Public Transport Vehicles Research Articles

Designing and Implementing a Public Urban Transport Scheduling System Based on Artificial Intelligence for Smart Cities

Many countries encourage their populations to use public urban transport to decrease pollution and traffic congestion. However, this can generate overcrowded routes at certain times and low economic efficiency for public urban transport companies when buses carry few passengers. This article proposes a Public Urban Transport Scheduling System (PUTSS) algorithm for allocating a public urban transport fleet based on the number of passengers waiting for a bus and considering the efficiency of public urban transport companies. The PUTSS algorithm integrates artificial intelligence (AI) methods to identify the number of people waiting at each station through real-time image acquisition. The technique presented is Azure Computer Vision. In a case study, the accuracy of correctly identifying the number of persons in an image was computed using the Microsoft Azure Computer Vision service. The proposed PUTSS algorithm also uses Google Maps Service for congestion-level identification. Employing these modern tools in the algorithm makes improving public urban transport services possible. The algorithm is integrated into a software application developed in C#, simulating a real-world scenario involving two public urban transport vehicles. The global accuracy rate of 89.81% demonstrates the practical applicability of the software product.

Exploring intercity travel decision-making in a developing country: Insights from COVID-19 impacts in Iran

This study examines the impact of COVID-19 on intercity travel mode choices in Mazandaran province, Iran, addressing critical gaps in understanding how pandemics affect travel behavior in developing countries. The research focuses on how socio-economic factors, perceived health risks, and travel time influence individuals’ choice of transportation modes during the pandemic. Using a stated preference survey method with 669 participants, the study assessed how concerns about virus transmission and adherence to health protocols shape travel decisions. Discrete choice modeling was employed to predict travel mode shares between public transport and personal vehicles. The findings reveal that COVID-19 risk perception, socio-economic factors, and travel time significantly impact travel behavior. Specifically, heightened perceived risk of infection resulted in a 25% reduction in public transportation use, with individuals increasingly opting for personal vehicles. Additionally, strict adherence to health protocols, such as mask-wearing and vehicle cleaning, improved safety perception, leading to a 40% increase in confidence in public transport. The study also found that socio-economic factors like age, income, and education significantly shaped travel preferences. These insights provide valuable guidance for public health policymakers and transportation authorities to enhance the safety and management of intercity travel during ongoing and future pandemics.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in floor dust from different indoor environments in Australia: Levels, variation, and human exposure risks

Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been a global concern in relation to human exposure. Dust has been proven to be an important source of human exposure to many groups of organic pollutants, however, no study so far has systematically evaluated human exposure to PFAS depending on time spent in different indoor environments i.e., houses, offices and public transport vehicles. Archived dust samples were collected from residential houses (n = 38), offices (n = 15), and public transport vehicles (n = 12) in Australia to assess human exposures to PFAS via dust ingestion and dermal contact. Amongst the 19 target analytes, 14 compounds were detected in >50% of the samples. Significantly higher PFAS concentrations were found in dust samples collected from offices with mean ± SD of 400 ± 810 ng/g than houses (170 ± 350 ng/g) and public transport vehicles (39 ± 33 ng/g). Composition patterns of PFAS varied among indoor environments with Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) (median 2.5 ng/g dust) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (median 5.7 ng/g) were the most prevalent compounds detected (DF = 100%). PFOA was the dominant PFAS compound in both offices (median 11 ng/g) and houses (median 5.8 ng/g). Perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA) (median 3.6 ng/g) was found to be the most abundant compounds in public transport vehicles. Considering the time spent in indoor environments, relatively higher estimated daily intakes (EDIs) were identified in offices than in houses and public transport vehicles. EDIs for PFOA and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) for adults and toddlers were well below the acceptable levels of 20 ng/kg/day proposed by U.S Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and Food Standard Australia and New Zealand (USEPA, 2016; FSANZ et al. (2016)), suggesting low or negligible exposure pathways via dust ingestion and dermal contact.

