Public Lending Research Articles

Decorative arts to borrow at home: a unique story of a specialized collection of images in a French public art library

A Parisian public library specializing in decorative arts, the Bibliothèque Forney is considered one of the first public lending art libraries in France. From the library's opening in the nineteenth century to the year 2000, readers could borrow art images to use as models or sources of inspiration. Today a selection of art plates are still freely accessible. The history of this unique service highlights the librarians’ efforts to meet the evolving needs of researchers looking for easily accessible art; their work to keep up with modernity; and their efforts to add value for their users.

Тенденції формування доходів Державного бюджету України.

In the conditions of acceleration of rates of economic growth the question of formation of the State budget of the country acquires special urgency. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main trends in budget revenues in Ukraine, the study of the proportion of taxes in the overall structure of the revenue side. The purpose of the study led to the formation of the following tasks: study of the main items of the State budget revenues of Ukraine, their comparative analysis and proposals for increasing the revenue base of the State taking into account social inequality and peculiarities of mentality. In the course of the analysis such methods of scientific cognition as analysis, comparison, statistical, graphic were used. In the course of the research it was determined that the following types of revenues occupy the largest share in the country's revenues: value added tax, corporate income tax, excise tax. Value added tax has the greatest fiscal potential, as the tax base is concentrated within the consumer needs of individuals and legal entities. The process of consumption is continuous, which is why value added tax can be considered a stable source of budget revenues. However, the high share of taxes in the overall revenue structure is not able to provide the current expenditures of the country, so there is a need to expand sources of funding. The authors proposed a number of measures aimed at increasing the State budget revenues: transition to long-term budget planning, expanding the tax base by introducing luxury taxes, introducing rational property taxation, transition from proportional to progressive personal income taxation system. At this, the authors emphasize the gradual introduction of tax changes, as an instantaneous change of direction can lead to an increase in the level of the shadow economy. Such measures will increase budget revenues and minimize the need for credit resources (public lending).

The Writer’s Action Group (WAG) and the Fight for Public Lending Right (PLR)

In 1972, the experimental writers Brigid Brophy and Maureen Duffy came together with three friends to found the Writer’s Action Group (WAG). The group aimed to improve the financial lot of British writers, being inspired by an article in the Bookseller stating that the average author earned less in 1971 than they had done in 1966 even before taking into account the rapid inflation of the new decade. Within a year, they had published 17 articles arguing for writers to unionise and fight for Public Lending Right (PLR), a small royalty fee to be paid every time a writer’s book was borrowed from a public library. Other writers flocked to join WAG including B.S. Johnson, Giles Gordon, Eva Figes, Ted Hughes, Anthony Burgess, Doris Lessing and Raymond Williams. The fight for Public Lending Right was won in 1974 when the Public Lending Right Act was voted through the Commons. It is a story of high passions, entrenched beliefs and internecine conflicts. In particular, the group’s struggle with the Society of Authors involved a dramatic escalation from initial cordiality, through each side trashing the other in the press, to a final, dramatic showdown during the Society’s 1973 AGM. The conflict represented a core contention at the heart of post-war British writing: are writers to be seen as workers or as aesthetes? Using materials sourced from a wide range of archives alongside interviews with participants, this paper charts the rise of WAG from a personal passion project through to a radical movement and finally into a mature campaigning body.

