Public-private Interaction Research Articles

The organizational ecology of the global space industry

The global space industry is booming. While governmental agencies used to dominate outer space activities, private space organizations (PSOs) now launch rockets, operate strategic satellites, and even take tourists on space expeditions. How can we explain this emergence of PSOs? Building on organizational ecology theory and drawing on a novel dataset of 1751 space organizations and 52 semi-structured interviews, this paper finds that mutualistic relations between governmental space agencies and PSOs have been instrumental in the rise of PSOs. This emphasis on mutualism challenges the prevailing belief that a few visionary private entrepreneurs create the space industry from the ground up. It also refutes the notion that PSOs simply out-compete a stagnant public sector. PSOs have not superseded governmental space agencies; they are nurtured by and developed with them. This paper is one of the first to explain how private actors can emerge in a field historically dominated by governmental actors. In so doing, it contributes to studies on public-private interactions by showing how mutualism can structure a nascent industry. It also opens up new avenues for research on the political economy of outer space by making available a rich dataset of space actors.

Directions and means of implementing administrative and legal ensurement of human and citizen rights and freedoms by the Security Service of Ukraine

The article considered the directions and means of legal protection of the rights of the SSU population. The directions of the public sphere and cooperation with public institutions are devoted to issues of administrative activity to ensure the realization of human and citizen rights and freedoms through the implementation of administrative procedures for access to public information, citizens’ appeals, the provision of administrative services, as well as the organization of planned and coordinated interaction with public authorities and institutions of civil society.
 The direction of law enforcement activities included the implementation of powers to control and verify compliance with legislation by individuals and legal entities, prevent and stop illegal acts, and bring legal responsibility. The direction of the SSU special activity in the field of state security in the performance of anti-terrorist, counter-intelligence functions, and state protection, which guarantees the stability of the implementation of the national mechanism for the protection of human rights, has been disclosed.
 Emphasis is placed on the specifics of the intra-departmental service and professional activity of the SSU, which includes administrative activities to prevent, identify and eliminate violations and restrictions of the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens in the exercise of relevant state powers by officials and servicemen and military personnel.
 The peculiarities of the administrative and legal means of ensuring the rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen of the SSU were defined and classified into universal, general and special. They include legal means of general public administration, legal means of public-private interaction, legal means of administrative coercion, legal means of control and supervision, legal means of law enforcement, legal means of human rights protection, legal means of coordination.

Did pandemic responses trigger corruption in public procurement? Comparing Italy and Germany

ABSTRACT Public procurement is crucial for effective crisis responses, but is also prone to corruption. To ensure a swift provision of medical supplies in the COVID-19 pandemic, the public procurement regulations were dramatically relaxed. However, the implications for corruption require attention. This paper analyses how the regulatory responses to the crisis affected the risks and perceptions of corruption, by changing public-private interactions and the regulatory environment for public procurement. We compare the contrasting cases of Italy and Germany and triangulate legal analyses, secondary contract and survey data, and an online survey of public administrations (N = 445) and businesses (N = 175). Unexpectedly, in both countries, objective risks of corruption increased similarly. Sector-specific corruption perceptions stem from a low competitiveness of procedures, rule ambiguity, and a politicised bureaucracy. To avoid wasting resources and losing trust, regulatory responses to the crisis should include clear rules that safeguard competitive public procurement procedures and preserve bureaucratic independence.

An Unlikely Duet: Public-Private Interaction in China's Environmental Public Interest Litigation

AbstractIncreasing research has been devoted to examining collaborations between public and private actors in environmental regulation under neoliberal democracies. However, this public-private interaction in authoritarian regimes remains understudied. This article seeks to address this gap in the literature through an empirical examination of the interaction between environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and procuratorates in China's environmental public interest litigation. We find emerging complementarity: NGOs focus on new issues and target high-profile defendants to increase the socio-legal impact of their civil litigation, whereas procuratorates increasingly engage in administrative litigation against government agencies. This complementarity is shaped by the different legal opportunities for Chinese NGOs and procuratorates, as well as their respective institutional objectives and capacities. Their divergent regulatory preferences have also fostered synergy between these two actors, allowing them to collaborate on legal experimentation and innovation.

