for humans to travel in space. Objectives: This paper, therefore, summarizes incidents and accidents covering the six decades of manned spaceflight (1961–2020). Material and methods: Extensive PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar searches were made with search strings of “incidents”, “accident”, “spaceflight”, and “orbit”, and including all vehicles so far. Search terms were combined by AND or OR in search strings. Of the results obtained, studies which evaluated manned spaceflight were included in the study. Data from the National Aeronautics Space Agency (NASA), the Russian Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS), the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Chinese Space Agency (CNSA), as well as from the Virgin Galactic and the SpaceX databases, were searched to complete data and to identify all the accomplished manned spaceflights, as well as all incidents and accidents that have occurred in the specific period. Search results were compared to findings on Wikipedia, Encyclopedia Astronautica, and other public webpages. Reference lists of included articles/homepages were also included for further potential data. Results: From 1961–2020, our data revealed an increasing number of manned space flights, n = 327. The number of times an astronaut has been sent to space, n = 1294, resulted in an accumulated n = 19,414 days spent in space. The number of days spent in orbit has constantly increased from 1961 until today. The number of incidents (altogether n = 36) and accidents (altogether n = 5) has constantly decreased. The number of astronauts who have died during spaceflight is represented by n = 19. The current statistical fatality rate is 5.8% (deaths per spaceflight) with the highest fatality rate in the 1960s (0.013 deaths/day spent in space), and the lowest rates in the 1990s and the period from 2010 until the present (no deaths). The most dangerous phases of spaceflight are launch, landing and staying in orbit. Altogether, n = 12 incidents (incident rate per spaceflight: 0.04) and one accident (accident rate: 0.003) during launch have been reported, n = 9 incidents (incident rate: 0.03) and two accidents (accident rate: 0.006) have been reported during landing and n = 10 incidents (incident rate: 0.03) have been reported in orbit. Discussion: Manned spaceflight over the last six decades has become significantly safer. Since 2003, no astronaut fatality has been reported. With greater international cooperation and maintaining of the International Space Station (ISS), the number of manned spaceflights and days spent in space has constantly increased, with constantly lower rates of incidents and accidents.

Standard deviation estimation from sums of unequal size samples

Abstract In numerous industrial and related activities, the sums of the values of, frequently, unequal size samples are systematically recorded, for several purposes such as legal or quality control reasons. For the typical case where the individual values are not or no longer known, we address the point estimation, with confidence intervals, of the standard deviation (and mean) of the individual items, from those sums alone. The estimation may be useful also to corroborate estimates from previous statistical process control. An everyday case of a sum is the total weight of a set of items, such as a load of bags on a truck, which is used illustratively. For the parameters mean and standard deviation of the distribution, assumed Gaussian, we derive point estimates, which lead to weighted statistics, and we derive confidence intervals. For the latter, starting with a tentative reduction to equal size samples, we arrive at a solid conjecture for the mean, and a proposal for the standard deviation. All results are verifiable by direct computation or by simulation in a general and effective way. These computations can be run on public web pages of ours, namely for possible industrial use.

ROLE OF MEDIA COVERAGE IN MITIGATING AN EPIDEMIC OUTBREAK: AN OPTIMAL CONTROL MODEL

Flu is an acute respiratory infection caused by the influenza virus. The outbreak usually occurs every year in temperate region during the fall and winter seasons, but it is present year-round in tropics. Perceived risk of infection, affordability and lack of awareness among the population results in a low level of vaccination coverage. To control disease transmission and promote vaccination, public health officials use media coverage to spread awareness on vaccine safety, vaccine coverage, disease prevalence in the population through public health websites, advertisements, and other social media web pages. Media coverage acts as an incentive as it helps to decrease overall transmission potential and also at the same time increases the vaccination coverage in the population. Since the public health department has a limited budget, it needs to make optimum allocation of its effort to reduce the total cost of infection. Our paper investigates the effect of media coverage using SIR model of disease transmission. We look at three possible functional relationships — linear, exponential, and hyperbolic — the way media coverage may affect the disease transmission and vaccination rate. We derive necessary conditions of optimal solution using Optimal Control Theory and Pontryagin Maximum Principle (PMP) to minimize the total cost for infection. Analysis of our paper demonstrates that the cost of optimal management is four times less than the cost of constant control effort, and putting more effort into reducing transmission is optimal rather than an effort to increase vaccination at the beginning of the outbreak. Analysis of the role of media coverage under three different scenarios may help in formulating policies for public health programs in mitigating the influenza outbreak.