The Economic Foundation of Library Copyright Strategies in Europe

The author critically examines the evolution of open access libraries from the TULIP project (1991) to more recent developments. At the same time, he emphasises the role of libraries as key agents of national book policies through Public Lending Rights. After having shown the difference between the scholarly communication and the book chains, both in printed and digital form, the author points to the position that libraries hold on the distribution segment of the chains and how they are unable to turn power relations among actors to their own advantage.
 If content if king, organisations distributing content are normally king-makers, as the example of STM publishers clearly shows. Nevertheless, fragmentation and the assumption that what is good for libraries is also good for users do not allow libraries to understand the needs of the different stakeholders present in the value chain and provide appropriate services to them. This aspect is emphasised further in the book trade, where libraries have been hesitant in realising the economic foundation of copyright regulations which consists of trading off “the costs of limiting access to a work against the benefits of providing incentives to create the work in the first place” (Landes & Posner).
 After having examined library copyright strategies both in the book trade and in scholarly communication with a thorough discussion on (e-)lending and controlled digital lending, the author claims that copyright regulations are not written in the sky but on a solid foundation of economic forces which shape the book and information chains. Libraries’ strategies should aim to reinforce their relevance in the distribution segment and demonstrate their ability to provide services to all actors in the value chain. This role should also impact on the normalisation of library-publisher relations.

Librarian Responses to Public Lending Rights in Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom and Implications for the United States

In 2019, the Authors Guild of the United States announced their intent to pursue federal legislation for public lending rights (PLR). PLR provide remuneration to authors, publishers, and/or illustrators for the circulation of their works in public, and sometimes school, libraries. A number of countries, including the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia, instituted PLR in the 1970s and 1980s. This article aims to investigate how public libraries in those three nations responded to the movement for PLR and how the philosophical concerns they raised may inform librarians in the United States.

INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL

The purpose of the article is to assess the practice of attracting international sources of financial support for public transportation at the regional level, to identify problems with insufficient effectiveness of the implementation of international financial support projects and the formation of solutions at various system levels. It is determined that the main sources of financing of transport entities are self-financing, lending, state and international financial support. The preconditions for the use of credit funds of international financial donors for financing public transport and the conditions for lending to transport entities are described. Peculiarities of public transport lending by way of implementation of the project "Ukraine Urban Public Transport" are analyzed, and it is highlighted that its purpose is to realize the strategic priorities of the transport industry, institutional reforms and informatization. It is clarified that the responsibility for the performance gaps under the project, defined in the assistance agreements, is allocated to the City Councils and / or public transport entities. An assessment of international financial support is made and the reasons for short receipt of funds by transport companies from international financial organizations are specified. The amount of losses on incomplete implementation of the plan of expenditures and provision of credits for the realization of projects in the transport sector of Ukraine is clarified. Inefficiency in finding additional sources of financing of the project "Ukraine Urban Public Transport" is justified due to the impossibility to allocate financial responsibility to a certain project group in case of delay in non-implementation of the project plan at all levels. The organizational and financial mechanism of providing international financing for urban public transport by the European Investment Bank is proposed. It is argued that the mentioned mechanism, in contrast to the existing ones, identifies control points for the flow of financial resources, which provides an opportunity to suggest ways to intensify control activities by observers of the European Investment Bank and the public. The main disadvantage of receiving financing from the European Investment Bank in the framework of the project "Ukraine Urban Public Transport" is identified: obligations to pay VAT to the State budget are allocated to the business entity of the transport sector. The problems of inefficiency of implementation of financing sources of international financial organizations (on the example of the European Investment Bank) are identified and the directions of their solution are offered. The need for coordination of bodies of state supervision at the regional level with the observers' control activity is identified to promote the efficient and meaningful use of international financial sources by economic entities in the transport sector. It is proposed to supplement the state and supranational control with public control functions through the following options for establishing cooperation: 1) interaction of public councils at local self-government bodies with independent observers of international organizations involving auditors of the Accounting Chamber; 2) control of the process of implementation of the credit project of important infrastructure projects, including public transportation, by public organizations of the regional level. Methodology. In accordance with the purpose, the following research methods were used: a systemic approach (in identifying the components of the organizational and financial mechanism of international financial projects and their relationship), methods of comparative and statistical analysis (in assessing the receipt of financial resources from international financial sources). Results. The problems of inefficiency of implementation of financing sources of international financial organizations (on the example of the European Investment Bank) are identified and the directions of their solution are offered. Practical implications. Improving efficiency of using the international sources of financial support at the regional level will contribute to the renewal of the rolling stock of urban public transport, ensure its sustainable operation and development, save jobs at utility enterprises, increase revenues of utility enterprises from the provision of transportation services to the population. Value/originality. The organizational and financial mechanism for providing international financial support for urban public transport by the EIB has been developed, which, unlike the existing ones, identifies control points for grant flows, providing an opportunity to suggest ways to intensify control activities by the EIB observers and the public.

