Practice Of Public-private Partnership Research Articles

Public-private partnerships and land value capture: A convergent framework to improve the procurement of urban rail transit infrastructure

The use of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) and Land Value Capture (LVC) as a procurement model to deliver Urban Rail Transit (URT) systems and networks has received mixed reviews. This paper addresses the following research question: How can the public sector effectively realise the benefits of integrating PPP with LVC when procuring URTs? We use a structured-case method to build, test, and revise a series of conceptual frameworks from the experiences of cities (i.e., Guangzhou, Guiyang, and Wuhan). The contributions of this research are threefold as it: (1) provides a state-of-the-art examination of PPP and LVC practice; (2) develops a convergent framework that takes into consideration the context and sub-contexts of PPP and LVC used to procure URTs; and (3) presents the public sector with a frame of reference that can be drawn upon to realise the benefits of integrating PPPs with LVC.

Evaluating Public-Private Partnership Dynamics: the Kazakhstan Toll Road Case

The holistic collaboration between the government and business through public-private partnerships (PPPs) is crucial in developing economies in transition. With the help of the PPP mechanism, emerging economies realize new and maintain existing social and economic infrastructure projects in education, energy, transportation, and healthcare. This lessens the funding burden on the state budget and attracts private investment and expertise into the economy. However, one of the critical tasks is to engage a suitable private partner with whom a long-term relationship can be built for mutual benefit. The most vital issue in establishing and maintaining the PPP collaboration with such a partner is related to the appropriate management of business risks. This study focuses on the success of an infrastructure project for a private partner by analyzing the critical risks inherent in PPP projects. The research uses system dynamics (SD) modeling, which qualitatively and quantitatively determines how each risk affects the project realization. The study examines the largest PPP project in Central Asia, the Big Almaty Ring Road. This toll road project is taken as a case to demonstrate the impact of the most critical risks on the success of the PPP projects. For the simulation, the “hard tolls” form, which is one of the popular payment mechanisms in the global PPP practice, is considered where the private partner bears most of the risks. The findings show the riskiness of such a payment mechanism in implementing toll road projects with existing traffic and tariffs under conditions of uncertainty typical for Kazakhstan and other similar developing countries.

Methodological and analytical basis of construction enterprises in the cycle of public-private partnership projects

Public-private partnership (PPP) is a strategically important management tool that allows the state and the private sector to jointly implement projects in various fields, such as infrastructure, health care, education, and others, to promote economic development. However, the successful implementation of PPP requires a clear understanding of the basic definitions and concepts underlying it. This research work is devoted to working out the content of basic definitions in the context of the establishment and development of PPPs. It examines the main terms, such as "public-private partnership", "public-private partnership", "infrastructure projects" and others, including their definition, essence and role in the formation of an effective model of cooperation between the state and the private sector. The conducted research is based on the analysis of scientific literature, legal acts and practical experience of PPP implementation in different countries of the world. It is aimed at revealing the essence and meaning of each of the definitions, highlighting the key aspects that affect their interpretation and use in practice. In addition, the work draws attention to the evolution of concepts and terms in the context of the establishment and development of PPPs over time. Taking into account the dynamics of the global market and changing economic conditions, the work analyzes the impact of new factors on the understanding and use of basic definitions in PPP practice.The main results of the study provide a clear and concrete understanding of the basic definitions of PPPs, which will contribute to improving the quality of planning, implementation and management of PPP projects. In addition, they can become the basis for further research in this area, including the development of new theoretical models and methods for assessing the effectiveness of PPPs.All this indicates the relevance of the topic and the importance of further research in order to improve PPP practice and promote sustainable economic development .

