Public Telecommunications Networks Research Articles

Systems of protection against violations а guarantee of the financial stability of operators

An analysis of the types of traffic-related frauds on telecommunication networks was carried out. Violations on telecommunication networks are the actions of subscribers, telecommunications operators or third parties who are directed to receive telecommunication services at a lower rate or without payment. CFCA experts count about 200 types of violations on telecommunication networks. The most common violations on the part of operators are the unauthorized termination of incoming long-distance and international traffic to the public network under the guise of a local one, without appropriate contracts. Abuses lead to significant loss of income. The most common among subscribers are third-party connection to the subscriber line in order to receive free telematics services of the "900" service, making long-term international calls, and organizing unauthorized meeting points. On the part of third parties, it is a violation to use hardware and software to receive international traffic from the Internet and complete it on a public telecommunications network under the guise of a local one, which leads to interference in the operation of communication means, substitution of call information. The fight against misuse of telecommunication networks relies to a large extent on the analysis of data about services and data contained in settlement systems with subscribers and operators. Detection of suspicious actions of subscribers and their analysis is the main operating principle of modern Fraud Management System (FMS) protection systems. The key criteria for the effectiveness of FMS are the speed of work, the flexibility of setting up algorithms that ensure the detection and analysis of incidents, and the availability of standardized interfaces for integration with billing platforms. Practical recommendations for creating protection systems against Fraud Management System (FMS) violations are provided.

Legal basis for the use of digital technologies for monitoring remote workers in the digital economy

The article discusses the legal basis for the use of digital technologies in labor relations. Digital technologies can be used both in the performance of work, for example, the work of remote workers, and in the control of employees. When monitoring employees, including remote workers, the use of digital technologies and public information and telecommunications networks by the employer comes first. Moreover, the use of digital technologies by the employer when monitoring remote workers is the only means of control. The author examines the legal regulation of the implementation of such means of control over employees as video surveillance, an automated system for monitoring and recording working hours, monitoring sites that an employee visited from his office computer during working hours, checking correspondence in corporate e-mail, listening to telephone conversations, using billing programs, and provides examples from court practice. The author identifies the defects of legal regulation in these areas and suggests ways to improve the legislation.

Social Assistance and Social Services for Citizens during the Quarantine Period from a Pandemic On the Example of Uzbekistan and International Experience

The article considers the state policy of social protection of the population in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Methods of legal regulation of social security law. The system of social security law is analyzed. The history of formation and development of social security in the Republic of Uzbekistan is studied. Attention is paid to the rights of social security during the period of quarantine from a pandemic, and international legislation and experience are comparatively analyzed . The article deals with themain characteristics of the legal regulation of remote workers ‘ labor; theconcept and features of remote laboras a subject of labor law. The authors analyzed therelationship of an employment contract with a remote employee with other labor contracts. Legal acts in the field of regulating the work of remote workersin the context of a pandemic have been studied. Features of concluding an employment contract with a remote employee. Electronic interaction during the pandemic period, whichis under the control of the employer; – interaction between the employer and the employee is carried outusing public information and telecommunications networks.

УПРОВАДЖЕННЯ ПОСЛУГ ІЗ ПЕРЕНЕСЕННЯ АБОНЕНТСЬКИХ НОМЕРІВ НА ТЕЛЕКОМУНІКАЦІЙНІЙ МЕРЕЖІ ЗАГАЛЬНОГО КОРИСТУВАННЯ УКРАЇНИ

УПРОВАДЖЕННЯ ПОСЛУГ ІЗ ПЕРЕНЕСЕННЯ АБОНЕНТСЬКИХ НОМЕРІВ НА ТЕЛЕКОМУНІКАЦІЙНІЙ МЕРЕЖІ ЗАГАЛЬНОГО КОРИСТУВАННЯ УКРАЇНИ

Міжнародно-правові аспекти протидії порушенню РФ суверенного права України регулювати використання номерного ресурсу телекомунікаційних мереж в межах своїх міжнародно визнаних кордонів

Міжнародно-правові аспекти протидії порушенню РФ суверенного права України регулювати використання номерного ресурсу телекомунікаційних мереж в межах своїх міжнародно визнаних кордонів