Phasing out public financial flows to fossil fuel production in Europe

ABSTRACT Under the Paris Agreement, the world’s governments, including European governments and the European Union (EU), are committed to a low-carbon transition, with a goal of net zero emissions in the second half of this century, while ‘making finance flows consistent’ with that pathway. In addition, the EU has called upon Member States to phase out their support to fossil fuels by 2020. Progress towards this goal, however, has been slow. Our research finds that 11 countries (accounting for 83% of the EU’s emissions) and the EU’s budget and public banks still provide at least €21 billion per year of support for the production of coal, oil, and gas (with €2.6 billion of this amount allocated to the transition away from coal). This is via three distinct financial flows: fiscal support via budgetary transfers and tax breaks; public lending to the sector; and capital investment by fossil fuel-related state-owned enterprises. The financing captured by this figure is a minimum estimate due to lack of transparency in the data provided by governments. We argue that it is vital for European governments to fulfil their promises to phase out subsidies and other financial flows to fossil fuels to meet their climate goals. This must start with greater transparency around the support being provided and phase-out plans, including annual reporting on support for production and consumption of fossil fuels, in line with the EU’s recently strengthened Energy Union Governance framework for 2030. This entails the inclusion of national policies, timelines, and measures aimed at phasing out financial support to fossil fuels in Member States’ National Energy and Climate Plans (NECPs). Key Policy insights: Between 2014 and 2016, 11 European countries and the EU public banks and budget provided at least €21 billion per year of support for the production of coal, oil, and gas. Meeting commitments to phase out subsidies towards the production of fossil fuels is critical for meeting climate goals. EU Member States insufficiently reported on their fossil fuel subsidies in their draft NECPs. Greater transparency and reporting on all fossil fuel financing is a key first step towards phase-out.

Analysis of the Loan Statistics of Public Libraries for Discussion of the Introduction of Public Lending Right

Analysis of the Loan Statistics of Public Libraries for Discussion of the Introduction of Public Lending Right

Transforming Agri-Food Sectors to Mitigate Climate Change: The Role of Green Finance

Summary: Globally, food systems have become heavily industrialized and are currently threatening both environmental sustainability and human health. Feeding a growing world while remaining within safe social-ecological planetary boundaries, as dictated by the UN Social Development Goals and the Paris Climate Agreement, is feasible but requires a paradigmatic shift in agricultural value chains and their financing: a “Great Food Transformation.” Tracing today’s agri-food main global developmental and financial trends, this paper proposes a set of financially-oriented public policies to accelerate this transition with a focus on advanced and large emerging market economies. Suggested measures include public lending, insurance and guarantee schemes to aid the transition; financial training schemes; changes to prudential regulation to account for financial risks of non-sustainable farming; alongside a bolder approach to ESG investment of public funds and steps to expand green and sustainable bond markets.

Brigid Brophy’s Role in the Struggle for Public Lending Right 1972–79

Brigid Brophy’s Role in the Struggle for Public Lending Right 1972–79

A Preliminary Research Study for Empirical Analysis on the Validity of Public Lending Right: Focus on the Comparison between Popular Borrowing Books and Best Sellers

A Preliminary Research Study for Empirical Analysis on the Validity of Public Lending Right: Focus on the Comparison between Popular Borrowing Books and Best Sellers

Crowding-Out Effects of Public Libraries and the Public Lending Right

If free lending in public libraries is displacing sales in bookstores, some compensation may be needed to maintain incentives for authors to create new works. To determine whether this is indeed the case, we created a novel dataset that integrated bookstore sales data with public library copy data in Japan and quantified the displacement effects of public libraries. Controls for title-municipality, months-after-publication, and municipality-month-specific unobserved heterogeneity were introduced. The study found that a library copy displaced sales of the title in the municipality by approximately 0.24 copies per month for the top 1/6 popular books and 0.52 copies for bestsellers. Various robustness checks, including instrumental variable estimation, were consistent with the baseline results; thus, the study confirmed displacement effects for popular books.

