Public Policy Toward Research Articles

Changing Work, Changing Families, and Public Policies Toward Low-Income Families

The twenty-first century has seen major changes in both the nature of work and the nature of families in the United States—even before the COVID-19 pandemic upended nearly every aspect of economic and social life beginning in the spring of 2020. Many ongoing, longer-term changes in work and family

Research Diversity and Public Policy Toward Invention

Research Diversity and Public Policy Toward Invention

Rethinking the Social Welfare Regime Model: The Case of Public Policy Toward Israeli Philanthropists

Following a study on the changing relations between government and philanthropy in Israel, this study highlights the need to rethink the typology of social welfare regimes proposed by Anheier and Daly (2007). The findings of our study indicate that there has been a rapprochement between government and philanthropy in Israel. This trend has led to formal dialogue and collaborations. This trend has also promoted the development of policies toward philanthropy in various government ministries and agencies. The development and implementation of these policies have been facilitated by changes in the unique contextual factors of Israel’s welfare regime. Based on the findings, we propose a conceptualization for understanding governmental policies toward philanthropy in shifting welfare regimes. With regard to the theoretical and practical implications of the study, we propose a model for hybrid welfare regimes that are experiencing ongoing changes.

Erratum to “Rethinking Public Policy Toward Low-Income Fathers in the Child Support Program”

Erratum to “Rethinking Public Policy Toward Low-Income Fathers in the Child Support Program”

Text as Discourse: The Chinese in Canada in Historiographical Perspective

As a historiographical analysis, this essay seeks to understand the idea of historical layering through the topic of Chinese immigration to Canada. It considers the following four works: In the Sea of Sterile Mountains: The Chinese in British Columbia (1974) by James Morton, White Canada Forever: Popular Attitudes and Public Policy Toward Orientals in British Columbia (1978) by W Peter Ward, From China to Canada: A History of the Chinese Communities in Canada (1982) by Harry Con et al., and The Concubine's Children (1994) by Denise Chong. It does so in an effort to compare and contrast their approaches with regard to consensus and specialist histories, top-down and bottom-up approaches, as well as passive and active historical representations.

Applied Welfare Economics with Bounded Rationality: Public Policies Toward Remote Sensing

Earlier experimental evidence indicates that many decision makers under-invest in information when it is costly. This insight is applied to the cost-benefit analysis of the provision of data obtained by satellites. In fields like agriculture remotely sensed information of great precision can be provided to additional farmers at minimal extra costs if a service for farmers with similar information needs is set up. Here, the tendency to under-invest in information asks for creative solutions by the private sector: bankers may work together with rational producers in setting up the information service and promoting it. However, if producers' financial resources are insufficient public intervention in the form of a free information service may be necessary.

Strategic Public Policy Toward Agricultural Biotechnology with Externalities in Developing Countries

Game theory and numerical simulation analyze the host government’s role in strategically regulating intellectual property rights (IPRs) for agricultural biotechnology in a developing country. A foreign monopolist imports and sells a genetically modified crop variety that will offer the host country both selective productivity gains and a negative externality. In this small open economy, only some heterogeneous producers adopt the new variety. Public policy consists of IPR enforcement and a corrective tax. Effectiveness of the tax depends upon the foreign monopolist’s ability to alter the price of the new technology and upon whether or not there is full enforcement of the IPRs. Whereas some governments may see their key decisions as being whether or not to license and to enforce IPRs on a genetically modified crop variety, greater gain might be realized through strategic choice of the tax rate to influence the rate of adoption among diverse domestic producers.

