Source Of Public Water Supply Research Articles

Risk Management Associated with Surface Sources of Public Water Supply in Urban and Rural Areas in a Developing Country

Risk Management Associated with Surface Sources of Public Water Supply in Urban and Rural Areas in a Developing Country

Assessment of Shallow Wells of Public Importance in Selected Areas of Ekiti State Capital City, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria

ABSTRACTGroundwater is one of the main sources of public water supply all over the world. This study assessed hand‐dug wells of economic importance in selected areas of Ado Ekiti in relation to terrain characteristics. A total of 15 wells were randomly sampled with replicates from 5 densely populated parts of the study area. Water samples collected were processed and analyzed in the laboratory using established scientific methods. Results showed that physicochemical characteristics of the sampled groundwater compared favorably with the standard for drinking water, except for phosphate (PO43−) concentration, which was above the permissible limit of 0.1 mg/L. Moreover, while lead (Pb2+) was within the acceptable limits of 0.001 mg/L, cadmium (Cd2+) and iron (Fe2+) mean values of 0.01 and 16.723 mg/L were above the permissible limits of 0.003 and 0.03 mg/L, respectively. All the samples analyzed were found to contain total coliforms. Piper diagram indicates prevalence of chloride anion facies and a small portion of sulfate with no carbonate ions. There was no dominant water type among the cations. The chemical makeup mainly showed the prevalence of strong acids (Cl−) and slightly alkaline earth elements (Ca2+). The Schoeller plot suggests the dominance of calcium and elevated chloride concentrations in comparison to other ions. The water quality index indicated widespread pollution in most of the sampled water, showing that the shallow wells are not suitable for drinking purposes except in Adebayo and Erifun axis as expected. The study revealed terrain's influence and unprofessional construction of wells. A holistic water safety plan is imperative in the area and thus recommended.

Participatory approach and Nature-based Solutions (NbS) as resilience and revitalization strategies in watersheds

In the face of climate change, adopting participatory, integrative, and systemic management approaches capable of regulating hydrological, ecosystemic, and social interactions and redefining urban and rural planning, transitioning from the municipal scale to a micro and sub-basin approach, is crucial to ensure water security and resilience to extreme weather events. The revitalization of watersheds through adaptive management of natural resources, is fundamental because it allows for environmental recovery and conservation, the provision of ecosystem services and water resources for multiple uses. This work aimed to present proposals for the watershed of the Jaú River, São Paulo/BR. In 2022, the city of Jaú was hit by an unprecedented flood, which made it clear the mistakes made in urbanization, especially those related to the occupation of the floodplain by roads and buildings. Through a participatory methodology, with the support of the Tietê-Jacaré Watershed Committee and the involvement of municipalities, the productive sector, and civil society organizations, guidelines were defined to mitigate impacts and prevent new occurrences. Considering that the Jaú River is an important source of public water supply, providing water for more than 57 thousand people, the proposed actions are based on principles of nature-based solutions aiming to maintain the natural properties of riverbeds, maximize permeability, recover riparian forests along watercourses, and ensure appropriate land use and conservation practices..

Managing public water supply abstraction from a Chalk aquifer to minimize risk of deterioration of ecological status

Abstract The Cam and Ely Ouse Chalk aquifer has been an important source of public water supply for over 100 years. In response to growing demand for water in the area in the 1970s and 1980 s, the National Rivers Authority developed the Lodes–Granta scheme to provide augmentation water to key rivers, subject to low flows. However, during the droughts in the late 1990s, the River Granta, which derives baseflow from the Chalk aquifer, was dry in some locations for several months. In response, the Environment Agency and Cambridge Water carried out investigations into the impacts of abstraction on the flow and ecology of the Granta and agreed to restrict abstraction from two operational groundwater sources during low flow periods. However, these abstraction restrictions could potentially result in a shortfall within the relevant public water supply zone under some climatic conditions and so Cambridge Water was considering increasing abstraction from an alternative source of groundwater within the catchment to retain the level of resilience of its supply. The Environment Agency was concerned that use of this abstraction could pose a risk of deterioration of the ecological status of the water body under the EU Water Framework Directive. This paper describes the investigations undertaken to assess the risk of deterioration and shows how these are being used to manage this risk going forward.

