Public Transport Infrastructure Research Articles

РАСЧЕТ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ЦЕЛЕСООБРАЗНОСТИ И ОПТИМИЗАЦИИ КОЛИЧЕСТВА РЕЙСОВ АВТОБУСОВ С УЧЕТОМ ЦИФРОВОЙ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ СИСТЕМЫ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ПАССАЖИРСКИМИ ПЕРЕВОЗКАМИ

Road transport is the most important component of the unified transport system and industrial infrastructure of the country. Its stable and effective functioning is a prerequisite for the structural transformation of the economy into a digital one, which is marked as “Digital Kyrgyzstan”. In this regard, it became necessary to calculate the economic feasibility and optimization of the number of bus trips based on digital technologies aimed at creating a rational organized system of public transport, which in turn will be practical and convenient to use, as well as fast, safe and affordable. In the article, based on the proposed: an architectural scheme of digital transformation of the intercity passenger transportation management system and a mathematical model of 1 pilot month of work, the following are determined: revenue, costs and profit before and after the implementation of the system for each day of the pilot month. All the results obtained give reason to believe that the implementation of this system is effective, thereby substantiating the rationality of this approach in obtaining “digital profit”. The use of digital technologies in this area contributes to the growth of national prosperity and transparency in the management of the transport system and industrial infrastructure of both public and private transport in the republic

Цифровые технологии как базисный элемент формирования инновационной модели городского развития

It is known that every urban agglomeration has a multidimensional character, it means, it has a territory, economy, ecology and a general urban planning component, including residential public buildings, transport, green spaces and other infrastructure formations, investment, municipal, social and other ser-vices are provided here. Therefore, effective socio-economic development of the urban area in modern con-ditions requires the development of complex programs and modules, and the introduction of digital tech-nologies in these processes should create favorable conditions for ensuring a high level of development of the city.

Scheduling Shared Passenger and Freight Transport on a Fixed Infrastructure

As the number of deliveries continues to increase, last-mile transport causes rising congestion rates and pollution in urban environments. Integrating last-mile deliveries with existing public transport infrastructure, e.g., metros or trams, can make them more sustainable. This integration can implement in a shared infrastructure mode, where passenger and cargo vehicles share the same rail network, or a shared vehicle mode, where vehicles simultaneously transport cargo and passengers. Evaluating the resulting systems entails modelling several interlinking planning problems. This work presents a component-based simulation to evaluate design decisions for shared passenger and freight transport on fixed infrastructure. We introduce a linear mixed-integer program for optimising the train schedule and the allocation of cargo with a lexicographical objective function that prioritises passenger transport while minimising cargo delivery delay. We analyse the interplay of operational modes, scheduling solutions, and settings in a computational simulation study. The results show that a well-planned train schedule can significantly contribute to service quality. Furthermore, a system with shared vehicles is more robust towards changes in demand whereas a system with only shared an infrastructure is a valid option if we consider a high or unlimited dwell time for cargo vehicles.

Individual property tax to fund public transport

Efficient and reliable public transport is of prime concern to city dwellers. To function efficiently, public transport generally needs subsidies from the state or local government. Our goal was to design and develop an alternative model of property tax that would provide financing for public transport. It was hypothesised that if the market value of real estate depends on the proximity of public transport, property tax can be a reliable source of financing for public transport. Based on the hedonic pricing theory, we used multiple regression to measure the impact of public transport proximity on the value of residential property. The data on the market value of property and property tax was taken from statistical tax reporting forms of the Federal Tax Service. The data on various public transport infrastructure facilities was used from the specialized open registers. We tested our alternative model of property tax, using the case of the Ekaterinburg Metro and the Tram and Trolleybus Company, through regression analysis of 7,685 objects of residential property in the City of Ekaterinburg. It was found that the efficiency of the underground service is higher than that of the city’s tram network. On the average, the proximity of underground stations increases the value of housing by over 6%. As predictive estimation of the amount of tax determined by the proximity of public transport showed, the alternative model of property tax is sufficient to cover capital expenditures of the city’s public transport operators and could, therefore, contribute to further expansion and modernization of the transport network.