The politics of ebooks

Abstract Ebooks have emerged as one of the popular means of reading, but little is known about how ebook usage by the general public and the ability of public lending libraries to serve their patrons are being constrained by various sociocultural factors such as restrictive licensing agreements that publishers demand. This study identifies the various constraints through the lens of Lessig’s four modalities to better understand how the ecosystem of ebooks that includes legal and economic conditions is affected by the modalities. In doing so, this study examines the shift towards the licensing of ebooks and the proprietary schemes of digital rights management with a particular focus on the diminishing capability of public lending libraries to advance the public interest in a democratic society. In the age of licensing, the mission of public libraries as ‘equalizing institutions’ should be upheld to the fullest.

PENGARUH LOYALITAS LAYANAN TERHADAP KEPUASAN PELANGGAN MENGGUNAKAN JASA PENGIRIMAN BARANG PADA PT.JNE DI PAMEKASAN

The banking industry is the most rapidly growing industry. Both in terms of business volume, mobilization of public funds and lending. With the increasingly intense competition among Banks; this situation forces the bank industry to be more creative and innovative in obtaining sources of funding. Due to the liberalization of these banks, the competition to attract funds from the community is increasing. All are competing to withdraw funds from the community and then channel them back to the communities who need them both productively and consumptively. Because for a Bank, funds collected from the public are the main supporting factors for managing optimally that can generate maximum profit. So in the business world perbankkan; in addition to the public's trust to raise funds; also how the virgin managed by perbankkan, can be created a service product that interesting to society lot. So the business excellence of a bank; if able to create financial services products favored by the public, from various segmentation of the target market

A disequilibrium evaluation of public intervention in agricultural credit markets

PurposeAgricultural producers rely on debt capital to support many functions of their enterprise, yet private credit markets are frequently characterized by an imbalance between supply and demand. As a result, a number of public lending programs exist to mitigate the perceived market failures of private credit markets that serve agricultural producers. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a structural disequilibrium model to examine the potential for excess demand or supply in the private market for non-real estate farm loans between 1978 and 2014.FindingsThe model demonstrates that the market is frequently characterized by disequilibrium, fluctuating between periods of excess demand and excess supply. These disequilibrium periods motivate the discussion of public intervention as a policy proposal within the agricultural sector.Originality/valueThis study uses traditional disequilibrium modeling to evaluate the private credit market for agriculture lending in a manner that has not been attempted previously in the literature. The model uses maximum likelihood methods with non-linear solution algorithms to investigate excess supply and demand in the sector.

E-Books and a Principle of Technological Neutrality: Should PLR Apply to E-Lending?

Public Lending Right (PLR) and Educational Lending Right (ELR) schemes are remunerating Australian authors and publishers for making available their books in Australian libraries. However, e-books are currently not included under these schemes. With the expansion of the e-book market and e-lending services within Australian libraries, it has been suggested that the Schemes should be technologically neutral and extend to include e-books. After an extensive analysis of the technological neutrality principle, the paper concludes this principle does not pose a legal obligation to extend PLR and ELR to e-books since traditional lending and e-lending are not functionally and economically equivalent services. Nevertheless, such extension could be favourable when taking into account other economic, cultural and political circumstances.

The IFLA’s Position on Public Lending Right

IFLA’s position on Public Lending Right is presented, including issues on e-books licensing in libraries and recommendations concerning introduction or modification of public lending rights systems.

