Public Private Partnership Mode Research Articles

Research on Multi-Stage Post-Occupancy Evaluation Framework of Community Comprehensive Elderly Care Service Facilities under the Public-Private Partnership Mode—A Case Study of China

The key to whether elderly individuals in the community can enjoy their later years peacefully lies in the service capabilities of community comprehensive elderly care service facilities (CCECSF) under the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mode. To maintain a high level of service capability in community comprehensive elderly care service facilities under PPP mode, scientific evaluation of the effectiveness of these facilities is equally crucial. This article first constructs a post-occupancy evaluation index system of community comprehensive elderly care service facilities under PPP mode that includes three evaluation attributes and fifteen evaluation criteria based on the Chinese culture and lifestyle habits. Regarding the issue of direct users being unable to directly participate in evaluations, the uncertainty in evaluation information, and the volatility of evaluation results, a multi-stage post-occupancy evaluation model is constructed based on probabilistic linguistic term set, TOPSIS model and multi-stage decision theory. The above post-occupancy evaluation index system and evaluation model together constitute a multi-stage post-occupancy evaluation framework for community comprehensive elderly care service facilities under PPP mode. The outcomes of the case study indicate that the post-occupancy evaluation index system can offer a scientifically guided approach for evaluating the service level of community comprehensive elderly care service facilities under the PPP mode; meanwhile, the multi-stage evaluation model can enable direct user participation in the post-evaluation of facility usage and improve the robustness and reduce the fluctuation of the evaluation results, so as to improve the scientificity of the evaluation results.

Analyzing the effect of public private partnership mode on sewage treatment in China

The public–private partnership (PPP) mode is one of the main ways to promote environmental governance through marketization in the sewage treatment industry. This mode is crucial for environmental protection and livelihood improvement. In order to investigate the impact of PPP mode on sewage treatment, the influence of financial development and the government–business relationship on the effectiveness of sewage treatment under PPP mode, and the role of government in this context, an empirical model is established. To achieve this, data from 284 prefecture-level and above cities in China from 2009 to 2017 has been selected as research samples. The total amount of regional sewage treatment PPP projects is used as the proxy variable for participation in the PPP mode. The findings reveal that the PPP mode of sewage treatment effectively reduces the intensity and amount of sewage discharge. Moreover, the results indicate that a higher level of financial development and a more perfect financial system are associated with better sewage treatment effects under the PPP mode. Similarly, a more harmonious government–business relationship and a higher health index of this relationship correspond to improved sewage treatment effects under the PPP mode. The government should actively enhance government transparency, formulate appropriate corporate taxes and fees, clarify the responsibilities and obligations of the government and enterprises, and optimize the business environment in order to optimize the sewage treatment effect of the PPP mode.

Decision analysis of PPP project's parties based on deep consumer participation.

Although PPP(Public-private partnership) mode has been applied for a long time in infrastructural project, the success rate is not very high. The sustainability of PPP projects is still influenced by many factors. In order to examine the evolutionary stable strategies (ESSs) of social capital, government, and paying consumers, a tripartite evolutionary game model is established in this work. In order to further promote consumer participation, it is necessary to make the assumption that customer oversight and review can have an impact on service prices. The results show: i)The strategy choice of consumer depends on the comparison between supervision cost of consumer and price coefficient for consumer to social capital. ii)Consumer supervision can promote the provision of high-quality services by social capital. iii)The difference between high-quality cost and low-quality cost, subsidy coefficient, price coefficient and supervision cost of consumer are critical factors influencing both evolutionary results and trajectories. This paper also puts forward policy implications for the three stakeholders to promote social capital's high-quality strategy so as to maintain the sustainability of PPP projects.