Volunteer activities in Ukraine amidst the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has become a serious challenge for Ukrainian society and has affected all spheres of activity, including volunteer activities of citizens. This article presents the results of the research on the state and peculiarities of the implementation of volunteer activities under COVID-19 conditions in Ukraine. The research was carried out in February–June 2021 using methods of metaanalysis of statistical data, questionnaires, and content analysis. It was found that 60% of officially registered volunteer organizations stopped their activities or cannot be identified as actively working. Analysis and systematization of monitoring data provided by the Ukrainian Volunteer Service allowed us to identify 77 organizations of various types that actually work during the quarantine period and actively recruit volunteer resources. Formal and informal organizations that have public web pages with contact information for electronic listservs were interviewed by 35 people. It was found that under quarantine conditions, the activities of the organizations that engage volunteer resources changed for 54% of the respondents, but despite the difficulties that 80% of the organizations experience, they continue to work. Inability to organize activities that involve direct contact with the recipient of the service, or the need for additional consideration of personal protection and safety equipment, both for the recipients of services and for the providers (volunteers), were the key difficulties in organizing the work of volunteers. Among the main changes, volunteers noted the change in the forms of work, the transition to a remote format, in particular in the Internet space, a reduction in the number of volunteers involved and the impossibility of conducting some activities, with postponement of implementation for an unspecified amount of time. It is noteworthy that most of the respondents assessed the quarantine situation as a situation of opportunities rather than restrictions, specifically, they noted the emergence of new areas of activity, one of which is assistance in combating the spread of the disease and counteracting the effects of COVID-19.

Transparency About Governance Contributes to Biobanks' Trustworthiness: Call for Action.

This article examines biobank transparency mechanisms vis-à-vis their public information, as found on the public biobank webpages. Two independent studies about biobank governance in Europe and Canada identified a lack of governance-related information provided by biobanks on their public webpages. This lack of transparency stands in contrast to governance best practice guidelines highlighting the importance of transparency as a principle of good governance. Transparency is especially important as many biobanks are publicly funded, and it contributes to accountability and supports the development of donor trust in biobanks. Empirical evidence shows that the public supports greater transparency about biobank governance. It will be important that information provided online is relevant and accessible for a variety of different stakeholders (e.g. public and private sector scientists and institutions, donors and potential donors, members of the public). Transparency standards, however, need to be proportionate to avoid the situation that only large-scale biobanks can allocate appropriate resources to fulfil them. Implementing adequate standards of transparency about biobanks' governance will increase accountability but also allow current and future participants to make more informed decisions about their participation in biobank activities.