A systematic review of the tensions between the public and private in adolescents’ social networks: New education challenges

Social networks are colonised by a culture of confession that turns teenager privacy into a commodity to achieve recognition and social acceptance. This display accelerates the porosity of the boundaries between the public and the private and feeds surveillance capitalism. The aim of this systematic review is to examine the empirical evidence on the public-private interaction of teenagers’ contributions to social networks in the last 5 years in databases: Eric, Scopus and Web of Science. Based on the Prisma Statement, the initial search produced 1449 documents, of which 81 were included in the final analysis after the application of exclusion and inclusion criteria and the purging of duplicates. The results show a field of study developed with a decreasing trend in production in recent years, knowledge gaps and discordant findings. It is concluded the need to build solid knowledge and initiate new lines in the study of the issue in order to understand the exhibition of teenagers in social networks. It is points out the urgency of a training based on their own media practices and in digital literacy for a broad understanding of online privacy.

APPROACHES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS REGARDING THE FORMATION OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE OF LIFE SUPPORT SERVICES FOR THE POPULATION

On the basis of the analysis of international and Ukrainian experience, models of the formation and development of the regional infrastructure of life support services of the population have been identified. The structure of the integrated model of formation and development of the regional infrastructure of life support services has been improved. Approaches to the implementation of the regional policy of joint participation in the processes of formation and development of the infrastructure of life support services of the population have been developed. The principles of implementation of the regional policy of joint participation in the processes of formation and development of the infrastructure of life support services of the population are proposed. Key words: public-private interactions, public-private partnership, infrastructure of life support services, model of the regional infrastructure of life support services, regional policy of joint participation.

Взаимодействие государства и фармацевтических компаний как новый способ государственно-частного партнерства в здравоохранении Казахстана

The purpose of the article is to review the main features of public-private partnership (PPP) in healthcare. To increase the overall degree of drug provision, the author proposes to work towards increasing the overall level of funding, which comes from the state budget; apply insurance medicine for citizens; the most rational and efficient use of funds from the budget; attract a variety of private investments. It is concluded that currently in Kazakhstan one can observe the formulary system. Patients who have various diseases that seem to be socially significant receive medicines free of charge thanks to the funds allocated from the state budget. In Kazakhstan, the legislation in the field of pharmaceuticals is exactly the same as the European legislation, as well as the experience that is available among Western countries. However, at present, common methods and approaches have not been formed in the Republic in order to provide citizens with access to more innovative medicines. The total number of innovative drugs that are available to all patients is less than the total number of these drugs in fairly developed countries. Initially, this can be explained by the fact that funding for this area is limited. The main goal of public-private interaction (PPP) and the creation of schemes on the basis of which the process of risk sharing by companies in the pharmaceutical sector takes place is that additional value is created through the latest medicines. However, it will by no means always correspond to the additional cost that society is ready to pay in a given period of time. Therefore, a huge role is played by regular mechanisms that protect the state systems that exist in the field of health from spending that are unjustified. However, among other things, these costs provide an opportunity for citizens to receive treatment on the terms that will be most beneficial in order to preserve the general health of society. It has been established that the changes that have affected the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as the use of a completely different format of cooperation with various pharmaceutical companies, will make it possible to conclude various agreements for the implementation of projects aimed at providing patients with access to more innovative drugs; improve the overall degree of diagnostics and development of information and communication technologies (ICT). This will be done by attracting investments that are beneficial to all entities.

The State of the National Innovation System of Jordan: Key Actors Perspective

Innovation results from various interactions between a set of economic agents and enterprises, it forms a series of processes and links between industrial institutions, public agents, the university community, and research institutions to develop scientific research activities and technological development. On this basis, the study aimed to provide a better understanding of the status of the Jordanian system of innovation from key actors’ perspectives in the Jordanian system of innovation. Fifteen in-depth interviews were conducted with representatives from various subsystems of the Jordanian system of innovation. The results showed a system’s strengths and weaknesses, and Public-private interactions and networks in the system. Furthermore, it showed the main issues that must address and the most important financial and non-financial policy required instruments to stimulate innovation for Jordanian businesses.

Public–Private Interactions in Privacy Governance

This paper addresses the possible roles of private actors when privacy paradigms are in flux. If the traditional “informed consent”-based government-dominated approaches are ill-suited to the big data ecosystem, can private governance fill the gap created by state regulation? In reality, how is public–private partnership being implemented in the privacy protection frameworks? This paper uses cases from APEC’s Cross-Border Privacy Rules (CBPR) and the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) as models for exploration. The analysis in this paper demonstrates the fluidity of interactions across public and private governance realms. Self-regulation and state regulation are opposing ends of a regulatory continuum, with CBPR-type “collaboration” and GDPR-type “coordination” falling somewhere in the middle. The author concludes that there is an evident gap between private actors’ potential governing functions and their current roles in privacy protection regimes. Looking to the future, technological developments and market changes call for further public–private convergence in privacy governance, allowing the public authority and the private sector to simultaneously reshape global privacy norms.