Public Private Partnership to Brownfield Remediation Projects in China: A Combined Risk Evaluation Approach

Brownfields have been receiving significant attention all over the world because of their potential threats to the environment and public health. However, a funding shortage constitutes the main obstacle to the brownfield remediation (BR). In China, to ease financial dilemmas, the governments seek collaborations with private-sector companies, i.e., the Public Private Partnership (PPP) mode. Despite all the benefits, BR and PPP contain high risks, making stakeholders extremely cautious about investing in such projects. To support the decision-making process of the public and private parties, this paper designs a comprehensive approach to evaluate the risks of BR PPP projects in China. In more detail, several commonly used risk methods, such as TOPSIS, GRE, and FSE, are employed to construct a combined risk evaluation process, which applies multiple combined evaluation techniques to iteratively integrate individual results from those methods until a valid common result is achieved. To show the practical implementation procedure of the proposed combined approach, a hypothetical case study is performed to assess the risks of seven BR PPP projects. The analytical process also verifies that the consistency and reliability of the risk evaluation result can be achieved effectively and efficiently by jointly deploying multiple risk methods through combined techniques. The proposed decision framework facilitates a novel research idea in evaluating complicated risk situations, and can be applied to other similar scenarios where uncertainties and inconsistencies are inevitable.

Reviewing Airport Privatization: An Experience of India

This study has reviewed the airport privatization scenario in the Indian context. It has examined the circumstances of airport infrastructure under the Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) model. The Government of India (GoI) is justifying the development of airports through PPP mode due to their necessity to provide standard services and efficiency of the projects. However, the deficiency in investments and viability gap are being levy in the form of development. It has synthesized several works of literature. It looks at the historical changes and the ways that evidenced the changes. It has reviewed the developing scenario of airport PPP in India. During the 1990s economic liberation, the activities of PPPs emerged in the airport and aviation of India. India has 24 years history of airport PPPs. This study aims to provide a review of airport PPP experience in India. PPPs in the Indian airport industry are examined in sound regulation. The Government of India has adopted PPP schemes instead of going into full privatization of airports. Since the 2000s, PPP models have been adopted in the development of new airports and the reformation of operational and nonoperational airports. In the year 2006, Indira Gandhi International Airport, (IGIA) in Delhi, and Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (CSIA) in Mumbai were partially privatized. After the successful implication of PPPs, in the airport infrastructure the numbers are growing. In the year 2020, six airports were privatized through the PPP model by Adani Enterprises. To date, there are 21 airports in the pipeline of privatization.

Identification of Various Execution Modes and Their Respective Risks for Public–Private Partnership (PPP) Infrastructure Projects

The public–private partnership (PPP) based model for the execution of infrastructure projects originated from Anglo-Saxon countries and was initially used in 1977 by the United Kingdom (U.K). Since then, its popularity has increased worldwide. Earlier studies by researchers and many other professional sectors and departments have introduced PPP contracts into different execution modes like Build, Operate, and Transfer (BOT); Build, Own, Operate, and Transfer (BOOT); and Build, Lease, and Transfer (BLT), etc. All definitions of PPP contracts are different but have a few common characteristics and risks. Previously, numerous pieces of literature were available on these common risks for various execution modes of PPP contracts. However, each PPP mode still has unique risks that must be identified to understand and successfully implement the PPP projects properly. This paper fills the gap mentioned above and aims to identify various commonly used PPP execution modes in infrastructure projects and their corresponding risks after placing the different PPP execution modes into four (04) different categories. Identified risks for the corresponding PPP categories were also divided into seven (07) stages of the PPP life cycle. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to gather information from thirty-four (34) PPP experts worldwide. Accordingly, interviews are transcribed and processed for thematic analysis in academic NVIVO software. These identified risks are further placed in the respective PPP category for the convenience and better understanding of the study’s outcome to the users and for the subsequent prioritization and allocation of these identified risks accordingly to the PPP parties during the finalization of the PPP execution mode.

Multi‐stakeholder approach to implementing water stewardship: The case of the Ghod River basin

AbstractITC Limited, an Indian conglomerate company under the Water Stewardship Programme, works to achieve water security for all the stakeholders in its manufacturing unit and agriculture value chain catchments. Under the programme, ITC has developed a methodology for implementation: (1) assessment and creation of an annual water balance in basins and aquifers; (2) develop a plan for making water balance positive throughout the year for today and tomorrow; (3) collaborative action by engaging with the community and other stakeholders for achieving a positive water status. Accordingly, ITC works with government in public private partnership (PPP) mode to merge resources and expertise for enhanced outreach. The Ghod River is a tributary of the Krishna River which flows in Maharashtra, a prominent agricultural state in India. The upper ridges of the basin receive 3000 mm while lower areas receive 450–500 mm rainfall annually. The basin has a total storage potential of 1280 MCM (million cubic metres) in reservoirs in the upper ridges. The Ghod River basin has a positive water balance on an annual basis, but in the post‐monsoon season it has a deficit of 61.9 MCM. To manage the water deficit in the post‐monsoon season, there is a need to: (i) restore upstream reservoirs to their original storage capacity by reducing silt load; (ii) increase subsurface flows into reservoirs throughout the year through managed aquifer recharge; (iii) reduce demand for water primarily from agriculture. ITC has initiated work on those lines based on scientifically rigorous and socially inclusive approaches.