Investigation of the impact of the implementation of the coastal aquifer management plan on nitrate pollution in Gaza Strip Aquifer using modeling techniques

Groundwater is the principal source of public water supply and for satisfying the daily water needs. The Gaza strip coastal aquifer is suffering from salinity and contamination due to human activities especially agriculture activities. Although, the nitrate is necessary for agriculture activities it can affect the groundwater quality if leached nitrate from the soil into freshwaters after some time. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the current situation of the Gaza strip coastal aquifer and to predict the nitrate concentrations resulting from agriculture activities over the next twenty years using modelling approach. 3D Numerical groundwater flow modeling was developed to simulate the impacts of transport of nitrate loading from agricultural land on groundwater system using finite difference method GMS 10.4 software (MODFLOW 2005 code and MT3DMS package). Five management scenarios were considered to study the effect of pumping and recharge parameters on the groundwater flow system and the impacts of transport of nitrate loading from agricultural areas on the aquifer. Ten different wells were selected to investigate the impact of management scenarios on the nitrate concentration. All management scenarios indicated that there is a relationship between the water level and nitrate concentration in aquifer therefore the rates of nitrate concentration in the southern regions of Gaza strip is more than the northern regions.

Failure mode effects and criticality analysis of water supply systems' risks: Path to water resources planning and policy

AbstractThe risk assessment of drinking‐water supply systems in Ogun State, Nigeria, was carried out using the failure mode effects and criticality analysis (FMECA) approach. The FMECA is a systemic process that identifies potentials failure modes within a system and was chosen for its causes and effect approach to assessing risks. The objective of the study was to assess drinking‐water supply systems and identify water supply systems' risks from source to point‐of‐use. Three major water supply sources were selected for assessment: hand‐dug wells, boreholes and public water supply sources. The sources were assessed by identifying the potential failure modes that exist within the water supply sources and the consequence of the identified risks on relevant stakeholders. The sources were divided into modules. The risk in each module was determined by multiplying failure rate (likelihood) and consequences of failure of the module. Risk reduction options include repair and maintenance measures, information dissemination on the procedures to reduce the identified risks and preventive and regulatory approaches. The resulting risks were characterized using FMECA risk matrix of each water source and classified into high, medium and low risks. Well cover and lining were the most risk‐prone modules for hand‐dug wells (high and medium risks). Broken well cover and lining serve as pathways to contaminants into the well. Casing and screen modules posed the highest risk for boreholes, recording high to medium risk. Cracked casing and broken screen provide access for contamination into boreholes. The module with the greatest risk for public water supply source was the point‐of‐abstraction/use module. Unsanitary containers and poor storage conditions is believed to be responsible for recontamination of the treated water Climate variability, environmental and anthropogenic influences were observed to be responsible for most of the identified risks. The study highlights that consumer participation is vital in ensuring the availability of safe drinking‐water, stressing consumer education as the most important channel. The study recommends the use of FMECA to ensure implementing preventive and regulatory measures by water monitoring agencies and for water resources planning and policy making.

Physicochemical investigation of some primitive water sources in district Champawat for potability and preservation of historical aesthetics, Uttarakhand, India

The present study deals with the assessment of physicochemical properties of spring water samples collected from the surroundings of Champawat city, Uttarakhand, India. The total of twenty-three parameters were analysed for the study including pH, total dissolved solids (TDS) (mg/L), electrical conductance (EC) (µS/cm), temperature (T) (°C), dissolved oxygen (DO) (mg/L), chloride (Cl- ) (mg/L), and uranium (U) (µg/L). The seasonal variation was also observed in these samples. In the hills, spring water has been the common source of public water supply from ancient times, therefore this study includes the springs that have survived from the distant past and were being used for drinking purpose at earlier time. However, with time, the quality of these water sources has depleted due to both natural and anthropogenic reasons to such an extent that two of these sources are not in use any more. The analysis has shown that pH of these samples ranged from 6.74 - 7.77, the highest values of TDS and nitrate (NO3 - ) were observed to be 500 mg/L and 39.1 mg/L respectively. This study can help determine the present state of these ancient water sources, which can be used as alternative water sources in the time of water supply crisis, and maintaining these historical water sources can be an example of sustainable development and preservation of historical aesthetics.