Assessment of the Impact of Public Transport Accessibility on the Value of Urban Residential Real Estate

Currently, analysis of the impact of public transport on real estate and its value is widely demanded in the world. The analysis is used to plan investments in public transport and the efficiency of public transport networks. In Russia, such studies have been carried out mainly in the framework of the evaluation of specific properties, which does not make it possible to macroanalyze the urban public transport environment and compare them with each other. The aim of the work is to study the influence of the proximity of public transport infrastructure on the cost of urban residential real estate, to determine the average value of such an impact for Yekaterinburg. In this study, we intend to confirm the hypothesis about different influence of the proximity of a public transport stop on the cost of housing, taking into account the different set of attributes that characterize it. The calculations were carried out using the analysis of the supply of the real estate market, carried out with the method of multiple regression, simultaneously with the geo-positioning of real estate units on the map to calculate the distance of each object to the nearest public transport stop of a certain type. Based on the results of the calculations, a global tendency towards a higher cost of the properties that are close to tram stops or metro stations in Yekaterinburg is confirmed, and the share of the value of a property generated by the proximity of a public transport stop was calculated. The authors confirmed the hypothesis about varying sensitivity of residential real estate to the proximity of public transport stops. Newer homes have lower sensitivity to proximity to public transport stops than older ones. The obtained empirical evidence of the influence of public transport infrastructure on the value of residential real estate demonstrates the most significant contribution to the value of a real estate object, the proximity to the metro station in Yekaterinburg (3.0 – 12.0%). The tram infrastructure showed a slightly lower impact on the total cost of the facility (3.2 – 8.8%). The revealed interdependencies make it possible to apply the obtained data to forecasting the growth of the taxable base for property tax during the construction of new transport lines.

Spatial analysis of public transportation infrastructure in Santiago, Chile, using the continuous approximation method

Santiago, the capital city of Chile, has seven million inhabitants in an area of 850 km2. This city has a metro network with seven lines extending 140 kilometers and transports approximately 2.6 million people daily. The bus system has undergone significant transformations over the last three decades. The most relevant change having been Transantiago, the public transportation system implemented in 2007 for Santiago, Child, which combines the use of Metro and buses (BRT). Metropolitan Mobility Network (called Red) is the latest version of the public transportation plan. This paper aims to analyze the current subway infrastructure using the continuous approximation method for Santiago, Chile. We previously proposed a macroscopic methodology to identify the needs for an adequate level of service in urban mobility and transportation, and we applied it to Santiago’s Metro network. Our work focuses on functionality and demand distribution. Santiago’s demand varies spatially in volume and extension throughout the city. Using the latest origin-destination survey from 2012, we deduct the critical components in this current network structure. It is worth mentioning that the Metro design bases its network on a ring-radial structure. With our macroscopic model applied to Santiago, Chile, we have detected infrastructure needs in the current transit network. The supply of infrastructure should increase for two reasons: first, to achieve balanced cost levels between users and the agency and second, to reduce subway occupations. The optimal model outcomes for Santiago define the optimal network in which the system requires five rings and ten end-to-end longitudinal lines (20 radial routes), including lower levels of occupation. The obtained results are a good preliminary solution, considering the subway infrastructure supply could be sub-estimated in the public transportation plan.

Влияние параметров полосы для маршрутных транспортных средств на время задержки движения индивидуального и общественного транспорта

The article deals with the influence of the public transport infrastructure during the delay periods of private and public transport in the city conditions. The following methods were used in the study: simulation, mathematical modeling, on-site research. As a result of imitation microscopic modeling, there have been determined the parameters of mathematical models of the delay time of private and public transport for various parameters of the route vehicles` lane. Calculations determined the total delay time, taking into account the number of passengers in public and private transport on the section of the main street with regulated traffic. In determining the optimum parameters of the public transport infrastructure, it is necessary to take into account not only public transport passengers, but also drivers and passengers of private vehicles.