Planning a Risk Management System for PPP projects to Increase the Competitiveness of Business Structures

This article addresses the critical need for effective public-private partnership (further - PPP) models amidst economic, social, and political challenges in Kazakhstan. The results of the study are aimed at improving the identification of risks for making informed decisions. It delves into scientific achievements relevant to assessing business activity and nurturing entrepreneurial culture. Employing comparative analysis, the research examines domestic PPP practices, drawing insights from statistical data. The findings emphasize PPP's role in ensuring national economic competitiveness, with legislative improvements positively impacting growth. The analysis of foreign practices critically examines the evolution of public-private partnership (PPP) development in Kazakhstan by juxtaposing it with the experiences of leading nations. The United Kingdom has demonstrated successful partnership models based on transparency, clear terms, and mutually beneficial relationships, serving as an example for Kazakhstan in enhancing collaboration between the public and private sectors. The SWOT analysis identifies inefficiencies, stressing the importance of transparent project teams and systematic risk management. Sectoral insights highlight a decline in private sector involvement, emphasizing the need for regulatory improvements and risk reduction in PPP implementations. The study emphasizes PPP's indispensable role in Kazakhstan's socio-economic development, advocating for continuous reforms and advanced risk management. The proposed PPP project management algorithm aims to foster efficiency, address challenges, and stimulate economic activity, paving the way for sustainable infrastructure development.

The Practice of Public-Private Partnership -The Influence and Reflection of Quasi-Public Preschool Policies

<p>為因應少子女化，我國於2018年開始實施少子化對策計畫，並以擴展平價教保服務及減輕家長負擔為政策重點，而準公共幼兒園為當中相當重要的政策工具。該政策目標除了要讓家長免於負擔沉重托育與教育費用之壓力，並擴展平價教保服務，更有確保教保品質的意圖。不過該政策效果如何？目前成果相當有限。因此，本研究以地方政府主管科人員、巡輔員、幼兒園主管與教保服務人員為對象，運用訪談進行文本資料的蒐集與探究。研究顯示準公共幼兒園政策使整體教保服務提供的量能明顯擴增，價格平實，可充分滿足家庭需求，教保服務人員待遇有被合理保障，也對減緩師資流動稍具效果。惟此政策仍有侷限，包括部份私幼業者仍對該政策的信任不足而影響參與意願；而管控與評鑑標準略為於寬鬆，教保品質也就良莠不齊；或是經營者理念不夠正派，教保服務人員對專業成長的配合度不高，教學補助未必善用於品質提升；最後，中央推動此政策，但所需經費由地方政府部份買單，或是要求地方政府在時限內達成一定績效，都讓地方政府承受不小的壓力。</p> <p> </p><p>A low national fertility rate brings various challenges to society, and many policies promoted by the Taiwan government in the past 20 years have focused on how to solve related social problems caused by declining rates. In response to the country’s low birth rate, Taiwan began to implement a plan of countermeasures for it since 2018. Among the policies focused on expanding affordable care and education services and reducing parental burdens, quasi-public preschools are one of the important policy tools. In addition to alleviating parents from the burden of heavy childcare and education costs and expanding affordable care and education services, this policy also aims to ensure the quality of care and education. However, the policy has so far achieved limited results. Therefore, this study conducted data collection and exploration by interviewing local government officials responsible for this area, auxiliary patrol officers, preschool supervisors, and care and education service personnel. The findings show that the quasi-public preschool policy could significantly expand the capacity of the overall care and education services at reasonable prices, which could fully meet the needs of families. A reasonable guarantee for the remuneration of care and education service personnel also has a slight effect on slowing down the turnover of teachers. However, this policy still has some limitations. Some private preschool practitioners still have insufficient trust in this policy. Moreover, slightly lax control and evaluation standards have led to the uneven quality of care and education. If the operators have bad faith and the care and education service personnel show low coordination willingness in their professional growth, then the teaching subsidies may not be used in quality improvement. Finally, while the central government has promoted this policy, local governments have been under great pressure to locate financial sources to pay for it in part or to achieve certain performance goals within a limited time frame.</p> <p> </p>

Public-Private Partnership in Indonesia: Solutions and corruption loopholes

We need to better understand Public-Private Partnership (PPP), since most people perceive PPP as a riskless solution for government, as it involves private sector funding. In Indonesia, infrastructure development is one of the top priority sectors for Joko Widodo’s administration, and PPP has become a viable option due to budgetary constraints. However, PPP is not an impeccable solution, as there are weaknesses and loopholes for corruption to be aware of. In this literature review, we combine our previous study on Indonesia’s toll road PPP with other PPP studies to identify the weaknesses and corruption loopholes in PPP practices in Indonesia. There is clear evidence that PPP projects could end up as “white elephants”, indicating misallocation of resources and poor planning. PPP could also be used to create “fiscal illusion” to deceive public by the government. We also discovered that toll road PPP contracts in Indonesia remain vulnerable, potentially creating room for loopholes and corruption.

