Public Revenue Research Articles

Public Revenues and Educational Sector Productivity in Nigeria

This study examined the influence of public revenue on the productivity of the educational sector, focusing on how various tax policies and expenditures impact education’s contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), focusing on the role of Company Income Tax (CIT), Education Tax (EDT), Research and Development Investment (R&DI), and Capital Expenditure (CAPEX). Using annual data spanning from 1994 to 2023, the study employs econometric techniques, including the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, to analyze the relationship between these variables and the education sector’s economic performance. The findings reveal that CIT and EDT positively influence the education sector’s contribution to GDP, suggesting that these forms of taxation play a crucial role in funding educational activities and stimulating economic growth within the sector. Additionally, R&DI and CAPEX exhibit mixed effects on the education sector, with lagged investments showing a more significant impact on economic performance over time. It was recommended that there is a need by policy makers and stake holders for continued efforts to create a conducive fiscal environment for businesses operating in the education sector, including favorable tax policies and incentives to stimulate investment and innovation. Keywords: Nigerian tax system, educational sector, Company Income Tax, Education Tax, Capital Expenditure.

Measuring Rurality and Analyzing the Drivers of Rurality in Megacities—A Case Study of Shanghai, China

The Rurality Index is an important reference for the formulation of rural development strategies and policies, but the evaluation of the rurality of megacities based on the township scale is relatively limited. Based on the perspective of spatial governance, this study constructed the evaluation index system of Shanghai’s rurality and carried out the evaluation of Shanghai’s rurality at the township scale from 2005 to 2020. The article adopts the MGWR model to analyze the driving effects of five key driving factors (the proportion of foreign population, per capita industrial output value, public finance revenue, social fixed asset investment, and rail transit coverage), and adopts the Geo-Detector model to analyze the interactive driving effects of two factors. The results indicate that the rurality index of megacities and townships as a whole shows a weakening trend, and the above factors have a predominantly negative impact on rurality, with differences in the intensity of the impact in different periods. There is an obvious interactive additive effect between the factors. When formulating policies for township development, government departments need to take into account the functional positioning of the region and comprehensively adopt targeted policies on population, industry, transportation, finance and investment to regulate and guide the transformation or sustainable development of the countryside.

Globalisation and the Size of the Public Sector in the Context of the Regime Change Approach: The Case of Türkiye

The size of the public sector in the economy is closely related to globalization. It aims to maximize welfare. There are two main hypotheses (efficiency and compensation) discussed in the literature on this relationship. Both hypotheses discuss the relationship between globalization and government size in terms of (i) the impact of globalization on public employment, (ii) the impact of globalization on public revenues, and (iii) the impact of globalization on public expenditure. Global and national economies are not static and periodically expand or contract. The main hypothesis of this study is that the validity of the efficiency and compensation hypothesis in economies varies according to expansion and contraction periods. In terms of financial and commercial globalization, this change is also differentiated. The results of this study, which is specific to Turkey, show that trade globalization has a positive effect on public employment and public expenditures within the scope of the compensation hypothesis, while the efficiency hypothesis is confirmed in the relationship between tax revenues and financial globalization. These results are exemplary for transition and developing countries in particular.

Determinants of Tax Avoidance Intentions in Tourism SMEs: The Mediating Role of Coercive Power, Digital Transformation, and the Moderating Effect of CSR

Tax compliance and avoidance are critical issues for governments and businesses worldwide, especially as businesses often use legal methods to minimize taxes, which can impact public revenue and equity within the tax system. This study focuses on understanding the factors influencing tax avoidance behaviors among SMEs in Greece’s tourism sector, a sector that has received limited research attention. To this end, a quantitative cross-sectional design was employed, using a structured questionnaire to explore potential factors influencing tax avoidance behavior. Data were collected from 534 SME managers and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to assess the impact of key factors and their interrelationships, including coercive power, digital transformation, tax knowledge, firm performance, and perceived fairness, on tax avoidance. In addition, corporate social responsibility (CSR) was included as a moderator variable, while coercive power and digital transformation were assessed as mediators. Furthermore, Multi-Group Analysis (MGA) was conducted to explore the differences between small and medium enterprises, as well as different ownership structures. The results indicate that all key determinants, except perceived fairness, are significantly and positively related to tax avoidance intention. Additionally, it was revealed that coercive power increases tax avoidance through firm performance and tax knowledge, while digital transformation mediates the influence of firm performance on tax avoidance by curtailing avoidance intentions. While CSR mitigates the negative influence of coercive power, digital transformation has a dual role: that of promoting transparency and strategic efforts to reduce the tax burden. These findings have important policy implications, as policymakers seek to promote digital adoption and enhance CSR engagement while formulating specific regulatory strategies to reduce tax avoidance among SMEs.