Public-Private Partnerships in Education: Evaluating the Education Management Organisations Programme in Sindh, Pakistan


 
 
 
 
 The focus of this study was to investigate public-private partnerships (PPPs) in education, in this instance by evaluating the Educational Management Organisations (EMOs) Program in Sindh, Pakistan. The study was guided by the research questions that were intended to evaluate to what extent, how, in what way, and for whom the PPP mode of education through EMOs improves access to education, ensures quality and equity in education, and sustainability in the context of Sindh, Pakistan. We chose the realist evaluation as a methodological approach, applied New Public Management as a theoretical framework to answer the research questions, and adopted a mixed methods research design. The findings indicate that PPPs through EMOs have some advantages in terms of better governance of schools through autonomy and decentralisation. The schools’ accountability, monitoring, and evaluation have somehow improved. However, the broader impact of EMO reform still does not reflect in increasing access, overall quality, and ensuring equity.
 
 
 
 

Evolutionary game analysis of low-carbon technology innovation diffusion under PPP mode in China.

With the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mode playing an increasingly important role in the investment of infrastructure, promoting the diffusion of low-carbon technology innovation in PPP projects not only helps to reduce the carbon emissions of infrastructure, but also plays an important demonstration role in the low-carbon transformation of construction industry. In order to clarify the evolutionary mechanism of low-carbon technology innovation diffusion among stakeholders under the unique payment mechanism of PPP projects in China, the paper builds two different evolutionary game models respectively under government payment mechanism and consumer payment mechanism based on evolutionary game theory. The evolutionary relationship between the choice of behavior strategies and the change of influencing factors under different payment mechanisms are analyzed by numerical simulation. It is found that under government payment mechanism, the regulation cost of government to promote low-carbon technology innovation and the punishment of the superior regulatory authority for non-regulation behavior are the important factors affecting government's behavioral strategies. The low-carbon technology innovation cost of social capital and the intensity of government subsidy and punishment are the main factors affecting social capital's behavioral strategies; Under consumer payment mechanism, consumer becomes the ultimate payer of low-carbon products, and the income they get from purchasing low-carbon products and the subsidy provided by the government become the main factors determining consumer's behavioral strategies. Finally, from the perspective of government, social capital and consumer, countermeasures and management implications are put forward to effectively promote the diffusion of low-carbon technology innovation under different payment mechanism in PPP projects.

Mapping the Barriers of Utilizing Public Private Partnership into Brownfield Remediation Projects in the Public Land Ownership

The financing issue is increasingly becoming a key problem for brownfield remediation in public land ownership, and Public Private Partnership (PPP) mode is considered a potentially effective solution. However, some barriers impede the utilization of the PPP mode into brownfield remediation projects in the situation of public land ownership. By taking China as an example, the study investigates the barriers when the PPP mode is used in brownfield remediation projects to deal with financing dilemmas. Specifically, 39 original barriers are first obtained from existing related literature. Based on these original barriers, a semi-structured questionnaire is designed and used in a Delphi process to achieve 14 final barriers, which can reflect the particular situation in China. To identify the interrelationship among these barriers, Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) is used to map the hierarchical structure of the final barriers, and the Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification (MICMAC) analysis is applied to show the relationship strengths of barriers. According to the results of the ISM and MICMAC analyses, three key barriers are determined, and several corresponding recommendations are provided from the perspective of the public administration.

Carbon Sink Cost and Influence Factors Analysis in a National Afforestation Project under Different Investment Modes.