Management tools for the public-private partnership model of construction enterprises

The article explores the mechanisms and challenges of applying public-private partnership (PPP) in strategic management of construction enterprises in Ukraine. It analyzes the impact of globalization and liberalization on the effectiveness of construction firms and seeks ways to optimize PPPs to ensure their adaptation to the changing market conditions. The article emphasizes the need to harmonize PPP practices with contemporary demands of sustainable development and to define a set of criteria that take into account economic, technical, organizational, and social aspects. Five main groups of criteria are proposed, aimed at improving PPP models and assessed through a wide range of indicators, including in line with the policy of the European Union. Expert interviews have been used to determine the relevance of the criteria, allowing for an objective assessment of the importance of each one. The essence of PPP as a tool for strategic management, providing a coordinated interaction between the state and private investors in the construction sector, is provided. The current state and prospects for the development of PPPs in Ukraine are analyzed, taking into account international experience and the specifics of the national market. The defined criteria and sub-criteria for innovative development should form the basis for creating an effective management model that considers all aspects of sustainable development and facilitates the implementation of strategic initiatives. The research results highlight the importance of technical-technological and organizational development as key elements of a successful PPP model. The proposed approaches and recommendations may serve as a foundation for improving the management of construction enterprises, including through the introduction of innovative technologies and management methods

Improving the Legislation on Public-Private Partnerships in Environmental Protection in the BRICS Countries

The Concept of Sustainable Development is one of the basic principles of the modern world. An increasing number of fields are coming under regulation governed by this concept. Recent updates to the environmental agenda have resulted in growing demands for increased environmental responsibility on the part of states and businesses. The global nature of environmental problems, their diversity and scale, and, at times, the irreversibility of the consequences of the negative environmental impact of the economy often provide for the consolidation of efforts by the state and business, particularly, through the implementation of public-private partnership (PPP) mechanisms. This article focuses on the pros and cons of legislation in the BRICS countries in the area of PPP practice in general and in environmental protection in particular. The data and PPP practices have been collected from the World Bank, UNCITRAL, and other official national sources related to PPP. An analysis of the legislation on PPPs in the BRICS countries indicates a lack of uniformity in the legal regulation of the relationships arising from this partnership, as well as a lack of specific legislation on PPPs specifically addressing environmental protection. The analysis shows that only those BRICS countries using the common law system (South Africa and India) have the instruments available to allow potential investors to fully assess the PPP model as it currently exists in a particular country. This practice developed as a result of a more flexible approach to the regulation of public relations. Undoubtedly, one of the many advantages of this approach is the ability to adjust the PPP system and model all of the known forms and types of PPPs in accordance with the specific needs of society and the state. The lack of flexibility, for example, of the Russian legislation on PPP regulation, has led to the limited forms or types and objects of PPPs, which is inconsistent with the modern needs of society and the state to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

The public-private partnershipsin healthcare sector in China.

This manuscript is a narrative review on experience in the healthcare public-private partnerships (PPP) field project in China. The PPP model allows healthcare officials to share the risk of building new facilities with the private sector. The objective of this study is to evaluate and to review the PPP of healthcare sector in China, and to investigate the critical success factors and best practice of PPP. We adapted the PPP evaluation framework of the World Bank Independent Evaluation Group as our conceptual framework to summarize the literatures. The current study systematically reviewed the evolution and current status of public and private hospitals development in China, and to investigate factors related to the successful and less successful deployment and performance of PPP in the healthcare sector of China, and to develop best practice models of PPP among hospitals of China. We found that the PPP organizations providing finance and political risk coverage, thus enabling specific PPP transactions to reach financial closure-potentially setting demonstration effects. Such PPPs may then contribute to improving access to infrastructure and social services, which drives economic growth and other optimal outcomes.