Assessing the Future of Oil and Gas Production and Local Government Revenue in Five Western US Basins

Oil and gas production is a major source of public revenue in many US regions, but uncertainty exists over the future of demand for hydrocarbons. We model how oil and gas production and related government revenue change in five western US basins depending on future oil and natural gas prices under three scenarios of climate policy ambition. We find that the Green River and San Juan basins experience production declines across all scenarios, while production in the Bakken, Permian, and Powder River basins are more dependent on prices. Government revenue generally follows the direction of production, but these relationships are not directly proportional. Under the lower price scenarios, revenue declines more steeply than production because it reflects both production and prices, which both decline. Long-term permanent funds, which are in place across all the states we examine, provide an important fiscal cushion for school districts, their primary beneficiary. JEL Classification: H71, H72, H73, O13, Q41, Q48

Influence of Tax Administration on Public Revenue Growth in Western Region of Kenya

Influence of Tax Administration on Public Revenue Growth in Western Region of Kenya

Adverse Possession Laws: A Comparison Between Taxation Law and Property Law

This paper explores the intricate relationship between taxation and adverse possession, focusing on the implications for government revenue. Adverse possession allows individuals to claim legal title to property after continuous, open, and hostile occupation for a statutory period, while taxation ensures that property owners contribute to government finances through property taxes. The interaction of these legal frameworks presents challenges, particularly regarding unpaid taxes during the possession period and the responsibility of tax compliance. The potential for tax arrears, tax liens, and property sales to recover lost revenue are critical issues for governments seeking to maintain revenue stability. Additionally, the ambiguity surrounding taxpayer responsibility during adverse possession can lead to gaps in tax collection. This paper analyzes these challenges and highlights potential solutions, including legislative reforms requiring tax payments by adverse possessors and improved tax collection mechanisms to safeguard public revenue. By examining the overlap between adverse possession and taxation law, this paper aims to provide insights into preserving government revenue while addressing the complexities of land ownership transitions.

Feasibility Study of an Integrated Waste Management Technology System for a Circular Economy in the Philippines

Increasing population and rapid economic growth result in waste management problems in the Municipality of Bay, Laguna. In response, the municipality is planning to invest in an Integrated Waste Management Technology System (IWMTS) that aims to generate public revenue. Key informant interviews, surveys, and focus group discussions were utilized for data collection. Results showed that respondents lack knowledge about IWMTS but perceive positive impacts on waste volume reduction and municipal waste management and little to no negative impacts on health, livelihood, and accessibility. Meanwhile, economic analysis showed that it is estimated to generate an annual revenue of PHP 11.986 million (USD 214,036) with yearly expenses of PHP 3.7 million (USD 66,071). These cash flows are expected to recover the overall capital outlay of PHP 48.14 million (USD 859,642). A net present value (NPV) of PHP 3.164 million (USD 56,500) and a 5.77-year payback period (PBP) were calculated through cost-benefit analysis. The environmental analysis revealed positive impacts on reducing the volume of wastes, water resources, and quality, odor and air quality, and soil and nutrients. Considering these, the study provided recommendations on project implementation to achieve sustainable waste management and circular economy in the municipality.