Abstract A075: Gender diversity in academic oncology programs

Abstract Purpose: This study sought to examine gender diversity among academic faculty of medical oncology, hematology/oncology, and radiation oncology residency programs in the United States (U.S.), Canada, and Spain. Methods: Data from the Association of American Medical College (AAMC) were used to examine faculty composition of medical oncology, hematology/oncology, and radiation oncology departments in U.S. institutions for the years 1977 and 2017. For international data, public webpages listing post-graduate training programs in medical oncology and radiation oncology were examined and the genders of department heads were recorded. Results: In the U.S., in 1977, women made up 8%, 9%, and 7% of the total workforce among hematology/oncology, medical oncology, and radiation oncology faculty positions, respectively, compared to 44%, 40%, and 27%, respectively, in 2017. Regarding departmental leadership, in the U.S., 9% (8/89) of radiation oncology department chairs were women. In Canada, for radiation oncology, 11 department heads were men, 1 was a woman, and 1 department could not be determined (8-15% women). For medical oncology, 10 department heads were men, 3 women, and 2 were unknown (20-33% women). In Spain, 12 radiation oncology heads were women, 28 men, and 8 were unknown (25-42% women); for medical oncology, 14 department heads were women, 52 were men, and 11 were unknown (25-42% women). Conclusions: Women have historically increased in representation in the U.S. oncology workforce; however, they remain under-represented relative to the overall U.S. population. Women were also under-represented at the level of chair in the U.S., Canada, and Spain. Further research and efforts are needed to enlist and advance women in oncologic fields both nationally and internationally and understand barriers to training, practice, and advancement. Citation Format: Crystal S. Seldon, Awad A. Ahmed, Ricardo Llorente, Stella K. Yoo, Emma B. Holliday, Charles R. Thomas, Reshma Jagsi, Curtiland Deville Jr. Gender diversity in academic oncology programs [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2018 Nov 2-5; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(6 Suppl):Abstract nr A075.

Students positioned as global citizens in Australian and New Zealand universities: A discourse analysis

ABSTRACT Higher education plays a critical role in producing society’s leaders by preparing graduates with the knowledge, capabilities and disposition to appreciate diversity and address social injustice. Many higher education institutions within and beyond Australia have aimed to internationalise their curricula to ensure students achieve capabilities that enable them to contribute to an evolving global knowledge economy. However, the inclusion of global citizenship as a graduate attribute embedded in internationalised curricula, and the processes to achieving this, are highly contested. Guided by a discourse analysis approach, this study explored how Australian and New Zealand universities position students as global citizens in public web pages. Publicly available policy and other text documents on university websites relating to internationalisation and/or global citizenship were collected and screened. Those that met inclusion criteria were analysed to identify discourses and to further understand how higher education institutions describe their plan to advance and achieve global citizenship agendas. Two key themes were generated: expressions of internationalisation policy and global citizenship as an obscured educational intention. These findings are further elaborated, providing an outline of the possible implications for higher education policy and practice relating to the internationalisation of curriculum for global citizenship and its potential impact on educators and students.

UK internet antenatal dietary advice: a content accuracy and readability analysis

AbstractNutrition in pregnancy is important for the health of the mother and infant. Suboptimal maternal nutrition can result in poor pregnancy outcomes for the infant such as low birth weight, hypovitaminosis D, and neural tube defects. Theinternet is a popular source of dietary advice in pregnancy, but there are no regulations to control the quality of information provided,and poor accuracy and readability can hinder its usefulness.The purpose of this study was to examine the accuracy and readability of online pregnancy-related diet and nutrition information regardless of geographical origin when searching from the UK. The accuracy was assessed against UK government advice and the readability using theFlesch Readability Ease (FRE) tool. Three commonly searched themes were examined;foods to avoid, foods to eat, and supplements.130 web pages were rated for accuracy and readability. Descriptive and non-parametric tests were used and Spearman's Correlation used to explore the relationship between accuracy and readability.Eighty-three (64%) web pages contained accurate and inaccurate advice, 23 (18%) were accurate, 21 (16%) were inaccurate, and three (2%) lacked relevant advice. The median percentage accuracy of all advice was 83 (LQ, UQ) (48,100). Eighty-seven pages (67%) scored below the recommended FRE for public web pages. The median FRE was 55 (46, 61) defined as ‘fairly difficult’. There was a weak positive correlation between accuracy and readability of web pages, rho = 0.241, p = 0.006. There was no significant difference in accuracy of web page by theme. Readability of web pages on supplements was more difficult than foods to avoid and foods to eat. Web pages from the UK (58%) were more accurate, difference of median 33 (16, 40) p < 0.001 and more readable, difference of median 9.1 (5.0, 13.1) p < 0.001 than those from outside the UK. Web pages from commercial sources (76%) were significantly less accurate than those from non-for-profit organisations, difference of median -8 (-29, 0.00) p = 0.019. 27% of web pages originated from the US. Dietary advice for pregnancy from the US differs from that in the UK.Despite the popularity of internet searching, much pregnancy-related dietary advice online is inaccurate and difficult to comprehend. Contradictory advice may interrupt the process of making improvements to diet in pregnancy, and result in negative health outcomes for mother and infant. Healthcare professionals can support women by guiding them to accurate advice, which should only be provided by those qualified in nutrition or dietetics.