Kebijakan Hukum Pengaturan Penggunaan Kendaraan Listrik Dalam Penguatan Ketahanan Energi Nasional

A number of government policies to accelerate the use of electric vehicles are outlined in a number of statutory provisions. The legal umbrella for the use of electric vehicles was first outlined in Presidential Regulation Number 55 of 2019 concerning the Acceleration of the Battery-Based Electric Motorized Vehicle Program. Based on the background above, researchers are very interested in studying: 1) How are electric vehicles currently regulated in Indonesia? and 2) What is the ideal arrangement for electric vehicles to strengthen sustainable energy security in Indonesia? The type of research used in this research is normative legal research. The legal material analysis technique applied in this research involves describing what is the problem, explaining the problem (explanation), examining the problem (evaluation) and providing arguments from the results of the evaluation. The regulation of electric vehicles in Indonesia is currently regulated in Presidential Decree No. 55 of 2019, which is the initial regulation that became the legal umbrella for Indonesian electric vehicles, then derivatives such as PP No. 73 of 2019 which regulates the imposition of Sales Tax on Luxury Goods (PPnBM). Regulation of electric vehicles is ideal in strengthening sustainable energy security in Indonesia by advancing and regulating the biofuel industry, lithium battery industry and electric vehicles. In the future, the government can target public transportation vehicles to switch to using electric power with batteries.

Comparative Analysis of Coatings Applied for Anti-Corrosion Protection of Public Transport Vehicles' Structural Parts.

The conducted research focused on anti-corrosion systems applied for the protection of structural parts used in public transport vehicles. Detailed tests were carried out on samples taken from the brackets supporting the doors of a public transport bus. This work includes the results of the chemical analysis of the composition of snow-mud samples taken from the selected bus route and the results of laboratory tests performed on samples with various anti-corrosion coatings. Four types of samples made of S235JR steel with a zinc coating deposited by thermo-diffusion, electroplating, hot-dip zinc galvanization, and the cataphoresis method were tested. Both non-destructive tests-NDTs (the measurement of coating thickness and roughness, microscopic observations)-and destructive tests-DTs (scratch tests, salt chamber tests)-were performed. The conducted tests proved that the most effective method is the use of anti-corrosive hot-dip zinc coating.

Considering the Optimization Design of Urban Bus Network Scheduling

At present, the optimization of public transportation networks and vehicle scheduling are carried out independently in stages. However, through analysis, it has been found that scheduling information such as route schedules is an important factor related to passenger route selection. Therefore, in order to further improve the optimization effect, this article proposes an innovative idea of simultaneously optimizing the line network and scheduling. Based on the construction of a real–virtual public transportation network, this article constructs a synchronous optimization model for the line network and scheduling by considering both passenger waiting and on-board time. To achieve the consideration of passengers for different route choices, a shortest path traversal algorithm based on Yen was proposed to analyze the number and weight of the shortest paths between the same OD, and a genetic algorithm was used to solve the model. Finally, the effectiveness of the model was verified through numerical examples, and the results showed that synchronous optimization was superior to phased optimization: the passenger time cost was reduced by 21.5%, the bus operation cost was reduced by 13.7%, and the total bus system cost was reduced by 18.0%.

Identifying city bus passenger ridership patterns: a mixed-method analysis

PurposeThis study uses big data analysis aimed at discovering city bus passenger ridership patterns. Hence, marketing managers can get sufficient insights to formulate effective business plans and make timely decisions about company operations.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a mixed-method analysis to analyze the results. First uses the RFM (recency, frequency, and monetary) model combined with a big data technique (K-means) to analyze bus passenger boarding behavior. In order to improve the validity and quality of the research, this study also conducted interviews with senior managers of the bus company from which the data was obtained.FindingsThe study identifies six distinct groups of passengers with different boarding behaviors, ranging from “general passengers” to “most valuable passengers”. General passengers constituted the largest group. As such, they should be the main target for municipal governments when promoting bus ridership as part of energy conservation and carbon-reduction activities. This group of passengers should be encouraged to take public transport vehicles more, instead of relying on personal vehicles. The fourth group identified included elderly passengers with hospitals as their destinations. Bus companies can cooperate with municipal government to provide morning “medical bus” services for the elderly. Interviews with bus company managers confirmed that the analytical results of this study correspond with the observations, experiences, and actual business operating plans of bus companies.Originality/valueOnly few studies have analyzed passengers' boarding behavior applying a mixed-method analysis.