A compliance and audit model for tackling tax evasion in Nigeria

Tax evasion remains a significant challenge for Nigeria, undermining economic stability and reducing public revenue. This paper proposes a comprehensive compliance and audit model designed to address tax evasion in Nigeria. The model integrates enhanced compliance strategies, advanced audit procedures, and the strategic use of technology to create a robust framework for tackling tax evasion. The proposed model emphasizes proactive measures to improve taxpayer compliance through targeted education and outreach programs, streamlined reporting processes, and incentivization. On the audit front, it advocates for the adoption of sophisticated audit techniques and technologies, including data analytics and automated systems, to detect and address evasion more effectively. The implementation framework outlines a phased approach involving key stakeholders such as the Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS), local tax authorities, and the private sector. By examining domestic and international case studies, the paper highlights successful practices and potential challenges, providing actionable insights for adapting these strategies to the Nigerian context. Evaluation metrics are proposed to assess the model’s effectiveness, with expected outcomes including improved tax revenue, enhanced compliance rates, and strengthened public trust in the tax system. The study concludes with recommendations for further research and policy adjustments to refine and expand the model's application. This approach aims to not only mitigate tax evasion but also contribute to a more transparent and equitable tax system in Nigeria.

Review of Factors Affecting Tax Compliance And Tax Ratio Target Achievement

This article provides a comprehensive review of the factors influencing tax compliance and the achievement of targeted tax ratios, employing literature review and qualitative analysis approaches. The primary objective is to identify and analyze the determinants that affect taxpayers' compliance behavior and how these factors contribute to meeting the desired tax ratio targets set by governments. Tax compliance is crucial for ensuring sufficient public revenue, which supports economic development and public services. Achieving targeted tax ratios is essential for maintaining fiscal stability and promoting equitable economic growth. The study explores various factors, including economic, psychological, and institutional elements, that impact tax compliance. Economic factors such as income levels, tax rates, and perceived fairness of the tax system are examined alongside psychological factors such as taxpayer attitudes, trust in government, and perceived benefits of public spending. Institutional factors, including the efficiency of tax administration and the legal framework, are also considered. By synthesizing findings from existing literature, this article highlights the complex interplay of these factors and suggests strategies for policymakers to enhance tax compliance and achieve targeted tax ratios. The findings underscore the importance of a multifaceted approach that considers both taxpayer behavior and systemic reforms to improve tax systems' effectiveness.

A Proposed Model to Measure the Impairment Value of Fixed Assets with the Need for Tax Recognition

International accounting standards require, in particular the impairment of (36) asset value standard No (31), re- evaluation of assets to display the value of fair value as the replacement value at the end of the period or fiscal year of the disclosure of assets, real value, the represent philosophy of accounting to relevant of different models to call the fair values, especially in case of using methodology - based pricing capital asset model. The researcher presented a model for measuring the impairment of the book value of assets form, which contributes to the measurement of accuracy of the fixed measurement of accounting income and taxable income help guide the preparation of financial statements in the presentation of fixed assets as fast as they converge with the fact that revenue and economic benefits of the asset in the financial period is ending. Because the accounting incases always different on taxable income for the application of the income tax act, although the act, to impose tax in net profit, which present the income statement prepared in accordance with the Egyptian accounting standards, but on grounds of maintaining the public revenues of ministerial decisions were issued contrary to that application and became the standard (31) can’t be applied when determining the tax base. Which led to a loss in its submission for income tax, which is a clear challenge, there is no application of some financial standards, which is what the researcher tried to show. He presented it to determine the tax impact of not applying the standard.

PUBLIC EXPENDITURE AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT: INSIGHTS FROM KARNATAKA

This study examines public expenditure on agriculture in Karnataka from 1990 to 2023, highlighting trends and patterns in spending. It reveals that while Karnataka’s total expenditure on agriculture has increased significantly, the focus remains predominantly on revenue expenditure rather than capital expenditure. This contrasts with national trends, where there's a gradual shift towards more balanced spending. The Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) for Karnataka shows significant variability, including a recent decline, while other states like Maharashtra exhibit higher and more stable growth rates. The analysis includes a comparative review with other Indian states, showing Karnataka's strong emphasis on operational costs and lower capital investment compared to states with larger agricultural sectors. This study underscores the need for a more balanced approach in agricultural investment to support long-term growth and development. KEY WORDS: Public Expenditure, Agriculture, Revenue Expenditure and Capital Expenditure

The general budget and its impact on the investment efficiency of the Iraqi economy for the period 2004-2022