Religion and Social Policy

Chapter 1 Introduction: Religion and Social Policy: Fresh Concepts Part 2 I. Religious Freedom, Identity and Global Social Policy Chapter 3 1. Globalization, Social Policy, and Christianity at the Dawn of a New Millenium: Some Reflections from a Latin American Emigrant Perspective Chapter 4 2. Public Policy Toward Minority Religions in the United States: A Model for Europe and Other Countries? Chapter 5 3. The Tension between an Established Church and Equal Opportunites in Religion: The Case of Prison Chaplaincy Chapter 6 4. American Indian Religious Identity and Advanced Colonial Maligancy Chapter 7 5. Tensions, Religious Freedom, and the Courts: The Seventh-day Adventist Experience Part 8 II. Religion and Social Domestic Policies Chapter 9 6. Immigrant Congregations as Social Service Providers: Are They Saftey Nets for Welfare Reform? Chapter 10 7. Islam, Women's Organizations and Political Rights for Women Chapter 11 8. Woman Abuse and Faith Communities: Religion, Violence and the Provision of Social Welfare Chapter 12 9. Work and Its Discontents: Two Cases of Contemporary Religious Response to Unemployment Chapter 13 10. Religious Judicatories and Social Policy Advocacy Part 14 III. Further Local and Global Complexities Chapter 15 11. Putting it Together in the African American Churches: Faith, Economic Development and Civil Rights Chapter 16 12. Civic Challenge of Virtual Exchatology: Heaven's Gate and Millenial Fever in Cyberspace Chapter 17 13. Religion, Race and Community Organizing: The Movimento Negro in the Roman Catholic Church in Brazil Chapter 18 14. Religious Syncretism and a Post-Imperial Source of Healing in Korea Chapter 19 15. The Future of Religious Pluralism and Social Policy: Reflections from Lambeth and Beyond

Public Policy Toward Pecuniary Externalities

Pecuniary externalities create third-party effects through changes in relative prices or asset prices. Unlike technological externalities, they do not misallocate resources and are necessary for the market to work efficiently. However, the political process does not differentiate pecuniary from technological externalities and often tries to prevent pecuniary externalities, which creates resource misallocations. The article shows how pecuniary externalities function in markets, why the political process takes account of pecuniary externalities, and why public policy toward pecuniary externalities results in resource misallocations.

Public Policy Toward Entrepreneurship

There is widespread support for tax policies providing special treatment for small businesses. This paper reviews standard efficiency and equity criteria for such tax-subsidies, and finds they provide little support for such policies. The review highlights a central empirical void requiring further research: the "optimal" business failure rate. Entrepreneurs do struggle, and small businesses frequently merge and nearly as frequently fail. But we do not know enough to determine which firms to target for success or failure.

Arbitrage, Speculation, and Public Policy Toward Ticket Scalping

Ticket scalping is typically analyzed from the point of view of the demanders of the product. The question of why a profit-maximizing producer would let someone purchase its product for speculation or arbitrage has typically been ignored in the literature. There are at least three reasons why a profit-maximizing firm might permit purchase of its product for resale. One reason is that uncertainty and risk aversion on the part of the firm provides an opportunity for speculation in the product by a less risk averse firm. A second reason is that the producing firm may face different cost functions than the ticket scalper, permitting arbitrage or a middleman to exist and make a profit. The third reason is that the dynamic revenue function of the firm may differ from the ticket scalper's revenue function, creating an arbitrage opportunity. Finally, a public choice perspective suggests that producers are the likely source of inspiration for laws against ticket scalping.

Changes in Japan's Public Policies Toward Distribution Systems and Marketing

The purpose of this thesis is to clarify the frameworks of Japan's public policies toward distribution systems and marketing, and to analyze changes in these policies and their impacts on business. Inasmuch as the momentum provided by the SII talks has spawned a series of measures, the genereal drift of administrative policy has shifted dramatically in favor of deregulation and efforts to strengthen the nation's antimonopoly legislation. This paper is based not only on literature that is presented in the references, but also on much literature in Japanese and on primary data from private and public sectors that are not included in the references.