Conditions of Decision-Making Related to Implementation of Hydrogen-Powered Vehicles in Urban Transport: Case Study of Poland

The changes in geopolitical and ecological conditions brought about the need to use environmentally friendly sources of vehicle power. This impacted the accelerated activities related to the use of hydrogen fuel in transport means. Based on the observations carried out in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, it was found that the process of implementing hydrogen-powered vehicles in public transport is connected with difficulties faced by transport companies with regard to the purchase of these transport means. This study aims to analyse the conditions for making decisions regarding the implementation of hydrogen-powered buses in urban transport. A case study was considered, and the factors influencing the decisions related to the application of hydrogen-powered buses in Poland were analysed. The survey method was used to carry out the research. A questionnaire was developed, and the survey was conducted among representatives of transport companies that provide public transport services in Polish cities. As a result of the research, it was found that city authorities play a key role in deciding on the implementation of hydrogen-powered buses. The highest ranks among the proposed criteria influencing the decision on the purchase of hydrogen-powered buses were the economic ones. The concerns and benefits resulting from the potential purchase of hydrogen-powered buses were also examined. It was revealed that the decision to buy buses is most influenced by factors such as ensuring access to hydrogen and its price. The recommendations for transport companies and city authorities were formulated.

Mitigating airborne infection risks in public transportation: A systematic review

Airborne infections pose significant challenges to public transportation systems which can result in significant decline in ridership levels and financial stress for operators. This systematic review presents a comprehensive overview of measures and strategies employed by ground public transportation agencies to protect passengers and staff while ensuring the uninterrupted operation. This study also conducted a bibliometric analysis to provide insights into key topics, publication patterns, and major contributors in the field of airborne transmission research in public transportation. We have included studies published from January 2003 to June 2024, which reported measures and recommendations for managing public transportation to reduce virus transmission. Of the 2848 initially identified studies, 69 met our eligibility criteria. Our review identified four key strategies to prevent virus transmission in public transportation, including air quality improvement, cleaning, mask-wearing, and social distancing in vehicles and stations. While social distancing poses a significant challenge to public transportation, the integration of crowd management techniques and technology-driven information dissemination can provide effective strategies for managing capacity. The adoption of technology-driven solutions, such as efficient filtration systems, automated mask detection mechanisms, ultraviolet disinfection devices, and real-time passenger information, is required to implement these strategies effectively. Transportation agencies can utilize an airborne infection risk calculator during pandemics and beyond to assess and mitigate the risk of airborne transmission in various modes of transportation. Lessons from the Covid-19 pandemic underscored the need for developing advanced technologies to enhance passenger and staff safety in public transportation vehicles and stations.

Control system for automatic adjustment of departure intervals of public transport vehicles

In numerous urban areas, fine-tuning bus schedules to align with fluctuating passenger numbers poses a sizable challenge, compounded by diverse factors such as weather and unexpected events. This paper conducts a comprehensive examination of existing optimization methods aimed at enhancing the departure intervals of public transport systems, particularly focusing on the Bidirectional Coordination Optimization Algorithm (BCOA) and the genetic algorithm. Through systematic analysis, these methodologies are meticulously explored for their effectiveness in addressing the scheduling challenges faced by urban transit systems. Additionally, it delves into specific instances where the Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control mechanism has been employed to adeptly adjust the timing of bus departures based on real-time demand. The PID system's proven reliability and efficacy spotlight its potential as a transformative tool for advancing public transit systems. By leveraging such technology, there's tangible optimism for achieving a more responsive, efficient, and passenger-friendly public transportation network in the years to come.

Optimization of urban transport vehicle tasks for large, mixed fleet of vehicles and real-world constraints