In order to provide a stable and supportive environment for investment through public budget tools and variables, it is necessary to research methods that lead to stimulating investment operations and providing the necessary financing for economic activity. Total public revenues, total public expenditures, and the budget surplus or deficit have a significant impact on this. Total public revenues and public expenditures have a significant impact on the budget surplus or deficit, which in turn affects investment in the Iraqi economy. In the event of an increase in public revenues, such as an increase in oil or tax revenues, this will lead to an increase in the budget surplus. A higher budget surplus will provide the government with more financial resources to finance public investments and development projects. Achieving the appropriate environment accelerates economic growth and pushes investors to activate their activities, thus expanding their proceeds to form a development horizon and space that creates a broad developmental investment environment to demonstrate the investment opportunities available to investors. If public expenditures rise, such as increased spending on salaries and wages or government purchases, this will lead to an increase in the budget deficit. A high budget deficit will restrict the government's ability to allocate financial resources to finance public investments and development projects. This may negatively affect the investment climate and encourage investors to invest in the Iraqi economy.Therefore, it can be said that managing public revenues and expenditures in a balanced and effective manner has a significant impact on the budget surplus or deficit, which in turn directly affects investment levels in the Iraqi economy.The results of the standard model were obtained using the distributed slowdown autoregressive model (ARDL), which is considered one of the advanced standard methods, which relies on testing the stability of time series. This model gives results about the nature of the relationship in the short term (error correction model) as well as results for the long term. The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is after testing the soundness and... Stability of the estimated model for the variables. The first step after testing the stability of the variables is to estimate the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model for the function of total investments (Y) with lag periods (2) for the dependent variable (Y), the variable (X1) total public revenues as an independent variable, and the variable (X2) total Public expenditures are an independent variable, and the variable (X3) budget surplus is an independent variable. After conducting the model estimation process, we obtained the results for estimating the ARDL model, as the explanatory power of the estimated model was (R2 = 0.817), meaning that the independent variables included in the estimated model explain 81% of the changes in the variable. Follower. The estimated model also turned out to be significant, so the null hypothesis was rejected and the alternative hypothesis was accepted. Also testing the existence of a cointegration relationship between the variables of the model, i.e. the existence of a long-term equilibrium relationship, by testing the limits.

The Impact of Customs Revenues on The General Budget Deficit in A Middle East Country

This research aims to identify the concept of customs revenues and their impact on the state’s general budget deficit. The problem of the study stems from the following question: What is the impact of customs revenues on the general budget deficit in Iraq? To answer this question, this research uses the deductive approach and the estimation approach by analyzing and measuring the impact of customs revenues in supporting the state’s general budget. Among the most important results of the study are: There are many reasons that led to the emergence of a deficit in the state’s general budget throughout the study period, the most important of which is the decrease in Customs revenues as a result of the weak role of tax revenues It recommended the need to address the imbalance in the structure of public revenues by activating the role of taxes and fees and reducing dependence on the oil resource.

Public transport mode choice behavior of different-income passengers during large-scale public health incidents

Public transport ridership has been hit hard by the COVID-19 pandemic in many countries. Investigating passengers' public transport mode choice behavior during large-scale public health incidents can uncover the major influential factors and help propose policies and strategies to reduce the pandemic transmission and recover the public transport revenue. This study develops an integrated choice and latent variables (ICLV) model by income based on structural equation model to model passengers' public transport choice behavior during the normalized stage of the pandemic. The model considers passengers' socioeconomic attributes, travel attributes, and attitude-perception attributes, and can appropriately capture passengers' psychological latent attributes. Taking Beijing China as an example, we collect some revealed preference survey data online. The modeling results show that the risk perception as a mediator variable has a significant impact on mode preference. Moreover, the convenience of public transport has the largest influence on risk perception. These findings suggest that risk perception and the convenience of public transport play a major role in passengers' mode choice behavior. In addition, the impacts of the various influential factors on the public transport mode choices are significantly different across different income groups. Further, the ICLV model can achieve better performance and is superior to the traditional Multinomial Logit model. The modeling framework can help propose targeted and instructive strategies during the normalized stage of the pandemic by uncovering the major influential factors in passengers’ public transport mode choices, which is applicable to similar pandemics in the future.