Voluntary standards and the SDGs: Mapping public-private complementarities for sustainable development

To strengthen global sustainability governance, academics and policymakers have called for a better integration of private governance with public policy instruments. Surprisingly, however, systematic research on the state of such public-private complementarities in the field of sustainable development is lacking. With a focus on voluntary sustainability standards and the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, this article addresses this research gap. It uses a novel dataset of 232 voluntary standards to examine how their policies and organizational processes interact with the 17 Sustainable Development Goals and their targets. We identify significant public-private complementarities, but also areas of institutional disconnect. We further explore how the creation of institutional linkages in this issue area is driven by instrumental, managerial, and normative concerns and develop an agenda for future research. This includes research on whether and how intensifying public-private interactions at the transnational level translate into tangible impacts for sustainable development on the ground.

Actor roles and public–private interaction in transitioning networks: the case of geofencing for urban freight transport in Sweden

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate actor roles and public–private interactions in networks. Role dynamics are explored in two settings: the current development network and the future implementation network to which actors are transitioning.Design/methodology/approachThe paper builds on the industrial marketing and purchasing approach to business markets and uses a qualitative methodology. A case study of a network developing geofencing applications in the context of sustainable transport was used. The main source of data was interviews with 26 respondents from public and private organizations.FindingsRoles in development and implementation of geofencing are identified, where private and public actors may take on one or several roles in the developing setting. When transitioning to the implementation setting, the expectations of public actors vary and there is ambiguity over their roles, which range from active to inactive. This detailed empirical case study shows the complexity of multi-actor involvement when developing digital technology for the transport system.Research limitations/implicationsThe study highlights the transition from firm-centric innovation to network-centric innovation and its implications on actor roles.Practical implicationsOrganizations participating in public–private innovation networks need to be aware of the multiple roles public organizations play and the complexities they face.Originality/valueThe paper explores role dynamics within and between the development and implementation settings of geofencing. Within the current development setting, roles are identified at different organizational levels with limited change in role dynamics. When transitioning to a new setting, actors’ role dynamics may range from “limited” to “path-breaking.” In future settings, actors enter and exit networks and their roles may change dramatically.

Argentina’s Energy Governance in the 21st Century: Unraveling its Central Issues

For the Social Sciences in general, the notion of governance represents a polysemic and controversial category whose content depends on the used conceptual approach. However, in the field of natural resources, specifically energy, governance is understood as an analytical tool that, by focusing on the decision-making process, makes it possible to examine, through cases, the exercise of State authority, the rules of the game and public-private interactions in the energy sector. This paper analyzes the energy governance process of Argentina during Cristina Fernández (2007-2015) and Mauricio Macri (2015-2019) administrations. Due to their political-ideological differences, ruptures and continuities are traced with a view to addressing the political-economic dimension of energy management as a topic of the public agenda, whose implications are presented both domestically and in foreign policy decisions.

Formal clusters supporting small firms' internationalization: a case of public–private interaction

Purpose This study aims to explore the role played by a formal cluster initiative in supporting small firms' internationalization processes. Taking a public–private interaction perspective, this study aims to understand interaction mechanisms within an internationalization project implemented by a formal cluster initiative. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a qualitative approach based on a case study of a Swedish formal cluster initiative involved in an internationalization project. The case is analyzed through the industrial marketing and purchasing approach, relying on the Actors–Resources–Activities (ARA) framework. Findings The analysis highlights the role of formal clusters as supporters and “accelerators” of internationalization processes. Based on the ARA framework, the roles of the public and private actors emerge: the cluster plays the role of orchestrator, supporter and financer, while on the businesses' side, participants assumed the role of customers, displaying various degrees of interest and commitment and giving rise to a leader–follower pattern. Activities occurred at multiple levels, interorganizational, intraproject, interprojects, through different timings and typologies. The main resources at stake were the combination of knowledge, complementary capabilities and financial incentives. Originality/value This empirical study provides novel empirical evidence and theoretical development over the phenomenon of formal clusters. This study contributes to the current debate on public–private interaction mechanisms and to the upgrading and circulation of international business knowledge.