Rating of road infrastructure and public transport in Radom according to respondents' sex and age

The article presents the results of surveys on public transport and road infrastructure of Radom. There were 855 questionnaires obtained. The 19 questions of the survey were used. The survey, in addition to questions about age and gender, contained questions with specific answer options with single or multiple choice and questions in which the respondent rated the various elements of the transport system. From 8 questions, a 5-point Liekert scale was created as a basis for evaluating public transportation and road infrastructure. The reliability of the scale was assessed using the standardized Cronbach's coefficient. The analysis was done in selected groups of respondents with respect to age of respondents, gender of respondents and with respect to both characteristics simultaneously. Using the chi-square test of independence, the dependence of the scores on the age and gender of the respondents was examined. To compare the significance of differences in ratings between the separate groups of respondents, the test of significance of averages was used. The results of the survey indicate that although the overall rating is positive, due to the high percentage of negative ratings, it is necessary to take measures to improve, among other things: safety at bus stops and public transportation vehicles, availability and distribution of parking spaces. The results of the survey were compared with the results of previous surveys. Compared to the 2014 survey, a significant improvement was found in the condition of road infrastructure and the condition and distribution of bike lanes.

Gender and class distinction in travel behavior: evidence from India

Purpose This paper aims to examine the gender differences in various measures of travel behavior for a large-sized Indian city, taking into account the existing class differences. Design/methodology/approach Stratified random sampling technique is used to collect primary data for travel behavior. The collected data is then differentiated on the basis of socioeconomic characteristics and gender. Descriptive statistics are used for analysis. Findings The findings confirm that, women mostly walk and men use motorized vehicles. With an improvement in socioeconomic status, women switch over to public transport and men continue to ride motorized vehicles. While the number of women making everyday trips declines with a rise in socioeconomic status, the number of men rises. Research limitations/implications The study points out at the need for development of an adequate infrastructure of nonmotorized transport and public transport in the city which attends to not only the issue of environmental quality but also of women’s empowerment. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time a comprehensive analysis of differences in travel behavior between men and women on the basis of socioeconomic status is carried out in this region. This analysis will facilitate the policy makers in understanding the inconsistencies in transport demand between the two groups of population.

Estimating the Frequency of Suicide Related to Driving Cessation Among Older Adults: A Data Science Approach

Up to 35% of older adults in the United States engage in partial to complete driving cessation. Suicide risk is highest among older adults, and driving cessation can precipitate psychosocial changes linked with elevated risk of suicide, such as loss of independence, mobility, and socialization. Little is known about the association between suicide and driving cessation among older adults. We developed a supervised machine learning natural language processing algorithm to estimate the frequency of and characterize suicides associated with driving cessation from restricted-access case narratives in the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS, 2003-2015) from suicides and undetermined deaths among adults 55 years and older in 27 states. Among 47,759 decedents, preliminary results identified 972 deaths associated with driving cessation, with a mean age of 71.4, 91.5% White, and 78.3% Male. 13.8% of the decedents of driving cessation-associated suicide had a crisis contributing to the suicide within 2 weeks of death. This analysis assesses the relationship between contextual geographic features such as population density and the distribution of driving cessation-associated suicides across the US. Government and clinical stakeholders should invest in public transportation infrastructure catered to older adults and implement policies to reduce the burden of driving cessation. Increased accessibility of technological innovations such as self-driving cars may also enhance quality of life for a growing older adult population.