Public-Private Partnership: A Bibliometric Analysis and Historical Evolution

The broad and extensive application of public-private partnership (PPP), as well as the divergent documented definitions and experiences, have led to a translucent perspective of PPP and strained academia and industry to reach a consensus on the major practice of this concept. Early contractor involvement (ECI), governance tools, and relational contracting are only a few of the frameworks attributed to PPP. This issue has received limited attention from researchers, despite the focus of review studies on different disciplines of PPP. Hence, this paper puts forward the idea of conducting a comprehensive review to not only shed light on the major practice of PPP but also provide a wider outlook on this concept based on the research carried out since 1979. A narrative review is initially accomplished to identify the major drivers and milestones that have contributed to the evolution of PPP. Employing bibliometric analysis in the following phase assists in conducting a multi-dimensional assessment of studies published within the last five decades. The economic and societal practices of PPP throughout its evolution path signified the dominant application of this concept as a business model. The bibliometric analysis revealed that PPP has contributed to various sectors, i.e., urban development, public infrastructure, transportation, health, and education, just to name a few. In addition, economic and organizational management of PPP was revealed as a major research stream that was accompanied by sustainable development. As a matter of fact, economic and environmental sustainability are the major cross-disciplinary elements that form an interplay between the drivers and attributes of PPP. Value for money (VfM), technology, and innovation, along with smart infrastructure (SI) and smart cities (SCs), are identified as the major directions for the future research agenda associated with PPP.

Evaluation of health personnel’s views on city hospitals (CH’s) as a public-private partnership practice in the Turkish health system

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aims to evaluate opinions of healthcare personnel about the City Hospitals (CHs) which have been established in Turkey through public-private partnership. Method: The study is a cross-sectional survey carried out between June-September 2019 on physicians, nurses, and other health personnel working in three CHs. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis, a structure was reached that measures the opinions of the participants about CHs in 7 and their solution proposals in two dimensions. The reliability coefficients of the dimensions were found to be between 0.56 and 0.94, and the general reliability coefficient was found to be 0.95. Results: While the participants stated that CHs generally positively affected quality & productivity, access to health services, and opportunities, they negatively affected risks, employees, transparency, and management dimensions. The opinions of the participants differed significantly according to their occupations but did not differ whether they had previously worked in the public or private sector. Conclusion: Physicians and nurses generally evaluated the impact of CHs on the health sector more negatively than others. The study suggested that there could be significant clues for managers and policymakers to eliminating problems that have emerged in CHs practices and for developing their implementation.

Understanding absences and ambiguities of Post-decision Project Evaluation in the UK's PPPs: drawing from the sociology of ignorance

PurposeThe authors explore the under-researched area of post-decision evaluation in PPPs (public–private partnerships), focusing upon how and whether Post-decision Project Evaluation (PdPE) is considered and provided for in United Kingdom (UK) public infrastructure projects.Design/methodology/approachThe authors’ research design sought insights from overviewing UK PPP planning and more focused exploration of PPP operational practice. The authors combine the extensive analysis of planning documents for operational UK PPP projects with interviews of different stakeholders in PPP projects in one city. Mobilising an open critical perspective, documents were analysed using ethnographic content analysis (ECA) and interviews were analysed using thematic analysis consistent therewith. The authors theorise the absence and ambiguities of PdPE drawing on the sociology of ignorance.FindingsThe authors find a long-standing absence and lack of PdPE in PPP projects throughout planning and operational practice, reflecting a dynamic, multi-faceted ignorance. Concerning planning practice, the authors’ documentary analysis evidences a trend in PdPE from its absence in the early years (which may indicate some natural or genuine ignorance) to different levels or forms of weak inclusion later. Regarding this inclusion, the authors find strategic ignorance played a substantive role, involving “deliberate engineering” by both public sector and private partners. Interview findings indicate lack of clarity over PdPE and its under-development in PPP practice, deficiencies again suggestive of natural and strategic ignorance.Originality/valueThe authors draw from the sociology of ignorance vis-à-vis accounting's absence and ambiguity in the context of PPP, contributing to an under-researched area.