Afforestation projects are the main source of carbon sink. Measurement and impact analysis of carbon sink costs will help accelerate the marketization of forestry carbon sink. Considering the opportunity cost of land use and the carbon release cost of wood products, this study proposed a forestry carbon sink cost model under the Public–Private Partnership (PPP) and the direct (DI) investment mode based on the classic carbon sink model. Then, the proposed models were applied to a real-world afforestation project, the 20-year national afforestation project (NAP) in Laohekou City, Hubei Province, China. With the help of the input–output forestry carbon sink cost–benefit analysis framework, the dynamic analysis of factors such as rotation period, timber price, discount rate and yield rate for forestry is carried out. Results show that: (1) with the increasing of rotation period, wood market price, and wood yield rate, the carbon sink cost of Laohekou NAP gradually decreases, while the discount rate has the opposite trend; (2) the DI mode is more feasible than the PPP model at the present condition. The PPP mode is more feasible than the DI mode only when the wood price is lower than 73.18% of the current price, the yield rate is lower than 0.485, and the discount rate is higher than 6.77%. (3) When choosing tree species for NAP, the carbon sink capacity, wood market price, maturity time, and planting cost should be synthetically considered. The proposed model and the obtained results can not only support local governments and forestry carbon sink enterprises to make tradeoffs between PPP and DI mode, but also provide them with useful information for reducing carbon sink costs.

Establishing community fodder banks through public-private partnership: An action-oriented approach

Community fodder banks have been advocated as one of the promising solutions to minimize fodder scarcity in India. Unfortunately, the popularization of such extension activities has remained woefully weak across the country and very few initiatives have been undertaken in this regard. An action-oriented participatory approach was initiated in the Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh to establish community fodder banks. The approach involved convergence among CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur; Himmothan Society, Palampur; NABARD, Shimla; local Panchayati Raj institutions and ICAR-IVRI, Palampur. The women dairy farmers were mobilized into self-help groups. Awareness meetings followed by site selection, cleaning of the area, land preparation, plantation, fencing and periodical visits were conducted. Four community fodder banks were established in waste and unused common lands, and 669.53 quintals of green fodder was harvested at established fodder banks in 1 year period (July2020-August 2021). The cost of setting up fodder banks in the convergence approach ranged from `1.03 lakhs to `2.05 lakhs. The transformation of wasteland into fodder plots through project intervention has improved fodder availability in the region and will expand livestock-based livelihoods. The public-private partnership mode helped to bring convergence in activities of the project implementing organizations through sharing of work, strengths and knowledge exchange.

Anthropocene Bearing on Snow-Avalanche Disasters over the West Indian Himalayas: An Appraisal

The Himalayas is massive mountainous hills of altitude about 2000m to 6500m garlanding India in the north extending about 2500km arc-shaped snowy glaciers covering parts of Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, China, and Bhutan at various heights in sub-tropics. Snow avalanches in winter with floods and landslides cause maximum fatalities with increasing vulnerability in West Indian Himalayas (WIH) dropping temperature to ≈ -60°C. The ignored calamity has encountered unplanned relief to inaccessible areas that warrant a disaster risk reduction (DRR) approach with modern structural interventions under downsizing glacier due to Anthropocene stresses.
 The present study envisions the various avalanche occurrences in the three most pretentious states Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand, in WIH. Correlation between geological vs meteorological responsibilities such as temperature, earthquake, snowfalls, and Indian summer monsoon with avalanche sorted out and causes depicted. Present investigation is about vulnerability, risk, track, impact, forecasting procedures, early warning system (EWS), disaster risk reduction processes, moderating strategies and other factors. 
 The inferred results are the cause of avalanche formation, the decline in the glacier area, the increase in frequency, and intensity, and the disaster risk reduction processes including the disaster management action plan (DMAP). The vulnerability area designation, awareness among people, disaster mitigation by public private partnership (PPP) mode, as combined effort on war footing basis by the line departments.