Internet, Copyright and Digital Piracy

The Internet is like the High seas where it connects every one like seas connect all the land. In the Internet various computers of different nation states are connected to each other through public telecommunications networks that allow transfer of data in the form of text, graphic, sound and video. In the past, it was only in the library that everyone got access to various books without breaching copyright, but with the Internet any file is a mere click away. Various sites are present that have all the files that one can need! But the catch is if it’s free it’s pirated. The development of new technology regarding the Internet has put pressure on Traditional Intellectual Property enforcement such as copyright and patent. Some IP when made available on the Internet are easily replicated. Because the cost of replicating are low and replicating is normally anonymous, copyright owners often respond with enforcing IP with rigor and aggression, there have also been many instances where the protection is demanded to be extended to newer content and newer medium of media or new medium to access those IP. This can be seen as stricter laws as passed for the enforcement of IP in various countries and additional extension into new territories for IPR. These enforcement mechanisms may not necessary work, especially on the internet which is considered a sanctuary of freedom of expression. This paper describes the role of the internet with regards to infringement of copyright of music, movies and software applications. It also summarizes various approaches that can be taken to stop infringement over the internet.

Moving the Network to the Cloud: The Cloud Central Office Revolution and Its Implications for the Optical Layer

SDN and NFV have recently changed the way we operate networks. By decoupling control and data plane operations and virtualising their components, they have opened up new frontiers towards reducing network ownership costs and improving usability and efficiency. Recently, their applicability has moved towards public telecommunications networks, with concepts such as the cloud-CO that have pioneered its use in access and metro networks: an idea that has quickly attracted the interest of network operators. By merging mobile, residential and enterprise services into a common framework, built around commoditised data centre types of architectures, future embodiments of this CO virtualisation concept could achieve significant capital and operational cost savings, while providing customised network experience to high-capacity and low-latency future applications. This tutorial provides an overview of the various frameworks and architectures outlining current network disaggregation trends that are leading to the virtualisation/cloudification of central offices. It also provides insight on the virtualisation of the access-metro network, showcasing new software functionalities like the virtual \ac{DBA} mechanisms for \acp{PON}. In addition, we explore how it can bring together different network technologies to enable convergence of mobile and optical access networks and pave the way for the integration of disaggregated ROADM networks. Finally, this paper discusses some of the open challenges towards the realisation of networks capable of delivering guaranteed performance, while sharing resources across multiple operators and services.

The Public Perception of Cyber-surveillance Before and After Edward Snowden’s Surveillance Revelations

The article contextualizes contemporary cyber-surveillance practices in the light of Edward Snowden’s revelations of massive espionage by intelligences services and shows the results of an online survey on the public perceptions of privacy in public telecommunication networks in Slovenia. The results relate to types and frequency of victimization; self-reported study on violating of the privacy of others; concern for the protection of one’s own privacy; perception of those carrying out surveillance; the value of privacy; views on abrogated data retention regulation; and awarness of personal data protection remedies.Despite growing distrust of large internet corporations and – after Edward Snowden’s revelations – Intelligence agencies, the findings indicate a low degree of awareness and care for the protection of personal data. In regard to the perception of primary subjects of surveillance, 56 percent of respondents chose internet corporations as the greatest threat to their privacy, followed by telecommunications companies (25 percent), and shops with loyalty programs (23 percent). According to chi-square and Cramer's coefficient calculations, gender correlation is weak, but men feel more threatened by foreign intelligence services and the Slovene Intelligence and Security Agency. By comparing responses before and after the Datagate affair, we noted that prior to this date, only a handful of people felt threatened by foreign or domestic intelligence agencies. An increased feeling of threat after this date is evident in men as well as women.

Frequency and time transfer for metrology and beyond using telecommunication network fibres

The distribution and the comparison of an ultra-stable optical frequency and accurate time using optical fibres have been greatly improved in the last ten years. The frequency stability and accuracy of optical links surpass well-established methods using the global navigation satellite system and geostationary satellites. In this paper, we present a review of the methods and the results obtained. We show that public telecommunication network carrying Internet data can be used to compare and distribute ultra-stable metrological signals over long distances. This novel technique paves the way for the deployment of a national and continental ultra-stable metrological optical network.

Emergency situations supported by context-aware and application streaming technologies

Emergency Telecommunications (EMTEL) deal with provisioning of telecommunications services in emergency situations; these can range from an individual in a state of personal emergency (with need to make an emergency call due to sudden illness, traffic accident, fire) to a very broad perspective of serious disruptions (earthquakes, floods, terrorist attacks). EMTEL covers the telecommunications needs of public safety resources, like: police, fire–fighters, ambulances and other medical services: such services usually rely on dedicated networks and equipment. We realised PICO (control platforms and delivery of services in converged networks) a platform for service delivery and emergency management on public telecommunications networks. PICO platform leverages on application streaming on Android OS and a context–aware system for fixed–mobile convergence based on IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS).