Achieving net-zero emissions in China’s passenger transport sector through regionally tailored mitigation strategies

As a major GHG emissions source with large growth potential, the passenger transport sector plays a crucial role in deep decarbonization in China. Large disparities among provinces in private vehicle ownership, sufficiency of public transport infrastructure, affordability of clean fuel vehicles, etc. highlight the importance of regionally tailored mitigation strategies to fully exploit carbon reduction potentials. We classify 31 provinces in mainland China into three regional clusters based on their passenger transport development level, then establish a provincial level bottom-up model to project energy demand and CO2 emissions of China’s passenger transport sector by 2050. Mitigation effects of improving vehicle energy efficiency, shifting to alternative clean fuels, and promoting public transport are compared, and regionally tailored policy priorities are then proposed. The results show that CO2 emissions of China's passenger transport sector will peak around 2045 at 647 MtCO2 and slightly declined to 642 MtCO2 in 2050 in the Current Policies Scenario. If fully implemented, regionally tailor mitigation strategies that maximize techno-economic carbon reduction potentials could cut CO2 emissions substantially to net-zero in 2050. Mitigation effects of different policy options vary among time periods and regions. Improving vehicle fuel efficiency contributes the most in carbon mitigation over short time scales especially in less developed provinces, where private vehicle ownerships are projected to increase rapidly. Well-established transport infrastructure and an optimally designed public transport system could play a larger role in wealthier provinces.

Subcentres as Destinations: Job Decentralization, Polycentricity, and the Sustainability of Commuting Patterns in Canadian Metropolitan Areas, 1996–2016

Adopting more sustainable modes of transportation and shorter daily commutes remains a fundamental challenge in the struggle for the sustainable transition of cities. While past studies on the sustainability of commuting behaviours partly focused on the place of residence and how the characteristics of commuters or residential neighbourhoods impact sustainable travel, other studies looked at the place of employment to analyze these dynamics. In this study, we investigate the extent to which the recent phase of the rise of peripheral employment has promoted more sustainable travel behaviour, based on the hypothesis that polycentricity has recently favoured a better job–housing balance and co-location. We develop a general typology of employment centres, using Census microdata at fine spatial scale over the 1996–2016 period to observe commuting modes and distances by subcentre types for six major Canadian cities. Our results show that despite recent developments in planning practices—transit-oriented development, transport infrastructure, and changing travel behaviour, the emergence of peripheral subcentres promoted less sustainable commuting patterns in most Canadian metropolitan areas over the period. However, we find sustainable commuting emerging in subcentres where large public transport infrastructure investments have been made, such as in the case of Vancouver’s Millennium and Canada lines. Our study also shows that central business districts (CBDs) and downtown subcentres are becoming relatively more sustainable over the period, which confirms the positive effect of the back-to-the-city movement and changing behaviour toward active transportation in these locations.

MODERATING EFFECT OF SERVICE QUALITY ON PUBLIC TRANSPORT TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR AND ANTECEDENTS

Public transport infrastructure has been massively developed to encourage public transport usage in Kuala Lumpur. However, a low percentage of public transport ridership dampens the objectives to reduce traffic congestion and air population. This paper attempts to investigate the effect of travel intention and the moderating effect of general service quality of public transport on travel behaviour among commuters in Kuala Lumpur. A survey was carried out at LRT stations, and a total of 904 were usable. Most of the respondents are young adults between 20-29 years old, and the majority earned less than RM3,000 a month. Most of them possess a vehicle and driving license. Findings showed that travel intention has a significant effect on travel behaviour. Interestingly, service quality, in general, weakly moderates the relationship between travel intention and travel behaviour in a reverse direction. The findings would help relevant authorities to set strategies to encourage more private riders further to switch to public transport.