Planning the operation of urban public transport vehicles is the first stage of operational planning and consists in combining timetable tips, which are input data, into blocks that constitute the daily tasks of vehicles. For a large mixed fleet of vehicles of various types, especially those with battery power that requires recharging, operating from many depots, with numerous requirements and rolling stock constraints, the problem is a major engineering challenge, even for an experienced team of planners. IT solutions based on realistic, mathematical decision-making models and fast optimization algorithms can be of great assistance. For the problem formulated this way, a mathematical decision model with a multi-criteria objective function was built, taking into account technical, economic, and ecological criteria, natural, and binary decision variables. The model takes into account the real requirements and constraints, a mixed fleet of different types vehicles, including electric buses, multiple depots, technical trips (dead heads), and battery charging. The considered problem is an NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem. The use of classical, exact algorithms to solve this problem is not possible for schedules with many thousands of line trips and fleets of hundreds or thousands of vehicles. This research proposes an original, dedicated heuristic, enabling to obtain an acceptable, but still suboptimal solution, in a very short time. The tests of the proposed heuristic algorithm were carried out on real databases of public transport systems of the two selected medium and large Polish cities. In particular, multiple depots, a mixed fleet of different types of vehicles, and real-world constraints were taken into account. The results of computer experiments carried out using the developed heuristic were compared with the results obtained manually by a team of experienced and expert planners. For the developed multi-criteria decision-making model results comparable to and better than those prepared manually by experts were obtained in a very short time using the proposed heuristics. It is the basis for further development works on expanding the model and improving the optimization algorithm.

COMMUNICATION STRATEGY IN PROVIDING INFORMATION ON TECHNICAL SERVICE FOR TESTING MOTORIZED VEHICLES AT CENTRAL ACEH TRANSPORTATION SERVICE

This study aims to investigate the communication strategies utilized by employees of the Transportation Service of Central Aceh in disseminating technical information about the Vehicle Roadworthiness Test (known as Uji KIR in Indonesia) to the public in Central Aceh Regency, while also identifying the obstacles that hinder their effectiveness in conveying the information. The employed data collection methods were interviews, literature studies, and observations. Furthermore, the obtained data were analyzed qualitatively. The research findings revealed that the communication strategy used by employees of the Transportation Service of Central Aceh in providing technical information on the Vehicle Roadworthiness Test was communication planning and management strategies. The Transportation Service of Central Aceh, particularly the head of the Workshop-and-Testing Division, undertakes a planning process that involves preparing and developing procedures for implementing the Vehicle Roadworthiness Test, evaluating the test directly in case of issues, and strategizing to disseminate information through the government’s internal media. To provide information about the Vehicle Roadworthiness Test, the Transportation Service of Central Aceh manages the implementation and preparation of a communication strategy that considers four factors: identifying the target audience, which includes owners of public transport vehicles; formulating messages to be conveyed to the vehicle owners; determining effective communication methods; and identifying the appropriate media for transmitting information to the vehicle owners. The purpose of communication planning and management strategies is to inform public transport vehicle owners about the procedure for taking the Vehicle Roadworthiness Test at the Transportation Service of Central Aceh.

Peculiarities of determining the capacity of land urban passenger transportation vehicles

Introduction. In the conditions of motorization growth the necessity to improve the quality of passenger service by public transport increases significantly. The determining factor for finding the design capacity of vehicles (TC) is the comfort provided to passengers. On the one hand, in order for public transport to be popular in comparison with private motor transport, it must provide comfortable travel conditions, which are ensured by the provision of free places for sitting and (or) the availability of sufficient space for standing. On the other hand, guaranteed provision of all passengers with seats with a comfortable interval between rows of seats, requires an increase in the number of vehicles to master the same volume of transportation and can lead to a sharp increase in the cost of transportation and fare, at which the economic advantages of public transport over private transport will be less obvious. The aim of the study was to find a compromise calculated occupancy rate of vehicles, at which public transport provides the necessary attractiveness and comfort for passengers and the required carrying capacity.Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the work was general scientific principles and research methods: empirical (expert evaluation) and theoretical (analysis, synthesis, systematization) methods. In order to achieve the set goal, the following tasks were solved: 1. The methods of determining the quality of occupancy quality of the vehicle interior were analyzed. 2. The maximum acceptable capacity of the considered public transportation vehicles was determined. 3. The proposals on the use of the calculated indicator of the density of standing passengers placement in determining the carrying capacity of public transportation are given.Discussion and conclusion. The conducted analysis of manuals on operation, repair, acting in corresponding periods of operation of the chosen vehicles shows that the capacity of vehicles according to norms of manufacturers of vehicles and social standard of the Ministry of Transport does not allow to reach the necessary quality of transportation. The performed research has allowed to establish a comfortable level of occupancy of vehicles for a passenger and a calculated indicator of the density of standing passengers.Practical significance. The established comfortable for passengers occupancy of vehicles can be used in the development and updating of social standards of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation.Originality. There is an assessment of the travel conditions depending on passenger occupancy in different types of public transport vehicles operated in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus.