A Study on Detection Of E-Coli Bacteria in Drinking Water using E-Nose System

E- nose system is mainly used to ensure the qualitative analysis of microbes accumulated in the water and air. It is an authoritative tool to evaluate the odour compounds during the quality control process. Our aim of the project is to use the E-Nose system for finding the E-coli Bacteria in the public water supply sources for drinking purposes. As the instrument for detecting E-coli Bacteria is not available, and hence we construct an instrument with a sensor having computer connectivity. This work is deliberated to measure the microbial contamination in water segregation system in metropolis and municipalities. However, the range of limits to all factors are associated to sensor with respect to the conventional methods of micro-organism detection. The collection of water from pond at sirudhavoor village in Chengalpattu district. In this sensor system, using an embedded PIC microcontroller is used to detect and quantify the microbial contaminants. The results of this analysis will give the details of CO2 and its bacterial density in drinking water.

Rethinking a groundwater flow system using a multiple-tracer geochemical approach: A case study in Moab-Spanish Valley, Utah

The Glen Canyon Group Aquifer (GCGA) is the sole source of public water supply for the city of Moab, Utah, a domestic and international tourist destination. Population and tourism growth are likely to target the GCGA for future water resources, but our analysis indicates that additional withdrawals would likely be sourced from groundwater storage and not be sustained by recharge. A quantitative estimate of groundwater discharge from the GCGA is problematic because the downgradient aquifer boundary is the Colorado River, and groundwater discharge to the river is very small compared to the river flow. A water budget based on a conceptual model of GCGA discharging into an adjacent alluvial Valley-Fill Aquifer (VFA) was reported by Sumsion (1971) and numerous subsequent studies have repeated and utilized this water budget. The GCGA contains stable isotopes, tritium, 3He/4He ratios, dissolved solids, and sulfate concentrations that contrast with the VFA, indicating it is instead recharged by local streams rather than from the GCGA. Water-budget calculations, based on: (1) measured spring discharge and streamflow gains, (2) horizontal gradients in VFA groundwater age, and (3) GCGA outcrop area vadose-zone pore waters are all less than previously thought. Using a lumped parameter model and 14C groundwater ages, we estimate recharge to the deeper GCGA (DGCGA) to be 4.2 ± 2.3 × 106 m3/yr, which is approximately equal to the measured discharge from wells and springs.

D.I.Y. Treatment of Cancer

The cancer cells are different from normal human body cells. The scientists advocating the Somatic Mutation Theory speculated that cancer is caused when mutations have caused the Human Genome of the human body-cells to be changed into the Cancer Genomes of the cancer cells. There is, however, no good reason to assume that mutations of the Human Genome would cause the cancer cells to grow and replicate out of control. There is, in fact, no good evidence indicating that there has ever been such mutations, or that cancer cells had been human body cells before they are changed by mutations into cancer cells. Perhaps cancer cells have always been cancer cells, but some cancer cells have not been inherited by the offsprings from their ancestors.Some of us believe that the difference between Human and cancer cells have resulted from the difference of their inherently different genomes, and have not resulted from changes, or mutations. The evolution of the eukaryote genomes and the evolution of the Cancer Genomes during the course of Earth’s history have followed parallel paths of evolution that indicate adaptations of the metabolic modes in response to the ever-increasing oxygenation of the Earth’s atmosphere during the past few billion years. Compared to that of the Human Genome of the human body cells, the cancer cells have genomes that indicate a retarded development in the evolution of the metabolisms. When the Human genome encodes a progressive mode of OXPHOS, the cancer genomes may still encode the anammox mode of metabolism.We cannot deny an assumption that cancer cells have inherited evolving cancer genomes that encode different metabolic modes, while their hallmark is the uncontrolled cell-growth and replications. |We have good evidence that cancer genomes have also evolved to encode progressively different metabolic modes. Chinese medical scientists have found, for example, a wealth of evidence that some forms of cancer may have been caused by the nitrite pollution of the public water supply. China’s Deep Standardized Well Water (DSWW) Program of substituting nitrite-free deep groundwaters as the source of public water supply was partially successful. Local cancer-mortality rates were reduced by half at places where there had been such substitutions. Nitrite, as a reducing agent, could be the indispensable chemical in our food or drink intakes that could render the interior of cancer cells anaerobic. Nitrite, as an oxidation agent, could then be the substrate of the metabolic reaction anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox). The source of oxygen would then be mineral-oxygen from the nitrite. PET scan studies have indicated an advanced stage of metabolism, when cancer cells have evolved to encode aerobic glycolysis under hypoxic conditions. We can postulate a hypothesis that predicts the starvation of cancer cells if there is no supply of nitrite in the food-take to the cancer cells as a substrate of anammox metabolism, or if there is no sufficient supply of glucose for glycolysis. We recommend thus to the UK’s National Health Services to look into this matter that nitrite in public water is a health hazard. Such an investigation serves as a clinical trial on the efficacy of diet-treatments to cure cancer.