Responsible innovation in France: A proxy allowing agents of the political and economic fields to interact

This article examines the issue of responsible innovation in France. To describe its underlying mechanisms and logics, we retrace the advent of innovation in public policy and its reception in French firms, showing how responsible innovation has become the cornerstone of public-private interactions. The legal and administrative context of innovation in France, on the one hand, the emerging departments and managers of innovation in the large groups, on the other hand, participate in producing spaces where agents of the political and economic fields converge. Such situated interactions hinge on shared world views, values and tools. Innovation managers, executive directors of large firms, some French politicians and public servants seize upon responsible innovation and create areas regulated by specific norms and values. In these shared spaces, responsible innovation is the star object, the proxy for exchanges between the economic and the political fields.

Supranational authorities and private actors as drivers of single market integration? The state of the Union in electricity and banking

ABSTRACT The creation of a European Banking Union and a European Energy Union have been two high-profile integration projects in a decade characterised by multiple crises. While recent research has focused on the direct effects of crisis on European integration dynamics, less attention has been paid to policy outcomes of market integration in sectors such as banking and energy. To address this gap, the study examines how distinct paths of integration, and the types of institutional change they involve, translate into patterns of sectoral governance. Further, it analyses the consequences of diverging patterns of sectoral governance for policy outcomes, examining whether the existence of supranational coordination bodies and public–private interaction is conducive to market integration. The findings from the analysis of the banking and electricity sectors suggest that while we see resilience and renewed integration in institutional terms, the change affecting policy outcomes appears to be more limited.

КОНКУРЕНТНА ПОЛІТИКА ПІДПРИЄМСТВА: ВЗАЄМОЗВ’ЯЗКИ ПРИВАТНОЇ ТА ПУБЛІЧНОЇ СФЕР

The article describes the competitive policy of the enterprise as a policy aiming at internal and external environment. The subject of competition policy and the main objects are identified, including competitors (current and potential), suppliers, consumers and public authorities. It is established that the means to influence the objects of competition policy are chosen by enterprises during public-private interaction. It is determined that public-private interaction should be understood as the relationship of enterprises and other economic entities with the authorities, administrative and economic management and control, local governments and other public entities, in the needed economic activity. It is established that broad understanding of "enterprise competition policy" concept means a policy aimed at strengthening the competitiveness of enterprises, achieving competitive advantage, while developing and protecting competition, the ability to influence the behavior of other market participants. The purpose of the implementation of competition policy by enterprises is to ensure the competitive development of enterprises, which is used to each object of competition policy. An enterprise that implements competition policy not only protects and develops competition in the markets, but also receives its own advantages that arise as the competitive relations’ participants’ motivation to competitive behavior. It was found that only some companies consider that competitive behavior is either a part of business reputation on the market, or ethics of interaction with consumers, suppliers and competitors, and are aware of the risks that may occur in the case of divergence from competitive development. It is determined that enterprises prefer to implement competition policy when trying to build their own business reputation with the help of competitive and conscientious means, by minimizing the risk of losing their position due to illegal competition in the market. The formation and implementation of competition policy, aimed at both internal and external environment of the company, provides an opportunity to maintain and develop existing competition in the markets, thereby ensuring the effect of competition laws in the markets. Enterprises can choose the means of influencing various objects of competition policy when interacting with the public sphere.

ДОХОДИ МІСЦЕВИХ БЮДЖЕТІВ: ПРОБЛЕМИ ФОРМУВАННЯ

The article describes the competitive policy of the enterprise as a policy aiming at internal and external environment. The subject of competition policy and the main objects are identified, including competitors (current and potential), suppliers, consumers and public authorities. It is established that the means to influence the objects of competition policy are chosen by enterprises during public-private interaction. It is determined that public-private interaction should be understood as the relationship of enterprises and other economic entities with the The article describes the development of local budgets in terms of revenues and expenditures. In particular, it has been defined that non-tax revenues balance the budget and fill the gap for uncollected part of tax revenues. The relationship between the revenues dynamics and the efficiency of local self-government bodies has been investigated. It was found that the structure of tax revenues depends primarily on the number of active economic entities at the local level and the fulfilment of their tax payment obligations. It has been proven that local budgets’ revenue monitoring should go in line with the simultaneous expenditures investigation. The example of the Shabivska United Territorial Community demonstrates that the local budget expenditures cover only the cost of primary public services guaranteed by the state, such as wages, communal services and energy, as well as the population social support, subsidies and current transfers to companies (institutions, organizations). At the same time, implementation of the regional and local development programs of united territorial communities is hardly being financed at all. The key identified issues of local budget revenue generation include the limitation of filling the revenue part of local budgets, dependence on revenues from the state budget, which are not influenced by local self-government bodies, as well as underfunding of the territorial community development programs. There is relatively weak interaction between local authorities and businesses, and regulation of land relations affects the decreasing inflow of tax revenues into local budgets. One of the problems of forming local budgets is related to the unclear distribution of competencies between the central government and local self-government bodies in tax revenue administration. We have defined the course of action which will enable the improvement of the financial support of local self-government, namely: increasing the efficiency of the use of inter-budget transfers, implementing measures for stimulating entrepreneurship, full legalization of the agricultural land rental market and improving land relations, expanding the authorities of local self-government bodies in the area of tax administration.