Collaborative optimization of intersection signals and speed guidance for buses run on overlapping route segments under connected environment

AbstractIn order to reduce bus bunching in overlapping route segments and improve the efficiency of bus operation, a dynamic scheduling model is proposed to adjust bus operation states by adopting a cooperative strategy involving multi‐line bus timetable optimization, arterial signal control, and speed guidance. Based on mixed integer linear programming, an arterial signal coordination model with autonomous public transport vehicles (APTVs) dedicated lanes is developed, which enables APTVs to pass through intersections without stopping under conditions that almost have no effect on regular vehicles (RVs). Based on this, a speed guidance strategy of APTVs under connected environment is proposed. After guiding APTVs into the overlapping route segments at a reasonable interval, the optimization goal of maintaining the independent running headway of each bus line to the maximum extent is realized. The simulation verification based on three actual overlapping lines in Hangzhou shows that only the combination of signal coordination considering the characteristics of APTVs and speed guidance can realize the full benefits of bus operation based on dedicated APTVs lane.

Joint Routing and Pricing Control in Bimodal Mixed Autonomy Networks with Elastic Demand and Three-Dimensional Passenger Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram

The interaction between mixed autonomy traffic and public transport vehicles competing for limited road space is a less explored area of research. To evaluate the traffic dynamics in bimodal networks, a three-dimensional (passenger) network fundamental diagram, known as 3D-NFD (3D-pNFD), can be estimated that relates the accumulation of cars (autonomous and human-driven) and buses to the network vehicular (passenger) travel production. In this study, we propose a 3D-pNFD-based congestion pricing scheme considering three vehicle classes of buses, system-optimal (SO) seeking connected and automated vehicles (CAVs), and user-equilibrium (UE) seeking human-driven vehicles (HVs). We develop an iterative tri-level modeling framework for mode choice, pricing, and route choice in a mixed autonomy network. The lower level generates mixed equilibrium traffic flow through an integrated mixed equilibrium simulation-based dynamic traffic assignment model and a transit assignment model. The mid-level finds the optimal toll rates through a 3D-pNFD feedback-based controller. A nested logit-based mode choice model is also applied to capture travelers’ preferences toward three available modes and incorporates elastic demand. To encourage CAVs to follow the SO routing mode, they are provided with a discount on the congestion toll whereas UE-seeking HVs are subject to full price toll. Buses are also entirely exempt from the toll. We explore three scenarios with different discount rates on SO-seeking CAVs to investigate the effect of the incentive plans on the mode choice behaviors of road users in the pricing zone. The performance of the proposed model is evaluated in a large-scale network in Melbourne, Australia.

The movement pattern of app-based transportation in Banda Aceh City, Province of Aceh, Indonesia

Abstract Transportation plays a crucial role in fulfilling people’s need to conduct their activities. Cities established transportation systems to serve the needs of people to travel. Technological advancements have led to the emergence of app-based transportation. App-based transportation has emerged as an alternative to public transportation and personal vehicles. The advantages of app-based transportation, such as flexibility, 24-hour services, swift mobility, and convenience, have influenced citizens’ travel behavior. App-based transportation has been available in Banda Aceh since 2017. This research aims to study the movement pattern of app-based transportation in Banda Aceh. The data on the origin and destination of app-based transportation users were collected from 100 drivers using the accidental sampling method. This research utilized GIS software to analyze the movement pattern. The study shows that based on land use, the app-based transportation origin and destination occurred mostly in settlement areas. The highest trip generation occurred in the education center area, followed by the main city center. A polycentric pattern, with the education center as the main origin and destination point, characterizes the movement patterns of app-based transportation in Banda Aceh. It indicates that the main users of app-based transportation are students living around the education center.