Mumbai: A Vision of Smart City for Sustainable Development and Citizen Friendly

Abstract: Mumbai being the largest city of India, capital of Maharashtra and one of the most populous cities in the world with current estimated population of about 12.4 million it is the world’s 37th largest city by Gross Domestic Product (GDP). As of 2019, recent estimates of the economy of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region have ranged from 3.16 lakh crore (US$44 billion) (2019–20 est.) 4.04 lakh crore (US$57 billion) (2019–20 est.) ranking it either the most or second-most productive metro area of India. In the year 2015, a government led by Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP) launched a program called "Smart City Mission" in the country to develop 100 smart cities for urban renewal and redevelopment of older system by adding the flavour of new technologies. In the recent budget speech of the Finance Minister in February 2020, the move to set up 5 new smart cities has been proposed which will be developed under the public private partnership (PPP) mode. The main focus to develop smart city is to provide with high end infrastructure, excellent services and access to these services is governed based on connectivity at different levels between the administration and the end user. In context to the Smart Cities Mission, the objective is to bring up the best cities from the country by competing them with each other based on the core infrastructure, standard quality of life to its citizens, a clean sustainable environment and application of 'Smart Solutions'. The research article is the study on Mumbai as an aspiration to become a smart city by focusing on number of aspects of smart cities: smart mobility, smart living, smart healthcare, smart environment, smart citizens, smart government, and smart architecture as well as related technologies and concepts. The Internet of Things plays a major role as building block for transforming cities into smart cities by improving quality, performance and interactivity of urban services, optimize resources and reduce costs. Keywords: Smart City, Sustainable Development, Citizen friendly, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Internet of Things (IoT)

THE POSITIVE IMPACT OF AYUSHMAN BHARAT AND OTHER GOVERNMENT SPONSORED HEALTH INSURANCE SCHEMES ON THE INDIAN INSURANCE INDUSTRY

It is claimed in the Annual Report of the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) that the general insurance industry underwrote total direct premium of 1.89 lakh crore in India for the year 2019-20 as against 1.69 lakh crore in 2018-19, registering a growth rate of 11.49 per cent as against 12.47 per cent growth rate recorded in the previous year, in spite of the pandemic influence. But the contribution of Government Sponsored Health Insurance Schemes (GSHISs) through the Public Private Partnership (PPP) to this growth is to be realized and recognized at this juncture. During 2019-20, amount of premium collected, the share of Government Business stands as 10 per cent. The General and Health Insurance companies have covered 49.87 crore lives under 1.79 crore health insurance policies excluding policies issued under PA and Travel Insurance. Out of these lives covered, 72 per cent of the lives were covered under government sponsored health insurance schemes only, 19 per cent of the lives were covered under group business and the remaining 9 per cent of the lives were covered under individual policies issued by general and health insurers. Looking at the profitability of the health insurer also, the incurred claims ratio is just 97.22% in GSHISs. The Government Business ICR is much lesser than the Group business ICR of the Public sector insurers and standalone health insurers. Thus the health insurance premium, penetration and profitability- all these are significantly sponsored and subsidised by the Government through GSHIS, incorporating the PPP mode. This paper deals with the role of GSHIS in the Health insurance segment in detail, taking the performances of the Indian health insurance sector in the year 2019-20.

Critical success factors for PPP MSW projects – perception of different stakeholder groups in India

Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are increasingly being seen as the answer to solve the wide gap in municipal solid waste management (MSWM) service delivery in developing countries. However, not much emphasis has been given to the requirements for successfully implementing them. This paper attempts to identify a set of critical success factors (CSFs), which considered, would increase the chances of success in PPP MSWM projects in India. Seventeen perceived CSFs were identified from secondary sources and validated through sectoral experts. Questionnaire survey was then administered to public sector and private sector respondents involved in the managerial aspects of MSWM through PPP mode. Results suggest similarities in CSFs for PPP projects irrespective of sector and geographical locations. Also, Public sector and Private sector share a common perception of PPP success factors in MSWM except for a few factors. The research can help practitioners to identify key focus areas in MSWM PPP projects.

Risk Assessment of Urban Rail Transit PPP Project Construction Based on Bayesian Network

In recent years, the accident rate of urban rail transit PPP (public–private partnerships) project under construction has been relatively high, and the issue of security risks has attracted great attention from all walks of life. Therefore, it is necessary to identify, analyze, and evaluate the issue of security risks of the urban rail transit PPP project. This paper takes the PPP project of urban rail transit as the object. Through offline interviews and surveys and online questionnaires, this paper focuses on identifying and analyzing the risks brought by the introduction of PPP mode to the urban rail transit project and its action mechanism. The risk evaluation method based on Bayesian network model is studied, which is described from three dimensions: risk occurrence probability, risk reasoning, and risk sensitivity. Finally, an example of Xuzhou Metro Line 3 is given to verify the feasibility of the proposed method. This study provides a reference basis for relevant practitioners and promotes the healthy development of the industry.