Modeling the influence of network delay on the user experience in distributed home-automation networks

Today's modern home-automation systems and services (HASS) frequently communicate over public telecommunications networks, such as the Internet. Unfortunately, these communication networks do not u...

Home-based speech treatment for Parkinson's disease delivered remotely: a case report

We investigated the validity and feasibility of online delivery of the Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT) for the treatment of the speech disorder of a patient with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. The treatment was delivered in 16 sessions to the participant's home, 90 km from the speech language pathologist. A PC-based videoconferencing system was used, operating at 128 kbit/s over the public telecommunications network. The patient achieved substantial improvements in vocal sound pressure levels during sustained vowel phonation (6.13 dB), reading (12.28 dB) and conversational monologue (11.32 dB). There were improvements in the duration of sustained vowel phonation (4 s). Improvements were also perceived in the degree of breathiness and roughness in the voice, and in overall speech intelligibility in conversation. The patient was very satisfied with the audio and video quality of the conferencing, and with the online treatment overall. He reported a preference for online sessions for the future management of his condition, rather than face-to-face treatment. Remote LSVT delivery was found to be feasible and effective.

The Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA)

ABSTRACT A number of laws have been passed in recent decades governing the wiretapping and interception of conversations on the Public Switching and Telecommunications Network and the Internet. The Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) passed in 1994 requires that digitally switched telephone networks be designed and built with wiretap capabilities and that service providers assist law enforcement agencies (LEA) in obtaining the desired surveillance. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 2005 ruled that the CALEA also applies to Voice over IP (VoIP) conversations. This initially generated considerable contention among the Internet community regarding the extent to which wiretapping should be embedded into the applicable Internet protocols. The International Engineering Task Force (IETF) has provided general guidelines in RFC 3924 regarding architecture for the interception and availability of the information to the LEAs but has declined to produce a full-fledged standard. The guidelines proposed by the IETF were heavily influenced by Internet Service Provider (ISP) component manufactures and define a generic architecture based on the functionality of major components. These components are defined in such a manner as to properly configure network devices for the required intercept, limiting access to the information, and passing the intercepted information to the designated LEA. The IETF guidelines define the functional boundaries and communication between the ISP components and the LEA.

INTELLIGENT PROTOCOL ADAPTATION IN A MEDICAL E-COLLABORATION ENVIRONMENT

Distributed multimedia e-health applications have a set of specific requirements which must be taken into account if effective use is to be made of the limited resources provided by public telecommunication networks. Moreover, there is an architectural gap between the provision of network-level Quality of Service (QoS) and user requirements of e-health applications. In this paper, we address the problem of bridging this gap from a multi-criteria decision-making perspective in the context of a remote collaborative environment for back pain treatment. We propose adaptable data transport mechanisms, capable of responding to evolving networking, application and user requirements. To this end we present a framework which allows for not only construction of tailored multimedia communication protocols, but also for the inclusion of user requirements in such protocols. This is achieved by equipping our protocol adaptation mechanism with multi-criteria decision making based techniques that can be used to allocate resources according to their ratio-scale priorities in response to detection of system degradation or evolving user preferences. The applicability of our approach is illustrated in three usage scenarios.

Public environmental information: understanding requirements and patterns of likely public use

Public access to environmental information received much attention in the last decade. Recent developments promote access to this information through public telecommunication networks. This paper describes a Web‐based survey that explored the requirements and needs of likely users of public environmental information systems for London: educated middle‐class members of the public, with high interest in environmental issues and computer literacy. The survey demonstrated current information consumption patterns and the reasons to gather and use such information.

Technological Innovation in Telecommunications: An Empirical Analysis of Specialisation Paths

Are advanced countries bound to follow a specialisation path in their innovation activities? This paper contributes to the issue by analysing the dynamic of innovation activities in telecommunications (TLCs) at the country level. Our claim is that countries are more likely to innovate in a product class if they have invented the dominant design in that class, or in classes that are similar for technological principles or engineering competencies. The research hypothesis has been empirically tested for the innovation activities of four European countries between 1978 and 1995. Data are drawn from the patents granted by the US Patents and Trademarks Office in the devices and systems for public TLCs networks. Based on cross-tabulation and VAR econometric models, we conclude that, in TLCs, advanced countries are unlikely to join technological trajectories started abroad; in particular, we have shown that innovation paths are engineering-specific, though they may cross the boundaries between basic technological principles. In addition, for our sample countries, preliminary evidence has been yielded that the TLCs innovation activities are independent of the demand dynamics.