Տնտեսական աճի ներառականությանը միտված հարկաբյուջետային քաղաքականության միջազգային փորձ / International experience with fiscal policies for inclusive economic growth

The challenge for macroeconomic policy is to integrate policies that support economic growth and create and expand equal opportunities to participate in and benefit from the economy. This includes policies to improve the functioning of labour markets, reduce discrimination, support equal access to education and skills, and increase economic and financial inclusion in all parts of society. The idea of inclusive economic development has been introduced into academic discourse in recent decades and has become one of the main guidelines for economic policy makers and implementers in many countries around the world. The policy of formation and redistribution of public revenues through the state budget is important from the point of view of overcoming the existing inequalities in society and solving the problems of inclusiveness. Therefore, it is important to activate public policy with fiscal policy instruments, to increase its effectiveness in the context of ensuring inclusiveness of economic growth, mitigating inequality in the distribution of income and national wealth. This article studies and interprets the international experience and specific features of the application of fiscal policy oriented to the inclusiveness of economic growth, which is especially important from the point of view of identifying opportunities for its localisation in the Republic of Armenia. The conclusions drawn can be useful in the development of solutions aimed at increasing the inclusiveness of fiscal policy in the Republic of Armenia.

Development of the system of public duties. A legal and fiscal study

Tax is a complex legal and economic category, conditioning the functioning of the state, affecting the entire economic circulation. The economic significance of the tax is related to the change in the income and property situation of the subjects paying the tribute. Payment of tax influences the decisions made by economic agents in the sphere of savings, consumer spending or economic decisions. Taxes are the primary means of collecting public revenue and financing expenditures. It should be emphasized that, from the point of view of the science of finance, any economic, legal phenomenon that has all the above-mentioned characteristics is a tax, even if the name used by the legislator indicates a completely different nature of the legal and economic relationship, e.g. customs duty, fee, contribution, "voluntary payment", etc. There is a consensus in the literature that a tax should be characterized by six features: gratuitousness, compulsory, non-refundable, monetary form, generality and unilateral imposition.

Enhancing public sector revenue - a case of Ministry of Finance Kenya

Enhancing public sector revenue - a case of Ministry of Finance Kenya

Resource dependence and life expectancy in sub-Saharan Africa: Does financial sector stability break the curse?

Natural resource wealth can contribute to human and economic development if the revenues from natural resource sectors are effectively invested by the government. In particular, countries with abundant natural resources have the potential to experience significant development and improvements in their quality of life. This study first examines the impact of natural resource rents on life expectancy in sub-Saharan Africa. We then investigate the moderating role of the financial sector in this relationship. Using mainly the Generalized Moments Method in a panel of 44 Sub-Saharan African countries over the period 1990–2021, the results obtained in this paper reveal a negative effect of natural resource rents on life expectancy, supporting the resource curse-health hypothesis. However, the stability of the financial system moderates this relationship and makes it positive, at specific thresholds. These results are consistent with Hirschman's conjecture that production leakage is low in landlocked countries, but that there are stronger links with public revenues than with other sectors of activity. The ‘wealth channel’ lubricated by the financial sector that this study identifies calls for greater caution when adopting non-rentier policies in countries exploiting their natural wealth, specifically countries with low human capital. We suggest that a portion of resources should be allocated to financing human capital in order to increase life expectancy.

Can revenue collection for public funding in health care be progressive? An assessment of 29 Countries

Most research on health care equity focuses on accessing services, with less attention given to how revenue is collected to pay for a country's health care bill. This article examines the progressivity of revenue collection among publicly funded sources: income taxes, social insurance (often in the form of payroll) taxes, and consumption taxes (e.g., value-added taxes). We develop methodology to derive a qualitative index that rates each of 29 high-income countries as to its progressivity or regressivity for each of the three sources of revenue. A variety of data sources are employed, some from secondary data sources and other from country representatives of the Health Systems and Policy Monitor of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. We found that countries with more progressive income tax systems used more income-based tax brackets and had larger differences in marginal tax rates between the brackets. The more progressive social insurance revenue collection systems did not have an upper income cap and exempted poorer persons or reduced their contributions. The only pattern regarding consumption taxes was that countries that exhibited the fewest overall income inequalities tended to have least regressive consumption tax policies. The article also provides several examples from the sample of countries on ways to make public revenue financing of health care more progressive.