Provision Of Public Information Research Articles

Toward Transparency on Animal Experimentation in Switzerland: Seven Recommendations for the Provision of Public Information in Swiss Law.

In Switzerland, the importance of transparency in animal experimentation is emphasized by the Swiss Federal Council, recognizing the public's great interest in this matter. Federal reporting on animal experimentation indicates a total of 585,991 animals used in experiments in Switzerland in 2022. By Swiss law, the report enables the public to learn about many aspects such as the species and degree of suffering experienced by the animals, but some information of interest to the public is missing, such as the fate of the animals at the end of the experiment (e.g., euthanized, rehomed in a private home, reused in another experiment). When it comes to animals bred in facilities but not used in experiments, further information of interest is not required to be made public according to Swiss law, for example, the number and fate of "surplus" animals (i.e., animals bred but not used in experiments for a variety of reasons such as not carrying the phenotypical properties needed). Considering that the Swiss government has a duty to provide a full accounting of animal experimentation conducted on the public's behalf, further relevant information should be disclosed. While efforts toward transparency, such as the STAAR Agreement, have been made in the scientific community, these mostly reflect the legal requirements already in force. If Switzerland is to move toward more transparency in public information on animal experimentation, an update of the legal requirements is needed. In this article, we give recommendations for Swiss law to move toward more transparency in public information on seven aspects: (1) the fate of the animals at the end of the experiment; (2) the sources of funding for animal experimentation; (3) the harm-benefit analysis performed by researchers and ethics committees to justify an experiment using animals; (4) the number of breeding/surplus animals; (5) the fate of breeding/surplus animals; (6) the harms experienced by animals in facilities; and (7) the funding of animal facilities.

საჯარო ინფორმაციის უზრუნველყოფისა და პერსონალურ მონაცემთა დაცვის საერთაშორისო გამოცდილების შედარებითი ანალიზი ამერიკის შეერთებული შტატებისა და ევროკავშირის მაგალითზე

The public information provision and personal data protection on the example of USA and the European Union affects the quality of freedom of information and public information provision. The role of information in ensuring access to public information is discussed. The main mechanisms and tools that the state and society use in terms of freedom of information are highlighted. The research objectives included the analysis of the existing infrastructure of public information provision and personal data protection in the USA and the EU, public information, freedom of information, the use of proactively published information by administrative bodies, and the quality of public information provision in this regard.

ინტერნეტინფრასტრუქტურის, როგორც ინფორმაციის თავისუფლების უზრუნველყოფის ინსტრუმენტის ეფექტიანობის ანალიზი საქართველოში

The state of Internet infrastructure in Georgia is examined as an important tool for ensuring freedom of information. The problems that affect the quality of freedom of information and the provision of public information in Georgia are highlighted. For this purpose, the results of empirical research are discussed and the importance of information in cyberspace is analyzed to ensure access to public information, and the main problems faced by the state and society in conditions of freedom of information are highlighted. The objectives of the reaserch included analysis of the existing Internet infrastructure in Georgia, public information in cyberspace, freedom of information, consumption of information proactively published by administrative bodies, as well as the quality of the provision of public information in this regard.

Unintended consequences of school accountability reforms: Public versus private schools

In this paper, we show that the public provision of information on Australian schools’ average national test score outcomes via the My School website, launched in 2010, resulted in poorly performing schools testing fewer students in subsequent years. This increased non-participation in testing was driven primarily by formal parental withdrawal, and poorly performing students were much more likely to be withdrawn from testing. This phenomenon is consistent with schools attempting to ‘game’ the system to improve published test scores. We also provide weaker evidence that withdrawal responded more strongly to initial poor performance in independent private schools than in government schools.

Gloss on the Judgement of the Supreme Administrative Court of 21 October 2022, III OSK 4468/211 (Concerning the Provision of Public Information by a Foundation)

Abstract In its judgment of 21 October 2022, III OSK 4468/21, the Supreme Administrative Court considered that a foundation is obliged to provide public information because, in accordance with Article 1 of the Act on Foundations, it should accomplish socially and economically useful objectives that comply with the interests of the Republic of Poland. These are objectives that should also be accomplished by public administration; thus, they are, in fact, the State’s objectives. In such a situation, the Court decided that the informative obligation of foundations that are not public law entities applies, in fact, to every aspect of their activities. This should be recognised as correct, because the constitution-maker specified in Article 61(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland a very broad range of entities obliged to provide public information, ensuring that every field of the State’s activity is transparent.