Estimating the impact of the license plate quota policy for ICEVs on new energy vehicle adoption by using synthetic control method

Since 1994, to overcome adoption barriers and promote new energy vehicles (NEVs), eight cities and one province in China have implemented a license plate quota policy for internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). We use a city-level dataset of NEV sales to assess the impact of license plate quota policy for ICEVs on the adoption of NEVs, by using both the synthetic control method (SCM) and difference-in-differences (DID) method for the first time. We find that license plate quota policy can significantly increase the annual sales of NEVs in Tianjin, Hangzhou, Shenzhen, and Haikou by approximately 73.4%, 87.5%, 87%, and 65.5% of total sales of NEVs, which is equivalent to increasing the annual sales of NEVs by 15,557, 22,267, 37,455, and 448 vehicles, respectively. Further, our findings indicate that a license plate quota policy for ICEVs promotes the adoption of NEVs but has certain limitations, for example, license plate quota policy has a short-term inhibitory effect on the regional auto industry. Moreover, due to the restraint on consumers from purchasing ICEVs, consumers have certain negative sentiment toward the policy based on text analysis. Regions where license plate quota policy is adopted generally required well-developed public transportation and adequate charging infrastructures.

Influence of the Parameters of the Bus Lane and the Bus Stop on the Delays of Private and Public Transport

The article deals with the influence of the infrastructure for public transport on the delay time of private and public transport in the city. The study employed the methods of simulation, mathematical modeling and field research. Imitation microscopic modeling determined the parameters of mathematical models of the delay time of private and public transport for various parameters of the bus lane, the length of the bus stop loading area, and its distance from the signalized intersection. Calculations determined the total delay time, taking into account the number of passengers in public and private transport on the section of the main street of regulated traffic. Determining the optimum parameters of the public transport infrastructure requires considering not only public transport passengers, but also drivers and passengers of private vehicles. Over-improving parameters of the bus lane has no effect on public transport, but traffic parameters for all other road users degrade. At high traffic intensity, the dependences of the total delay time on the length of the marking lines 1.11 and 1.5 are described by the parabola equation. The values for a road with three lanes have been determined, marking lines 1.11 and 1.5 at which the total delay time is minimal. For a highway with a high intensity, minimum bus stop parameters lead to significant increases in delay time.

Изучение пассажирского опыта в результате введения Московского центрального кольца: посещение новых мест, причины выбора железнодорожного транспорта и проверка прогнозов пассажиропотоков

В современной России, за исключением Москвы, новая инфраструктура общественного транспорта появляется нечасто, а вопрос о последствиях инфраструктурного развития такого рода зачастую остается открытым. Запуск Московского центрального кольца (МЦК) дает возможность провести исследование, фокусирующееся на изменениях в транспортном поведении горожан. В рамках опроса пассажиров МЦК, проведенного в сентябре 2017 г., было изучено несколько аспектов. Во-первых, мы попытались переопределить концепт «доступность» как возможность посетить новые места. Результаты показали, что порядка 20% пассажиров стали совершать новые поездки. Во-вторых, изучались причины выбора МЦК пассажирами для конкретной поездки, зафиксированной во время опроса. Наиболее частая причина — «удобство», которое понимается респондентами крайне расширительно. Наконец, особый интерес представляло собой соотнесение прогнозных и фактических значений распределения входящего пассажиропотока на станции МЦК по способу добраться до станций. Результат показал, что прогнозы сильно недооценили объем пешеходных передвижений. Помимо теоретической и прикладных задач в рамках проекта апробирована методика перехватывающих опросов для составления выборочной совокупности. Благодарность. Публикация подготовлена в результате проведения исследования (№ 17-05-0050) в рамках Программы «Научный фонд Национального исследовательского университета "Высшая школа экономики" (НИУ ВШЭ)» в 2017—2018 гг. и в рамках государственной поддержки ведущих университетов Российской Федерации «5—100». Коллектив авторов также выражает благодарности Тимуру Османову за комментарии, критику и поддержку.