Development of wind turbines for urban environment using innovative design thinking methodology

This work focuses mainly on wind energy usage as a renewable source for energy generation in urban environments, where the variability of air current flow is a challenge. One of the main objectives to be achieved in this study is to develop small vertical wind turbines. Design thinking methodology was used to innovative ideas development using the application of concepts from rapid prototyping (additive manufacturing). As a target object to idealize an innovative product, was the providing of a mobile equipment recharging system, using the air current generated by the urban public transport vehicles. As a result, a modular system of small power generation was produced, tested, and validated. The mini-turbine with the best performance in power generation in wind flows lower than 4 m/s was the VAWT, which achieved the smallest difference, 18 % greater. Therefore, it was demonstrated that the installation of small wind turbines in an urbanized area requires a minimum of wind measurements at the exact location to validate the innovative design.

Risk evaluation of respiratory droplet dispersion in high-speed train compartments with different air circulation systems

Ongoing respiratory epidemics are raising health concerns in public transportation environments, especially in densely populated train compartments. While air circulation systems inside these compartments play a crucial role in controlling the risk of droplets carrying pathogens, the mechanisms and strategies have rarely been investigated. This study employs computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to investigate the impacts on droplet dispersion and exposure risk within passenger compartments under two prevalent air circulation modes: centralized return-centralized exhaust (CR-CE) and distributed return-centralized exhaust (DR-CE), as well as a newly proposed mode, distributed return-distributed exhaust (DR-DE). Additionally, other key influential factors, including the release source location and the respiratory jet speed, are also considered. The results indicate that the CR-CE mode exacerbates the longitudinal airflow in the passenger compartment, thereby increasing the distance of droplet transmission. In contrast, the DR-CE mode moderately restricts the range of droplet spread to a certain extent. When the release source is in the middle of the compartment, the average distance of droplet transmission can be reduced by about 30%. The proposed DR-DE mode further confines the behavior of droplet dispersion, significantly lowering the overall exposure risk for passengers. Furthermore, the results show that sneezing, compared to speaking, results in a decrease in the exposure risk peak among passengers, from approximately 95% to around 70%. The passengers in the four rows directly in front of the release source face a relatively high potential risk. These findings provide valuable insights for improving air quality and passenger safety in public transportation vehicles.

Стратегическое значение инновационных кластеров Москвы в развитии прогрессивной транспортной инфраструктуры мегаполиса

The pace of metropolitan life is growing higher and higher. To keep up with it, Moscow residents have to abandon cars and public transport in favor of personal mobility devices, e.g., electric scooters. As a result, the state authorities are developing a unified strategy for urban public transport that would include personal mobility devices and their rent. An effective strategy should integrate all innovative public transport vehicles into a single urban transport system. Technopolis is a special economic zone of innovation clusters in Moscow that offers conditions for design and production of innovative electric individual mobility devices. New-generation vehicles that meet the needs of metropolitan residents will become a key strategic vector in the development of Moscow’s transport system. The key strategic goals are to improve the quality of urban life and to ensure the national technological sovereignty. Modernization and consistent implementation of production facilities can stimulate innovative technologies in the transport sector and its progressive transformation nationwide. Moscow’s innovation clusters produce innovative technologies, test them, and spread the most effective innovations onto all regions.

New perspective of environmental impact research: predicting bus exhaust emissions using the ETSformer based on collaborative perception

Accurate prediction of urban traffic exhaust emissions plays a crucial role in controlling motor vehicle exhaust pollution. Urban public transport vehicles often operate in stop-and-go traffic conditions, emitting significant exhaust pollution. Existing approaches primarily focus on assessing vehicle emissions in the past or present, which may not adequately address long-term planning needs. To enhance the accuracy of bus exhaust emissions prediction, we introduce a novel time series transformer architecture named ETSformer for forecasting future vehicle emissions. This framework integrates exponential smoothing principles to refine the transformer-based time series prediction model, utilizing historical pollutant emissions data to forecast future exhaust emissions. The experiment collects emissions data and driving status information from public transport vehicles in Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province, considering factors such as vehicle runtime, route, and operational state to standardize response variables and enhance model precision and consistency. Experimental results demonstrate a determination coefficient (R2) of 70.7% and a mean square error (MSE) of 41.1% for exhaust gas prediction, signifying improved accuracy and efficiency compared to other models. Applying the exhaust gas prediction model to bus operations enables advanced forecasting of future exhaust emissions, addressing current challenges and potentially reducing Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions by over 3% during bus operations.