Neoliberalism and New Public Management: decision-making and accountability in a public–private partnership

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate public disclosures and accountability for government decision-making in the case of a major prison project delivered through a Public–Private Partnership (PPP) in the State of Victoria (Australia).Design/methodology/approachThe study explores a unique case to provide insights into public disclosures for PPPs in a jurisdiction that is a recognised leader in PPP policy and practice. The analysis is theoretically framed by an understanding of neoliberalism and New Public Management, and draws on data from case-specific reporting, media reporting and public policy, to examine interconnections between accounting, public discourse and accountability.FindingsThe analysis shows how publicly available information relating to key government decisions routinely lacked supporting evidence or explanation, even though areas of subjectivity were recognised in public policy. Accounting was deployed numerically and discursively to present potentially contestable decisions as being based on common-sense “facts”. The implied “truth” status of government reporting is problematised by media disclosure of key issues absent from government disclosures.Social implicationsUnder neoliberalism, accountingisation can help depoliticise the public sphere and limit discourse by constructing ostensible “facts” in an inherently contestable arena. By contrast, democratic accountability requires public disclosures that infuse a critical dialogical public sphere.Originality/valueThe paper shows how neoliberalism can be embedded in public policies and institutional practices, and buttressed by the use of accounting. The analysis illuminates the persistence and “failing forward” character of neoliberalism, whereby crises are addressed through further neoliberalisation.

Addressing Challenges and Enhancing Sustainability in Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) in China

This conceptual paper examines the challenges faced by Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) in China and proposes strategies to enhance their sustainability. Through an analysis of the background, factors, and aspects influencing PPPs, valuable insights are gained to contribute to the existing literature. The regulatory framework, risk allocation, and financial viability are identified as key challenges. Lessons from the literature emphasize the importance of a consistent regulatory framework, proper risk allocation, and realistic financial evaluations. Transparency, stakeholder engagement, and capacity building are crucial aspects for sustainable PPPs. The findings have implications for policymakers and practitioners, providing guidance for improving PPP practices. Future directions focus on strengthening transparency, stakeholder engagement, and capacity building to foster sustainable PPP implementation and management.

THE CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE-PEOPLE PARTNERSHIPS (PPPPS) FOR EFFICIENT AND SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN THAILAND

Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is a commonly used arrangement to develop public infrastructures. Traditional PPP focuses primarily on the public sector as contracting agency and private sector as project company. This research explores a major gap observed in such setup, namely the lack of attention on the people sector who is the end-users or groups impacted by these public infrastructures. Based on literature review, qualitative analysis involving executive interviews, and quantitative analysis involving survey of operational staffs, this study recommends a new Public-Private-People Partnership strategic stakeholder institutional framework along with its components of critical success factors for both policy and operational regulating frameworks to enhance PPP practice, both in Thailand and beyond.

A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE PUBLIC–PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP LITERATURE PUBLISHED BETWEEN 2012 AND 2021

After approximately 30 years of development, public-private partnership (PPP) has attracted increased attention as an alternative procurement paradigm. However, fresh research on PPP has emerged in the last decade that needs to be summarized. This study selects publications on PPP that were published in recognized journals between 2012 and 2021 from the Scopus database. In target publications, methodologies employed, contributions made, and fields applied are summarized. Social network analysis is used to summarize five core topics in PPP from a multidisciplinary perspective; they are risk management, contract management, CFFs and CSFs, economic and financial issues, and performance management. Additionally, the research limitations and future development direction of PPP are also examined. This study can shed some light on future research on PPP and can contribute to the practice of PPP.

Structural equation model (SEM) for evaluating interrelationships among risks inherent in Ghanaian public–private partnership (PPP) power projects

PurposeThe demand for power has surged in recent times and continues to increase yearly. In comparison to developed countries, the power industry’s risks, especially in piblic–private partnership (PPP) projects, are more complex and essential in developing countries. Appreciating the inter relationship among these risk factors is crucial. However, there exist no studies developing quantitative models to explain how various PPP power risk factors influence each other, especially in developing countries like Ghana. This study aims to investigate and model the relationship, the probability of occurrence and severity of impact of PPP power risk factors in Ghana.Design/methodology/approachData were collected through ranking type questionnaire in a two-round Delphi survey with 48 respondents using purposive and snowball sampling techniques. partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was used for analysis of data.FindingsA model was developed to investigate the influence the risk factors inherent in PPP power projects have on each other. Validity of the model was tested based on the data collected. PLS-SEM results indicated the various relationships and interdependencies the risk factors had on each other considering their probability and severity. Both significant and insignificant levels of relationships were found among the various risk factors.Practical implicationsThe SEM that was developed to assess the relationships among the risk factors has great value for policy makers in the energy sector, industry practitioners, researchers and industry practitioners. Strategies can be mapped out to mitigate and effectively allocate the risks with the high interdependencies.Originality/valueRegarding the quantitative impact of the interrelationship among risk factors in PPP power projects, the findings of this research are arguably the first to be presented for the construction sector and contribute to knowledge on PPP practice and further has implications toward achieving power sector risk mitigation.