The entry of foreign capital into the health system in Brazil

The study describes the history of legislation, analyzes the trajectory and the amount of foreign capital in the Brazilian health system. The Organic Health Law restricted the participation of foreign capital; sectoral legislation, however, allowed its subsequent entry into supplementary medical care and, in 2015, a new law promoted unrestricted openness, including in hospitals and healthcare services. Our study analyzes documents, legislation, and data obtained from secondary public bases or via the Law on Access to Information. Direct investments and merger and acquisition acts in the private health sector were considered. Five phases were identified: inaugural planning, regulated expansion, legal restriction, sectorized release, and expanded opening. From 2016 to 2020, the amount of foreign resources entering the country's healthcare services was almost ten times more than the previous five-year period. Thirteen companies or funds were identified, most of them from the United States. Regulation allowing for the opening of foreign capital were preceded by business lobbies and public-private interactions that can affect the quality of public policies and the integrity of the legislative process. The invested capital seeks established and profitable companies in various segments of activity. Admission occurs in non-universal private care networks, which serve specific, geographically concentrated clientele. We conclude that foreign capital, an element of health financialization process, is expressed as a possible vector of the expansion of inequalities in the population's access to health services and as an additional obstacle to the consolidation of the Brazilian Unified National Health System.

Designing the competency-based training model of Iranian medical tourism.

BACKGROUND:Despite the great comparative advantage of Iran in terms of infrastructure, technology, and human resources as well as the significance of medical tourism in the tourist industry, in practice, the quality of human resources has received less attention. Consequently, this study was conducted to design a model of competency-based training for Iranian medical tourism.MATERIALS AND METHODS:This study was an exploratory mix, and the Delphi method and semi-structured interviews were used for the qualitative part of this study. In the second part, the analytical method was utilized for the quantitative part of this study.RESULTS:The results indicated the main components of medical tourism to be public interactions and private interactions and seven subcomponents. Medical Tourism's Competency includes three main components and seven subcomponents.CONCLUSION:Although some training separated and scattered is present in Iran's medical tourism. However, Iran requires a comprehensive training model of which its design was explained in this paper.

ДЕРЖАВНО-ПРИВАТНЕ ПАРТНЕРСТВО ЯК ІНСТРУМЕНТ ПІСЛЯВОЄННОГО ВІДНОВЛЕННЯ ТА РОЗВИТКУ ЕКОНОМІКИ УКРАЇНИ

Currently, the Ukrainian economy is not experiencing its best times. This situation can be treated differently: either wait, suddenly everything stabilizes, or adapt to the new economic realities of today. However, in any case, there are socio-economic problems that need to be addressed, and which, as practice shows, the state can not cope on their own. Under such conditions, the business sector should become a full partner of the state in resolving priority issues and forming a further strategy for economic and social development of the country. Turning to foreign experience, it can be seen that most anti-crisis and post-crisis plans to rehabilitate the economy of foreign countries were based on a significant expansion of cooperation between business, the state in the face of its governing bodies and civil society. Such cooperation takes the form of public-private partnerships and solves many problematic issues, such as attracting business resources to solve acute social and complex economic problems, promoting economic growth, using managerial, organizational and production achievements of business for the overall recovery of the economy. Public-private partnership is a complex institution both from the organizational and from the financial and legal point of view. It provides for multilateral arrangements, risk sharing, analysis of commercial prospects and individual funding and legal implementation schemes. The public-private partnership mechanism will involve a private partner in the restoration, management, modernization of existing and creation of new infrastructure facilities, which is relevant for Ukraine during the war and will be relevant for a long time in the postwar period. The article considers public-private partnership as an effective mechanism of socio-economic development of the country, examines the reasons for the formation of PPP. The peculiarities of Ukrainian and European experience of public-private cooperation are described, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of this form of partnership are identified. The peculiarities of the PPP implementation mechanism and the principles of its implementation are highlighted. The optimal models of public-private interaction, regulatory framework and scope of PPP in Ukraine are considered.