Influence of environmental disturbances on the bacteriological quality of Pagbanganan river in Baybay City, Leyte, Philippines

Microorganisms like bacteria are frequently used as indicators of water quality in freshwater ecosystems. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the total coliforms (TC) and total aerobic heterotrophic bacteria (TAHB) present in the upstream (Kantagnos), midstream (lgang), and downstream (Kan-ipa) of Pagbanganan River. The most probable number (MPN/100 mL) of TC was determined through multiple tube fermentation test while counts of TAHB present in both water and sediments were enumerated by serial dilution and plating methods. MPN of TC revealed that the river water should not be used as a source of public water supply and as a venue for contact recreational activities like bathing and swimming. Furthermore, TAHB in the sediments of the river did not differ significantly across sites although their values showed a decreasing trend. Conversely, TAHB in the water column of the river significantly increased from upstream to downstream. These results are most probably influenced by the quarrying activities present in the area. In the upstream where there is no quarrying activity, TAHB was higher in sediment than in the water, while in the downstream where quarrying activities are present, it is otherwise. Because of these significant differences, it is believed that the ratios of TAHB present in the water column and sediments are potential indicators of sediment disturbance in the aquatic environment. The results of this study imply that proper management of Pagbanganan River by all sectors of the community is needed to keep it sustainable for safe use.

Nitrite in Public Water-Supply Is a Health Hazard

The cancer cells are different from normal human body cells. The scientists advocating the Somatic Mutation Theory guessed that cancer is caused when mutations have caused the Human Genome of the human body-cells to <i>change</i> into the Cancer Genomes of the cancer cells. There is no evidence, however, indicating that there has ever been such a change, or that cancer cells have ever been human body cells. There is no evidence that the difference has resulted from changes, or mutations. Also there is no reason to assume that mutations of the Human Genome would cause the cancer cells to grow and replicate out of control. Chinese medical scientists have found, during the last half-century, a wealth of evidence that some forms of cancer may have been caused by the nitrite pollution of the public water supply. China’s <i>Deep Standardized Well Water</i> (DSWW) Program of substituting nitrite-free deep groundwaters as the source of public water supply was partially successful. Local cancer-mortality rate was reduced by half at places where there is such a substitution. We found that cancer cells have inherited, not mutated, Cancer Genomes that encode uncontrolled growth and replication. In addition, PET scan studies have indicated that some cancer cells encode a metabolism of aerobic glycolysis under hypoxic conditions. Nitrite, as a reducing agent, could be the indispensable chemical in our food or drink intakes that could render the interior of cancer cells anaerobic. Nitrite, as an oxidation agent, could then be the substrate of the metabolic reaction <i>anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox)</i>. A corollary of <i>such a hypothesis</i> is thus that cancer cells could be “starved” to death if there is no supply of nitrite to the cancer cells as a substrate of their metabolism. We recommend to the governments’ National Health Services to look into this matter that nitrite in public water is a health hazard.