The state of South Africa’s public–private partnership practices in transport projects: Problems and potential

Background: Despite growing calls for public–private partnerships (PPPs) to supplement diminishing investment in South Africa’s transport sector, the uptake of transport PPPs in the country was low over the past 15 years compared with Brazil, Russia, India and China which performed well in this regard. This low uptake poses several consequences in light of the positive correlation between transport capital investment and economic growth. Objectives: The study aimed to describe the problems faced in the South African PPP process, firstly by comparing and contrasting PPP practices of South Africa to its counterparts in the Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) multilateral forum in view of understanding the reasons for the low uptake of transport PPPs in the country and, secondly, by interviewing transport PPP experts on their opinions on constraints and possible solutions for PPPs in the country. Method: In light of the limited research on transport PPPs in South Africa, as well as the low level of PPP implementation, secondary data analysis was followed by an exploratory qualitative research design used to obtain rich data from subject experts on the topic at hand. Results: The main findings reveal that the politicisation of infrastructure through party politics, political risk and domination of the state in the delivery of strategic infrastructure contributes to the low uptake of PPPs. Conclusion: A need exists to strengthen political commitment for PPPs by centralising and coordinating planning across different tiers of government, while easing the regulatory burden, making them simpler to implement and more attractive to investors and promoting inclusivity. Policymakers can utilise these findings to improve areas of practice requiring intervention.

Exploring influencing factors for private sector participation in PPP power projects: case of Ghana

PurposeDemand for private investment in infrastructure, notably in the power sector remains high, and this is anticipated to expand with the passage of time. Very little research currently exists on the power sector and specifically the private sector influencing factors (PSIFs) for entering into public–private partnerships (PPPs). The purpose of this study is to explore influencing factors for private sector participation in PPP power projects in Ghana.Design/methodology/approachUsing purposive and snowball sampling techniques, questionnaires were used to gather responses from experts in the PPP power sector domain in a two-round Delphi survey. Reliability analysis was conducted using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and level of agreement tested using Kendall’s concordance. Mean score ranking, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Chi-square test were the main analysis conducted on the influencing factors.FindingsThe most significant PSIFs were: obtaining of investment support; improvement in private sector’s international image; synergy with public sector; sharing of risks; and gaining of profits. From ANOVA results, all the influencing factors had no significant different perception between the number of years in PPP practice and the motivations for the private sector entering into PPP power projects. Using Chi-square, the association between the variables indicated they were statistically significant.Practical implicationsThe findings in this study are significant for multinational power generation firms that seek to enter the Ghanaian energy sector to help fill the generation gap and deficit.Originality/valueThe output of this research contributes to the checklist of influencing factors for private sector participation in PPP power projects and enhances the development of PPP practice.

Impacts of Government Credit on Government Performance of Public-Private Partnership Project in China: A WSR System Theory Perspective

To alleviate project financial pressure and improve performance, the public-private partnership (PPP) arrangement was introduced by the central government of China to facilitate the sustainable development of infrastructure. However, arising government credit crisis from the PPP project may damage both the private’s and public’s interests, and affect the government performance of PPP projects consequently. In order to understand the influence between government credit and performance, we constructed a government credit evaluation index system by using the Wuli-Shili-Renli system theory, and conducted a questionnaire survey among people related to PPP based on 359 valid questionnaires. The results firstly indicated that government credit and performance of PPP projects are optimistic in China. Secondly, the institutional environment, financial situation, management technology and internal and external communication of government credit all have a positive impact on the government performance of PPP. Thirdly, the government credit and performance of PPP projects can be increased by the improvement of regional economic and social development. These findings enrich the knowledge system of the relationship between government credit and performance of PPP projects and contribute to clarifying the influence of government credit and performance, thus provide the basis for the government to guide PPP practice effectively.