Does public information facilitate price consensus? Characterizing USDA announcement effects using realized volatility

The provision of public information in commodity markets is justified in part by the idea that public information generates consensus among market participants about the fundamental value of the commodity and reduces price volatility. Significant reductions in options-implied volatility following report releases have been presented as evidence of this market-calming effect. We scrutinize this finding in more detail by comparing implied volatility to realized volatility measures from intraday price data. We show that while implied volatility does indeed fall after report releases, realized volatility does not decrease. We measure realized volatility using intraday data and find evidence of much higher volatility on report days only within minutes of the report release. This pattern is consistent with changes in implied volatility being driven by the resolution of uncertainty about the information contained in the report, rather than changes in volatility expectations that may reflect the consensus among traders about forthcoming price volatility.

Perancangan Media Informasi Profil Kantor Desa Muara Bengkal Ilir Menggunakan Content Management System (CMS)

The development of information and communication technology has had a significant impact in various sectors of life, including in the provision of public information. The importance of quick and easy access to information by the community is the main basis for the Muara Bengkal Ilir Village Head to utilize technology as an effective means of communication. To overcome these problems, we provide a solution to create a WordPress-based Muara Bengkal Ilir Village Office Profile website. The flow of implementing this service is a field study, problem identification, website creation, and testing. The main result of this service is a Muara Bengkal Ilir Village Office Profile Website as an official website in helping disseminate information on the Muara Bengkal Ilir Village Office Profile

Penerapan Metode RAD Pada Perancangan Sistem Informasi Permohonan Data Aduan Smartmaps Berbasis Web

Current progress in the development of information technology, makes every government agency or private organization, must be able to balance and develop capabilities in terms of data and information management. Komnas HAM is one of the government agencies, which is directly related to the provision of public information to the public, requiring an information system for the process of providing this information flow. The public is allowed to submit requests for data, such as data on complaints of cases that have occurred, for which information is needed. Currently the process of requesting data is still being carried out by the public coming directly to fill out the data request form, then it will be processed by the relevant section at Komnas HAM, after the data request is approved, the requested complaint data document will be sent via POS. This system still has weaknesses, because the applicant's side cannot monitor the progress of the data application process whether it is approved or not, the applicant is only asked to wait and if the document is sent by post, the application is approved. This Web-Based Smartmaps Complaint Data Application Information System can be a solution, to facilitate the process of requesting data requested by the public. This system was designed by applying the Rapid Application Development (RAD) method in the system design stage, and the system will be built using the programming language PHP 7.3, MySQL 5.7, Nginx and PHP-FPM 7.4, Laravel 7 Framework and Bootstrap Template Design 4.0. This system, after testing using blackbox testing in its application, is proven to have provided convenience and the best service to people who have an interest in complaint data.

Pay more for me, I’m from the mountains! The role of the EU Mountain Product term and other credence attributes in consumers’ valuation of lamb meat

On-farm product differentiation represents a valuable opportunity for mountain agriculture. Consumers appreciate mountain products’ characteristics, but when signalling instruments are lacking, consumers might not be able to recognize (and pay for) them. Through a choice experiment, this paper considers consumers’ willingness to pay for three attributes (mountain origin through the EU Mountain Product term; local endangered landrace; agroecosystems stewardship through rotational grazing). It considers lamb meat production and North-Eastern Italian consumers, also exploring attitudes towards food and differences across groups of consumers. The highest willingness to pay is associated with the EU Mountain Product term, but communication strategies and public information provision are needed to enhance consumers’ overall knowledge.

Public communication with externalities

This paper develops a model in which a sender strategically communicates with a group of receivers whose payoffs depend on the sender's information. It is shown that aggregate payoff externalities create an endogenous conflict of interests between the sender and the receivers, rendering full information revelation, in general infeasible. We demonstrate that an exogenous bias in the sender's preferences can improve public information provision and raise welfare. Two applications of the setup are discussed.