Urban hydrogeology in Indonesia: A highlight from Jakarta

In many cities in the developing countries, groundwater is an important source of public water supply. The interaction between groundwater systems and urban environments has become an urgent challenge for many developing cities in the world, Indonesia included. Contributing factors are, but not limited to, the continuous horizontal and vertical expansion of cities, population growth, climate change, water scarcity and groundwater quality degradation. Jakarta as the capital city of Indonesia becomes a good example to study and implement urban hydrogeology. Urban hydrogeology is a science for investigating groundwater at the hydrological cycle and its change, water regime and quality within the urbanized landscape and zones of its impact. The present paper provides a review of urban groundwater studies in Jakarta in the context of urban water management, advances in hydrogeological investigation, monitoring and modelling since the city was established. The whole study emphasizes the necessity of an integrated urban groundwater management and development supporting hydrogeological techniques for urban areas.

Fluoride Concentration of Water Supply in Eastern Saudi Arabia: A Preliminary Study.

Background:Community water fluoridation is known to play a significant role in enhancing oral health by reducing the incidence of dental caries. However, the level of fluoride in the supplied public water in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia is unknown.Objective:To determine water fluoride levels at the main sources supplying water to households and schools in two major cities (Dammam and Al-Khobar) of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.Methods:From the Directorate of Water Agency and Directorate of Education, the following were identified as the main sources of public water supply in Dammam and Al-Khobar: the water agency, public water tanks and four contracted companies. Two samples were collected from each of these six identified water sources at two different time points (in January and July 2016; 2 samples/site/time point; N = 24) using 500 mL polythene bottles. Each sample was analyzed using an ion chromatography system at different detection limits (including the lowest detection limit of 0.065 ppm) to determine the fluoride level.Results:There was no fluoride detected in any sample even at the lowest detection limit, indicating that fluoride levels in the studied water samples were <0.065 ppm.Conclusion:This study found that in the cities studied, fluoride levels, if any, are considerably below the optimum recommended level for the prevention of dental caries (i.e., 0.7 ppm).

ASSESSMENT OF POLLUTION HAZARDS OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCE IN ABEOKUTA NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, OGUN STATE, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA

Pollution of wells and borehole water, either from point or non-point sources, has become a matter of health concern both in urban and rural areas. Groundwater is tapped for domestic uses through the con-struction of hand dug wells and boreholes. However, while providing an alternative to the public water supply sources; most of the boreholes are often located too close to possible contamination sources. Various land use and human activities such as solid waste landfills, cemetery and animal wastes, among others can result in ground water contamination. In an open or buried dumping solid waste or sanitary landfill, the organic and inorganic by-products resulting from the decomposition of wastes are leached out by the infiltration of rainfall. A release of leachate to the surrounding soil without proper collection and treatment could contaminate groundwater resources. Many of the wells and boreholes in the study area were found to be indiscriminately located and scattered among such impairing lands/features. This study was therefore aimed at assessing the pollution hazards and vulnerability of groundwater resource in Abe-okuta North Local Government Area (LGA) by sampling some boreholes from selected locations in the area. Water samples were collected and analyzed for water quality parameters using standard proce-dures. The parameters determined were Turbidity, Temperature, Electrical Conductivity (EC), pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Solids (TS), Total hardness, cations {Potassium (K), Sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Manganese (Mn), iron (Fe)}, anions {Chloride (Cl-), Nitrate (NO3-), Sulphate (SO42-), Phosphate (PO43-)}, and heavy metals {lead (Pb2+), Zinc (Zn2+), Copper (Cu2+)}. Results were subjected to statistical evaluations using SPSS 18.0 for descriptive statistics and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). It was observed that the elemental parameters in the bore-holes sampled have mean values of the concentrations of Fe2+, Na+, Cl- , SO42-, Pb2+, Mn2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ higher during the wet season relative to dry season. For the physico-chemical parameters, it was equally observed that parameters such as EC, TDS, TS, TSS were higher during the wet season than dry season while turbidity, temperature, pH and total hardness were higher during dry season than in the wet season. Water quality parameters such as Fe2+, Pb2+, NO3-, and EC have mean values greater than World Health Organization and NESREA maximum permissible standards for drinking water. Elevated values of these parameters are of great concern to public health when the water from these boreholes is consumed without treatment by people. It is recommended that well and borehole waters in this area be adequately treated before consumption using advanced inorganic removal techniques such as Nano-filtration and Reverse Osmosis to safeguard human health in the study area.Keywords: Boreholes, pollution, water quality, public health, physico-chemical

Projecting Impacts of Climate Change on Water Availability Using Artificial Neural Network Techniques

AbstractLago Loiza reservoir in east-central Puerto Rico is one of the primary sources of public water supply for the San Juan metropolitan area. To evaluate and predict the Lago Loiza water budget...