PROVIDING BUDGET CREDITS TO RUSSIAN REGIONS

The state budget of the Russian Federation can be called the primary means of accumulating financial resources in the country. Giving cash is seen as a measure to prevent the country's financial crisis. Public lending is its basic form. Nevertheless, in spite of the scientific and practical significance of the Russian Federation Public Credit, the issue has not been studied. These circumstances suggest that there are many unresolved issues in the field of public credit Russian Federation. Relevance of the topic of this article is revealed when considering the peculiarities of the legal regulation of public credit of the Russian Federation. In this article the author attempts to develop a series of recommendations to improve legislation at both the federal and regional levels. The growth of the budget deficit in the Russian Federation determines the need to find all the possible sources of financing, the most important of which acts as a budget loan, which refers to "funds provided by the budget to another budget of the budget system, the legal entity (except for state (municipal) institutions), a foreign state, foreign legal entity on a returnable and paid basis "(art. 6 of the Budget Code of the Russian Federation) [1].

Borrowing tools from the public library

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate tool lending library patrons’ perception of their tool borrowing, in order to explore the role of a public lending service in the context of their lives. It addresses the research question, why do patrons borrow tools from the library? Design/methodology/approach – A case study was conducted, consisting of semi-structured interviews with patrons of a tool lending library. Led by a phenomenographic approach, the interviews focused on participants’ recounted experiences. Transcripts were structured into major categories and underlying themes. Findings were discussed from a perspective taking departure in Wiegand’s notion of “the library in the life of the user,” and summarized with regards to sustainable community development. Findings – Participants are found to talk about their tool borrowing from two main viewpoints. First, reasons for making the decision. This involves weighing practical considerations, e.g., cost, storage, access, and frequency of use. It also includes ideological motivations, and sympathy with the concept. Second, effects of their borrowing, interpreted as how it enables them. This enablement includes inspiration, learning, support to self-employment, and strengthening of community. Patrons focus on local aspects of social and economic development, rather than global or environmental motivations. Research limitations/implications – A single and in part unique setting was studied. The findings provide foundation for a developed discussion on the societal role of public libraries providing “non-traditional” materials such as tools, with particular regards to community settings and sustainability. Originality/value – Addresses knowledge gaps on borrowing and tool lending libraries.

Public lending to private hedge funds is inefficient, unstable, unconstitutional and unanimously disagreeable

Public funds include federally insured deposits held under the custody of private banks, central bank loans and taxpayer funds. The principal finding of this paper is that lending such public funds through a private banking system to private hedge funds allied with the banks is inefficient, unstable, fundamentally unfair (unconstitutional) and unanimously disagreeable. This finding is akin to the unanimously agreeable safe central banking policy (Acharya, 1991-2016) which, in dynamic general equilibrium, (a) eliminates federal guarantee of bank deposits, (b) offers every business enterprise and household an option to keep in the central bank any part of its deposits it wants to be held absolutely safely, (c) completely deregulates all private banks without any privilege to rob public or private wealth like too-big-to-fail or too-big-to-be-jailed status or the power of market making and clearing. Safe central banking is the only way to make private banks responsible to hold sufficient capital to attract uninsured private deposits like the trading houses currently do. The private banks will then have complete freedom to lend their uninsured deposits to private hedge funds. The Volker Rule (NYT, January 30, 2010), incorporated in the Dodd-Frank Act of 2010, is an infeasible and unworkable band-aid for the moral-hazard driven systemic robbery of wealth creators wrought by the government-ordained private banking custody of public funds. The established systemic moral-hazard problem can be efficiently and constitutionally resolved only through unanimously agreeable safe central banking. Current proposals on overhauling of Fannie and Freddie made by various pundits of systemic robbery amount to a gargantuan amount of public lending to private hedge funds and, hence, inefficient, unstable, unconstitutional and unanimously disagreeable.