The effectiveness and costs of nonpharmaceutical interventions for COVID-19 containment: A border discontinuous difference-in-difference approach

We examine the effectiveness and costs of alternative nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) for COVID-19 containment. Using a border discontinuous difference-in-difference approach, we find that the enforcement of rigid NPIs reduces the number of new COVID-19 cases by 10.8% in China, comparied with cities with less NPIs. Among the three NPIs, contact tracing is much more effective than the other two NPIs, namely, public information provision and social distancing. The connections of mayors to the upper-level politicians reinforce the city's implementation of rigid NPIs. These networks also serve as an informal signaling channel to the neighboring cities, encouraging the adjacent cities to impose strict NPIs to curb the spread of COVID-19. We further estimate the long-term costs of the NPIs – a net present value of 2153 yuan per child in the human capital loss attributed to more prolonged school closure alone.

Government Transparency During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Good Information Governance?

The Government is required to provide open access information to the public in cases such as when the COVID-19 pandemic occurred in Indonesia and affected many aspects of life. Transparency in the provision of public information is an important part of good governance. The Government must build trust by being open and transparent about the information. Transparency is key to the success of the response to the pandemic. This study aimed to explain the need for transparency, especially in public information disclosure, during the handling of the pandemic and after; the strategies that need to be carried out to realize good information governance; and the challenges faced. Qualitative methods were used with secondary data. We argue that adjusting the disclosure of information according to the elements of good governance must be followed by a policy of providing information that is integrated, systematic, accurate, and clear.
 Keywords: good information governance, government transparency, information, public policy

FUNGSI PEJABAT PENGELOLA INFORMASI DAN DOKUMENTASI DALAM MEMBERIKAN PELAYANAN INFORMASI PUBLIK DI DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA

In this thesis the author takes the title Function of Information Management and Documentation Officials (PPID) in providing Public Information Services in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. This study discusses how the main PPID is in providing information services in the Special Region of Yogyakarta based on the provisions of the applicable legislation. By using normative research methods and approaches to legislation and conceptual and qualitative data processing, it is concluded that the main PPID in the Department of Communications and Information Technology DIY has implemented Law Number 14 of 2008 concerning Public Information Disclosure. However, there are several factors that influence PPID in carrying out its function in realizing public information services in DIY including Juridical factors, Structural factors, Apparatus factors / Service Officers. Some of these factors are also obstacles faced by PPID in implementing Law No. 14 of 2008 concerning Openness of Public Information, namely, the low commitment of the leadership of public agencies, limited Personnel / Human Resources (HR) who specifically handle the provision and management of public information. information services in several OPDs within the DIY Regional Government, including an understanding of the duties and functions of some OPDs regarding the provision of a Public Information List and a list of excluded information and related to inadequate budgets

Media Frames of COVID-19 Pandemic

It has long been noticed that the problem of public information provision has shifted from collecting and selling information to protecting the public from disinformation, and to inability to follow all the information published about any topic. Media coverage in times of crisis, such as the pandemic, has revealed and heightened the extent of the problem of public information provision. In this paper, we present our belief that professional journalists have not responded well to their basic task — providing accurate, impartial, reliable and important information to the public. Instead, the media has often published information based on assumptions, emotions and views of interest to certain social groups, rather than the general public. The banning of large gatherings and events that are a common source of information, limited movement of people and journalists, focus on official sources with limited ability for data verification, extensive use of social media and general disruption of daily editorial routines, have led to the non-compliance with the core principles of journalism. Instead of facts, the media were dominated by interpretations and emotions, which, in combination with poor general media literacy, has led to the spread of fear and distrust in media and institutions. In this paper, we advocate adherence to the Guidelines of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on protecting freedom of expression and information in times of crisis (adopted in 2007), and improvement in general media literacy in society, so that the media can effectively perform their social role, and the citizens can critically evaluate information available in times of crisis.