Multimodality and cognitive mechanisms: A cognitive-semantics analysis of political cartoons <stay out of my hair>

This paper aims to explore multimodality within a framework of cognitive semantics by conducting a case study of political cartoons with special focus on the optimal manifestations of conceptual metaphors (Lakoff and Johnson 1999) and blends (Fauconnier 1997) in them. It looks into the cartoons which have been published from January to August in 2017 to illustrate escalating tensions over the issue of developing nuclear weapons in North Korea between North Korea and the United States after Donald Trump was elected president of the United States. Total 26 relevant cartoons were collected from multiple public webpages, which use the original hairstyles of the political figures to satirize their political actions or to show conflicts and their unpleasant emotions. This study provides a qualitative analysis of five selected cartoons that represent the sub-types to clarify how hair constitutes the overall construal of the cartoon within a framework of cognitive semantics. It supports the claim that cognitive mechanisms such as conceptual metaphor and blending are not confined to verbal artefacts, but they are pervasive in multimodal manifestations since multimodal data as well as linguistic data are outcomes of human cognition (Dancygier and Vandelanotte 2017). (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies)

Rules, Requirements, and Resources for School-Based Threat Assessment: a Fifty State Analysis

State governments and other agencies are resources that have the potential to provide leadership and guidance about school-based threat assessment practices. However, accessing information regarding threat assessment-related state mandates and recommendations can be a challenging and a time consuming task for school personnel as there is no single database or resource where that information is housed. Via internet searches covering all 50 United States, as well as the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico, the authors of this study identified state statutes, requirements, standards, and other recommendations for school-based threat assessment. Currently, only one state unambiguously and explicitly mandates threat assessment procedures and threat assessment teams. However, at least five other states have other statutes, standards, or procedures that imply the need for school-based threat assessment. Additionally, at least 39 states provided a quality web-based threat assessment resource for schools. Twenty-three of those resources were posted on state departments of education or public instruction web pages. At least 21 states have developed specific state guidance documents on school-based threat assessment. These resources can guide school-based mental health professionals as they prepare for conducting threat assessments in the school setting.

Assessing consumer benefits in the Ontario residential retail natural gas market: ontario residential retail natural gas market: Why marketer entry did not help

When the institutions governing transactions in the energy sector changed in Canada thirty years ago, the changes were heralded as pro-competitive for natural gas markets, and subsequently authorities and some stakeholders have suggested that households would benefit from gas commodity marketer entry. Using an analysis of the institutions together with a model of the cost pass-through regulatory process, I show that households as a group would not benefit from purchasing the gas commodity from unregulated commodity marketers rather than buying it bundled with delivery from the regulated utility. I next use monthly price data collected from the public web pages of these unregulated sellers to confirm the theoretical prediction. Depending on the time period, five-year natural gas contract commodity prices average more than 75% higher than the utility's regulated cost of gas. On average over the sample period, signing up meant paying over C$400 more for the gas commodity annually. The analysis suggests that claims about the effects of policy change should be informed by a careful assessment of the specific institutional arrangements and the new incentives created by institutional evolution.

Constructing Ebola transmission chains from West Africa and estimating model parameters using internet sources.