GROUNDWATER RESPONSE TO CHANGES IN PRECIPITATIONS IN NORTH-EASTERN ROMANIA

Changes in the climatic and hydrological variables in North-Eastern Romania indicate that the region has mostly a common evolution in terms of precipitation and hydrostatic level of groundwater. This can influence human communities in the region, given that sources of public water supply are predominantly from underground. In the analysed region with more than 8.000 sqm, 50% of the population lives in the rural area, where the main water supply source is provided by the underground water, mainly from individual wells with depths between 1 and 10 meters (only 10% from the rural population is connected to a centralized water supply system). That means the underground water resources are subject to overexploitation, especially given the prevailing economic activities associated with agriculture and construction involving high water consumption, predominantly from underground. Seasonal and annual data series of precipitation and hydrostatic level over a period of 31 years (1983-2014) and collected in 36 hydrogeological stations (73 wells) and three weather stations have been used. The trends were detected by employing Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope, and the correlation between the two variables was performed based on Bravais-Pearson correlation. The main results of the paper are: increasing trends are dominant both for annual and seasonal data sets of precipitation, but the great majority of the slopes detected are not statistically significant. In winter, precipitations have a decreasing trend and the slopes are statistically significant. In terms of hydrostatic level, most of the trends detected for near-surface wells are decreasing, while in depth, increasing trends are dominant; the most important change was seen in the deep gap between 200 and 300 cm; correlation between precipitation and hydrostatic level is stronger and more frequent for summer (more than 86% of pairs were found statistically significant) and autumn (more than 80%), and is fable and less frequent for spring and winter due to trans-seasonal distribution of precipitation.

Modification of Titanium Coagulant by Sulphate Process

There was investigated direction of modification of titanium coagulant by Sulphate process. There was studied the structure and composition of modified coagulants. There were selected the optimal conditions of modification process. There were proven coagulation properties of the resulting coagulant modification by the example of Moscow-City sources of public water supply abstraction. There was found that the modification of Sulphate process allows obtaining a product with high coagulation efficiency and a reduced content of insoluble part.

Xenic Cultivation and Genotyping of Pathogenic Free-Living Amoeba from Public Water Supply Sources in Uganda

Studies on waterborne parasites from natural environment and domestic water sources in Uganda are very scarce and unpublished. Water dwelling free-living amoebae (FLA) of the genus Acanthamoeba, Hartmannella, and Naegleria are often responsible for causing morbidities and mortalities in individuals with recent contact with contaminated water, but their presence in Uganda’s public water supply sources is not known. We cultivated and genotyped FLA from natural and domestic water from Queen Elizabeth Protected Area (QEPA) and Kampala (KLA). The cultivated parasites were observed microscopically and recorded. The overall prevalence of FLA in QEPA (Acanthamoeba spp., 35%; Hartmannella spp., 18.9%; Naegleria spp., 13.5%) and KLA (Acanthamoeba spp., 28.3%; Naegleria spp., 16.6%; Hartmannella spp., 23.1%) were not significantly different. The highest prevalence across water sources in QEPA and KLA was observed for Acanthamoeba spp., followed by Hartmannella spp., and Naegleria spp. Overall FLA mean (±SE) and mean (±SE) across water sources were highest for Acanthamoeba spp. compared to other FLA but were not statistically significant (p &gt; 0.05). Analysis of the FLA sequences produced 1 Cercomonas, 1 Nuclearia, 1 Bodomorpha, 2 Hartmannella, 5 Echinamoeba, and 7 Acanthamoeba partial sequences, indicating a muliplicity of water contaminants that need to be controlled by proper water treatment.

Use of ecotoxicological and genotoxicity assays to assess the water quality of the river Cubatão (Santa Catarina, Brazil), as a means of monitoring the water quality of the Babitonga Bay

Use of ecotoxicological and genotoxicity assays to assess the water quality of the river Cubatão (Santa Catarina, Brazil), as a means of monitoring the water quality of the Babitonga Bay