Reliability and cost‐effectiveness of a telecommunication network composed of distributed switching nodes and high‐performance control nodes

AbstractWe have already proposed DONA‐α (distributed object‐oriented network architecture) as a candidate architecture for future telecommunications networks. A node in a conventional network contains both control and switching subsystems. In DONA‐α, these subsystems are physically separated, as independent nodes, so the network is composed of a small number of high‐performance control nodes that each control numerous low‐capacity switching nodes.Since service faults in a large‐scale public telecommunications network can have a severe effect on human society, the reliability of conventional networks is improved by designing redundancy into the network architecture. However, this raises the network configuration cost.DONA‐α should reduce network configuration costs without drastically decreasing the reliability. This is because each switching node will accommodate fewer subscribers than a conventional subscriber node, so it will be possible to reduce the degree of redundancy.In this paper, we examine the relationship between reliability and the degree of redundancy in the architecture of a DONA‐α network. We also evaluate the reliability and cost‐effectiveness of a DONA‐α network compared with a conventional network. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 84(11): 1–15, 2001

Broadband satellite networks-the global IT bridge

Next-generation broadband satellite networks are being developed to carry bursty Internet and multimedia traffic in addition to the traditional circuit-switched traffic (mainly voice) on a global basis. These satellites provide direct network access for personal applications as well as interconnectivity to the terrestrial remote network segments. The main requirement in success of these networks is that they should be able to transmit high data rate traffic with prescribed quality of service (QoS). Thus, the broadband satellite network has no choice other than the rise of ATM technology and to be optimized for Internet-based traffic. ATM is the promising technology for supporting high-speed data transfer potentially suitable for all varieties of private and public telecommunications networks. IP, on the other hand is the fast-growing Internet layer protocol that is applicable over any data link layer Internet-based applications are the emerging source of traffic in the future wireless networks and broadband satellite networks should consider Internet as the primary service. In this paper, we discuss the traditional ATM and wireless ATM networks and explain the characteristics of the wireless IP networks. The paper then uses those concepts in defining the criteria for the broadband satellite networks such as the QoS and traffic management. Application of the broadband satellite networks is also proposed.

A role for ATM in telephony and IP networks

Public telecommunication network operators are now concentrating their attention on the Internet, not only for realising datacommunication services but also for a network infrastructure for providing telephony services. This has resulted in a reluctance to invest in existing circuit-switched technology and in the implementation of a number of Internet protocol (IP) telephony services. This paper concentrates on two topics – firstly, quality of service (QoS) in IP and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks and secondly, the use of ATM networks for providing large-scale telephony, or more generally “narrowband”, services that are usually supported by public circuit-switched networks. The methods of providing a range of qualities of service in IP routers and ATM switches are reviewed and the applicability of these mechanisms to the support of telephony is considered. Although public telephony services over the Internet are offered today with reasonable quality (some network operators claim that voice quality in general is better than for a call involving a mobile phone) the volume of traffic is generally low and Internet service providers overprovision their networks to improve service quality. A number of scenarios in which ATM can be used as an infrastructure for narrowband services are presented. If bandwidth is neither abundant nor inexpensive, ATM can provide a cost-effective means of supporting both existing narrowband circuit-switched services and datacommunications. A possible migration path is outlined from the current circuit-switched networks through use of an ATM network infrastructure to a potential integrated IP network. This paper is tutorial in nature and represents the personal opinions of the author (rather than a corporate position).

Telecommunication and information infrastructures in the Botswana and SADC development strategy

By 2016, Botswana aspires to triple its 1994 per capita income and to completely diversify its economic base. The Southern African Development Community (SADC) objectives, as spelt out in the SADC Policy document, emphasise the attainment of enhanced development and economic growth, poverty alleviation, and support of the socially disadvantaged through regional integration. Since telecommunications have long been recognised as the engine for economic growth, the aspirations of SADC and Botswana are consistent with the SADC Protocol on Transport, Communications, and Metrology, which aims at developing a reliable, efficient, vibrant, consumer‐driven telecommunications sector. We examine the focus of the World Bank and the International Telecommunications Union, in global telecommunications development. We then discuss the efforts of Botswana and other SADC states in ensuring that they take advantage of the private sector finances to build reliable, sophisticated public telecommunications networks for entry into the Global Information Infrastructure (GII).