Impact of the collaboration mechanism of PPP projects based on consumer participation: A system dynamics model of tripartite evolutionary game.

Developing countries need a large number of social infrastructure projects (e.g. schools, medical care, nursing homes). But the government's finance to invest in these projects is limited. By using the public-private partnership (PPP) mode to attract social capital to invest in PPP projects, it can relieve the financial pressure and improve the operation efficiency. The cooperation between government and consumer can ensure the sustainable development of the project operation. A system dynamics model of tripartite evolutionary game is developed to analyze the interaction of participant's strategies and simulate the corresponding evolution process. We employ the scenario analysis method to investigate the impact of the key parameters in relation with PPP projects based on realistic scenario assumptions. The results reveal the effect of some policies including reverse effect, blocking effect and over-reliance effect. Specifically, the results show that high penalty can prevent social capital from providing low-quality services, the low cost of government regulation can promote social capital to provide high-quality services, compensation to consumer can increase the enthusiasm of consumer participating in supervision, appropriate difference between price and cost of high-quality service as social capital's profit can encourage social capital to provide high-quality service. These policy suggestions will contribute to the sustainable development of social infrastructures in PPP mode.

Regulatory dilemma: a changing dynamics of the Cochin international airport

Learning outcomes The case study helps students to understand how public-private partnership (PPP) airports runs their business, how regulatory policies impact their business. The case also explains why the Cochin International Airport business model is so unique compared to any airport in India. Case overview/synopsis In 2016, Airport Economic Regulatory Authority released a new tariff regime for Cochin International Airport Limited (CIAL).CIAL has undergone challenges because of the tariff changes (changes every five years), which were implemented in 2017. This has impacted their business model. The CFO of CIAL was under pressure to share the impacts with the shareholders and to provide a way forward for the business. Cochin International was known to be one of the cheapest aeronautical tariff charging airports. The case discusses the issues of a public utility when it is under a regulatory price regime. The case explains different regulatory mechanisms (single till: the whole commercial revenue is cross-subsidized). The case discusses issues regarding Cochin International Airport, which is a public utility under PPP mode. Since 2016, regulator has changed the price regulatory regime from light touch (no price regulation only monitoring) to hybrid till regulation (a percentage of commercial revenue is cross-subsidized). The case explains what made Cochin International Airport so unique. It explores the challenges because of the regulatory regime, how it affects Cochin airport’s strategy for business. How should the management of CIAL to act on the above issue? What will be the impact? Will they need to change their business models? Complexity academic level The case is basically focused on MBA level students who are in their final year. There are various MBA courses in which this can be taught, which can be infrastructure management, infrastructure regulation, domain courses such as airport management. The student should have basic knowledge of economics, public utility and business strategy. The case helps them understand the impact of regulation, the role of the regulator and its impact on business strategy. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS: 10 Public Sector Management.

Impact of livelihood capital endowment on poverty alleviation of households under rural land consolidation

Poverty eradication is the primary goal of equitable and sustainable development and has received extensive attention from the international academic community. Rural land consolidation (RLC) is designed to achieve sustainable land use by combining land system reform and policy innovation; this has become an important means to promote China's poverty alleviation. From the perspective of micro-farmers, this paper takes the Sustainable Livelihood Approach (SLA) to reveal the influence of livelihood capital endowment on households’ income growth and poverty alleviation under different modes of RLC. According to the survey data of registered poor households in four counties (cities) of Hubei Province and Guizhou Province, this paper uses fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to empirically study several combinations of initial livelihood capital endowment after the implementation of different modes of RLC. The results show that RLC improves households’ initial livelihood capital endowment, reduces the vulnerability of the livelihood, thus promoting the accumulation of households' livelihood capital and the optimization of livelihood strategies and urging households to obtain a sustainable livelihood, so as to contribute to poverty alleviation. Whether in the government-dominated mode area or Public-Private Partnership（PPP）mode area, the five types of livelihood capital endowments of households are interdependent and collectively affect income growth and poverty alleviation. However, the requirements for households’ initial livelihood capital endowments are far lower after the implementation of PPP mode RLC than those after the implementation of government-dominated RLC. Based on these findings, this paper presents corresponding policy recommendations to improve the effectiveness of RLC poverty alleviation policy, and also provides China's experience and reference for other developing countries to formulate targeted antipoverty policies.