Public Policy Toward Corporations

Public Policy Toward Corporations

Urban Growth and Elitism in Kenya: Public Policy Toward Employment and Housing

: It is universally acknowledged that Third World countries are experiencing rapid urbanization. Although the causes and effects of urbanization have been discussed in substantial detail, few scholars have examined public policy toward urban expansion in underdeveloped areas. Perhaps most important, Third World cities face a severe shortage of adequate employment and housing. This article discusses the urban policy followed by the Republic of Kenya with respect to these two problems. Overall, the data indicate that urban policies are biased in favor of economic and political elites. Although the Kenyan government has “officially” endorsed the creation of additional employment in both urban and rural areas, its policies have not facilitated these objectives. Similarly, the government has not allocated sufficient resources for urban housing, and resources that are allocated often subsidize a small elite. The findings for Kenya have broad implications for the study of urbanization throughout the Third World.

Health Care Costs and Public Policy Toward Employee Health Plans

The growing cost of health care and health insurance have become major public policy issues, since these costs affect governments in several roles: as borrowers in financial markets, as major purchasers of health care, as employers, and—at the state and local level—as payers of last resort. This paper reviews various public policy initiatives that are part of the government's concern about health care costs: proposals to reduce tax preferences for employer contributions to health insurance; changes in public employee group health insurance plans to contain cost; and emerging public policy toward the growing problem of health care indigency. Although public-employee health insurance plans are only one source of health care costs for government, government responses to other sources of health care costs may also affect public employee plans.

Nuclear Reactions: Public Attitudes and Policies Toward Nuclear Power

The declining public support for nuclear power has political costs. In the wake of the Three Mile Island accident, public trust in the nuclear industry has reached an all-time low. Recognition of this lack of trust sets up a counterweight to the industry pressures for relaxed regulation. The authors present the historical background behind the current debate, then summarize the available scientific survey data on the actual levels and trends in public attitudes. They find little reason for optimism. With the exception of gender, most demographic factors have only modest influence on nuclear power attitudes, which suggests that public uneasiness about the technology has become a fact of life. They conclude that a significant weakening of federal safety standards would not be consistent with public preferences. 49 references, 3 figures.

Public Policy Toward Corporate Structures: Two Chicago Approaches

Public Policy Toward Corporate Structures: Two Chicago Approaches

Public Policy Toward Children: Identifying the Problems

This article identifies four problems with the way American society deals with children's needs: the discussion of children's problems seldom results in effective legislation or social action; child advocates are unable to achieve sufficient consensus on policy recommendations to provide direction to legislators; services needed by all children are provided only to special groups and even in these cases the help is not sustained; and much of the aid provided is directed toward adults and does not necessarily have the desired impact on children. Some possible explanations for these problems are offered: the cultural belief in parents' rights, the devaluing of children as recipients of economic investment, the cultural tendency to respond only to crises, and the political inexperience of child advocates are all identified as forces that contribute to the inadequacies in the way children's needs are met.

Public Policy Toward “The Greatest Trust in the World”

In the first of two articles, Professors Aduddell and Cain introduce the complex relations between a dynamic meatpacking industry and a government committed, in uncertain degree, to the philosophy of antitrust. From its earliest beginnings as an industry in the 1830s, meatpacking has experienced constantly changing parameters of technology, supply, demand, and public policy. Matters reached the first of several climaxes a few years after the new and naive Federal Trade Commission was established. Admittedly the dominant factor in a highly integrated meat industry, the largest companies were diversifying into non-meat food products, giving rise to the charge that they proposed to “monopolize” the entire food industry. The outcome was a consent decree in 1920 that, in confirming the large companies in their domination of meatpacking in return for their withdrawal from non-meat foods, revealed a government with a very weak case against an industry that it had made the cynosure of 120 million Americans. True to the familiar pattern of antitrust settlements, the dynamics of technology in transportation and marketing thereupon proceeded to render the decree meaningless. The second article, bringing the subject down to recent times, will appear in the Autumn issue.

White Canada Forever. Popular Attitudes and Public Policy Toward Orientals in British Columbia.

White Canada Forever. Popular Attitudes and Public Policy Toward Orientals in British Columbia.