Analysis of existing air monitoring technologies

Atmospheric air monitoring is a systematic, long-term assessment of the level of certain types of pollutants by measuring their amount in the open air. Atmospheric air monitoring is an integral part of an effective air quality management system and is carried out through environmental monitoring networks, which should support timely provision of public information about air pollution, support compliance with ambient air quality standards and development of emission strategies, support for air pollution research.The work is devoted to existing air monitoring technologies: ground (sensors, diffusion tubes, etc.) and remote resources (satellites, aircraft, etc.). In addition, standards of air quality assessment (European and American) are described. As an example, we consider the European Air Quality Index (EAQI) and the Air Quality Index according to EPF standards: indicators by which these indices are calculated, the ranking of air status depending on the value of the index are described.AQI (Air Quality Index) is used as an indicator of the impact of air on the human condition. The European Air Quality Index allows users to better understand air quality where they live, work or travel. By displaying information for Europe, users can gain an understanding of air quality in individual countries, regions and cities. The index is based on the values of the concentration of the five main pollutants, including particles less than 10μm (PM10), particles less than 2.5μm (PM2.5), ozone (O3); nitrogen dioxide (NO2); sulfur dioxide (SO2). To conclude, ground stations give a more accurate picture of the state of the air at a point, while satellite image data with a certain error (due to cloud cover, etc.) can cover a larger area and solve the problem of coverage of stations in the area. There is no single standard for calculation. Today, the European Air Quality Index (EAQI) is used in Ukraine and Europe.

An interview with Professor Emeritus Brenda Dervin

In 2019, Professor Emeritus Brenda Dervin agreed to participate in a series of interviews to discuss her life and work. Two sessions were conducted with Dervin that covered scholarly and biographical topics. The interviews reveal aspects of Dervin’s personal journey as a researcher, and a teacher, and provide insight into how she saw the related fields of information science and communication developing shared interests and shared perspectives in social research. Dervin candidly shares how her life experiences, both inside and outside of academia, have influenced the development of her theoretical approach. Readers will find here discussion of a range of issues associated with the Sense-Making Methodology as well as Dervin’s thoughts on how information and communication domains intersect within the context of modern digital environments. With reference to her own experiences, Dervin outlines how important it is to ensure that leadership within complex online environments is fostered in the areas of public information provision, and in civic dialogue, and how managing the information frameworks within which critical inquiry can thrive requires increasing commitment to, and understanding of, the human-centered considerations surrounding interpretation and identity. Further information on Dervin can be found at Bonnie Cheuk’s site: www.sense-making.org.

Central bank transparency, exchange rates, and demand imbalances

Do the benefits of central bank transparency depend on the structure of financial markets? We address this question in a two-country model with dispersed information among price-setting firms. The volatility of the real exchange rate is non-monotonic in the precision of public communications. Despite this non-monotonicity, under complete markets, greater provision of public information always improves welfare and full transparency is optimal. By contrast, under incomplete markets, more accurate public signals can decrease welfare by exacerbating the cost of cross-country demand imbalances. If the trade elasticity is low, optimal public announcements are intentionally imprecise.

Central Bank Transparency, Exchange Rates, and Demand Imbalances

Do the benefits of central bank transparency depend on the structure of financial markets? We address this question in a two-country model with dispersed information among price-setting firms. The volatility of the real exchange rate is non-monotonic in the precision of public communications. Despite this non-monotonicity, under complete markets, greater provision of public information always improves welfare and full transparency is optimal. By contrast, under incomplete markets, more accurate public signals can decrease welfare by exacerbating the cost of cross-country demand imbalances. If the trade elasticity is low, optimal public announcements are intentionally imprecise.

How Does Firms’ Innovation Disclosure Affect Their Banking Relationships?

Firms face a trade-off between patenting, thereby disclosing innovation, and secrecy. We show that this trade-off interacts with firms’ financing choices. As a shock to innovation disclosure, we study the American Inventor’s Protection Act that made firms’ patent applications public 18 months after filing, rather than when granted. We find that such increased innovation disclosure helps firms switch lenders, resulting in lower cost of debt, and facilitates their access to syndicated-loan and public capital markets. Our evidence lends support to the idea that public-information provision through patents and private information in financial relationships are substitutes, and that innovation disclosure makes credit markets more contestable. This paper was accepted by Gustavo Manso, finance.

Use of the Digital Mobile Radio Technology Standard for Emergency Public Information Provision through Electronic Warning Endpoints

Use of the Digital Mobile Radio Technology Standard for Emergency Public Information Provision through Electronic Warning Endpoints