Designing Supporting Structures of Passenger Ropeways of Minimum Cost Based on Modular Intermediate Towers of Discretely Variable Height

Passenger ropeways are a promising alternative for the development of public transport infrastructure in large cities. However, the construction of ropeways has a rather high cost and requires taking into account a significant number of restrictions associated with the features of the existing urban development and the placement of urban infrastructure. The main objective of this research is to develop optimization models that minimize the total cost of modular intermediate towers of a discretely variable height and a rope system due to the optimal placement and selection of the height of these towers, taking into account the features of the surface topography and urban development. The proposed modular principle for the construction of intermediate towers also enables the cost of construction to be further reduced. As a specific example, the design of a ropeway in the city of Bryansk, which has a complex terrain, is considered. The developed models are conveniently used at the initial stage of the design of the ropeway to compare the cost of various options for the location of the ropeway route in order to reduce the risk of error when choosing the least expensive option. The calculation results can serve as a guide for a preliminary assessment of the number and height of intermediate towers, their installation locations on the ground and the characteristics of the cable system.

Examining spatio-temporal trip patterns of bicycle sharing systems in Southern European island cities

Bicycle sharing systems (BSS) have been implemented in cities worldwide in an attempt to promote cycling. Analysing BSS usage in ‘starter’ cycling cities in Southern Europe (Limassol, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Malta) can aid in understanding how BSS use and cycling can be promoted in such a context. A year of trip data is used to understand to what extent the BSS is characterized by tourist use or by local residents, trips are classified based on trip type, trip duration and diurnal and seasonal usage patterns. An analysis of the origin-destination matrices highlights spatial patterns and temporal dynamics, and analysis of the spatial coverage is used to calculate what percentage of the city's population is served by the BSS. The comparative analysis shows that despite sharing commonalities, the cities exhibit differences in BSS use: while in Limassol BSS use is mainly for leisure, in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Malta there is more cycling for transport. Investing in connections between the BSS, public transport, points-of-interests and cycling infrastructure can encourage more cycling. In all cities there is scope to integrate the BSS with public transport and promote the service amongst tourists and visitors.

Revitalisasi koridor komersial bersejarah Jalan Surabaya dengan konsep retrofitting di Kota Medan

Jalan Surabaya telah terkenal sebagai kawasan distrik penjualan arloji sekaligus kawasan hunian pecinan yang pada masa Belanda disebut dengan nama Canton Straat. Seiring dengan perkembangan jaman kawasan ruas Jalan Surabaya mengalami degradasi kualitas visual dengan nilai historis yang melekat padanya. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menghasilkan konsep revitalisasi kawasan bersejarah Jalan Surabaya dengan pendekatan retrofitting. Dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif, tahapan penelitian dimulai dengan melakukan analisis terhadap berbagai aspek dari kawasan, meliputi fisik, sosial, ekonomi dan budaya. Tiga strategi utama retrofitting digunakan untuk menghasilam model revitalisasi kawasan. Hasilnya penelitian menunjukkan bahwa revitalisasi kawasan Jalan Surabaya dapat ditempuh dengan cara pembangunan gerbang pecinan, ruang terbuka publik dan prasarana angkutan umum; signage, area parkir dan penataan pedestrian; serta konservasi bangunan bersejarah. Agar model revitalisasi dapat diterapkan maka akan membutuhkan dukungan semua pihak, termasuk partisipasi masyarakat setempat.

The role of public and private transport infrastructure capital in economic growth. Evidence from Pakistan

Within the context of large investments in the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) which is part of China's Belt and Road Initiative, the investigation of the effect of transport infrastructure investments on economic growth is highly relevant for Pakistan. We analyse this relationship applying vector error correction models, Granger Causality tests, and impulse response analyses. We employ multiple model specifications to study the impact of private vs. public capital as well as physical capital stocks vs. monetary capital stocks on economic growth. In models including private capital stocks, we find support for the production function relation as causality goes from infrastructure to GDP. In models that include public capital stocks, causality goes from GDP to transport investments, thus favouring Wagner's law. Therefore we conclude that focusing on a good legal environment for private investors seems to be a good option for promoting growth in Pakistan.