During the recent Ebola crisis in West Africa, individual person-level details of disease onset, transmissions, and outcomes such as survival or death were reported in online news media. We set out to document disease transmission chains for Ebola, with the goal of generating a timely account that could be used for surveillance, mathematical modeling, and public health decision-making. By accessing public web pages only, such as locally produced newspapers and blogs, we created a transmission chain involving two Ebola clusters in West Africa that compared favorably with other published transmission chains, and derived parameters for a mathematical model of Ebola disease transmission that were not statistically different from those derived from published sources. We present a protocol for responsibly gleaning epidemiological facts, transmission model parameters, and useful details from affected communities using mostly indigenously produced sources. After comparing our transmission parameters to published parameters, we discuss additional benefits of our method, such as gaining practical information about the affected community, its infrastructure, politics, and culture. We also briefly compare our method to similar efforts that used mostly non-indigenous online sources to generate epidemiological information.

(Im) Politeness and Gender in the Arabic Discourse of Social Media Network Websites: Facebook as a Norm

<p class="1"><span lang="X-NONE">The present study aims to investigate the differences and similarities in the ways men and women use (im)politeness strategies in communicating “online” in the Arabic discourse of social media network websites like Facebook as well as the role of the topic the interlocutors talk about in the use of (im)politeness strategies. In addition, the study investigates the differences between the men-men, women-women, women-men communication in the Arabic discourse of social media network website, Facebook. For the purposes of this study, a corpus of online Arabic texts were collected from some public web pages of the most popular TV show programs on some of the most well-liked social media network websites such as Facebook over a period of four months (from September 2012- December 2012). The obtained data were studied quantitatively and qualitatively. Many studies have been conducted on cross-gender differences especially in the computer mediated communication CMC, but none so far has focused on the gender differences and (im)politeness in the Arabic discourse of social media network websites although there is a huge number of Arabic users of such websites. The present study, therefore, attempts to fill in the gap in the literature. </span></p>

The ATLAS Public Web Pages: Online Management of HEP External Communication Content

The ATLAS Education and Outreach Group is in the process of migrating its public online content to a professionally designed set of web pages built on the Drupal [1] content management system. Development of the front-end design passed through several key stages, including audience surveys, stakeholder interviews, usage analytics, and a series of fast design iterations, called sprints. Implementation of the web site involves application of the html design using Drupal templates, refined development iterations, and the overall population of the site with content. We present the design and development processes and share the lessons learned along the way, including the results of the data-driven discovery studies. We also demonstrate the advantages of selecting a back-end supported by content management, with a focus on workflow. Finally, we discuss usage of the new public web pages to implement outreach strategy through implementation of clearly presented themes, consistent audience targeting and messaging, and the enforcement of a well-defined visual identity.

Web-based Public Participation in Urban Planning Competitions

In Finland, planning competitions are used as a way to determine alternatives in the early phase of urban planning. However, the traditional jury-based evaluation process is encountering significant opposition as it does not consider the views of local residents. In recent years, methods of web-based evaluation have been developed and tested to register public opinion in several planning competitions. This paper describes how web-based public participation and GIS-based evaluation tools, such as PPGIS (public participation geographic information system) and public evaluation web pages, are utilised in urban planning competitions. The research focus of this paper is on studying how public participation can be arranged in competition processes and how the competitors use the information produced. In addition, we identify issues that can affect the utilisation of the information. Based on two Finnish case studies, this study indicates that web-based tools can augment public participation in various phases of the competition process.

British Columbia Smart Infrastructure Monitoring System

This paper describes the architecture of a comprehensive seismic monitoring system developed in 2009 by the British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure (MoT) and the University of British Columbia, Canada. The main purpose of the British Columbia Smart Infrastructure Monitoring System project is to instrument and monitor key structures to provide confirmation of their seismic capacity, assist in focusing retrofit efforts, detect structural damage, and provide rapid damage assessment of those structures, following a seismic event. The automatic creation of shakemaps following an earthquake provides information for the MoT’s non-instrumented bridges. The public notification systems and web pages have been developed to display real-time seismic data both from the strong motion network and seismic structural health monitoring network. Tools and methods have been developed to help transform the current practice of inspecting and evaluating structures to a more rational and effective one that uses the up-to-date sensing technology with fast and efficient techniques.